Chapter 3 2D Simulations

1

Chapter 3
2D Simulations
3.1
Step-by-Step: Triangular Plate
3.2
Step-by-Step: Threaded Bolt-and-Nut
3.3
More Details
3.4
More Exercise: Spur Gears
3.5
More Exercise: Filleted Bar
3.6
Review
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.1 Triangular Plate
2

Section 3.1
Triangular Plate

Problem Description

• The plate is made of steel and designed to

withstand a tensile force of 20,000 N on each
of its three side faces.
• We are concerned about the deformations
and the stresses.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.1 Triangular Plate
3

Techniques/Concepts • Project Schematic

• Concepts>Surface From Sketches
• Analysis Type (2D)
• Plane Stress Problems
• Generate 2D Mesh
• 2D Solid Elements
• <Relevance Center> and
<Relevance>
• Loads>Pressure
• Weak Springs
• Solution>Total Deformation
• Solution>Equivalent Stress
• Tools>Symmetry
• Coordinate System
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut
4

Section 3.2
Threaded Bolt-and-Nut

Problem Description

[1] Bolt.
[2] Nut.

[3] Plates.
[4] Section
view.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut
5

[1] The 2D
simulation
17 mm model.

The axis of symmetry

The plane of symmetry

[6] Frictionless
support.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut
6

Techniques/Concepts

• Hide/Show Sketches
• Display Model/Plane
• Add Material/Frozen
• Axisymmetric Problems
• Contact/Target
• Frictional Contacts
• Edge Sizing
• Loads>Force
• Supports>Frictionless Support
• Solution>Normal Stress
• Radial/Axial/Hoop Stresses
• Nonlinear Simulations
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
7

Section 3.3 • Plane stress condition:

σ Z = 0, τ ZY = 0, τ ZX = 0

More Details • The Hook's law becomes

σX σ
εX = −ν Y
E E
σ σ
εY = Y − ν X
Plane-Stress Problems E E
σX σ
ε Z = −ν −ν Y
E E
σY
τ
τ XY γ XY = XY , γ YZ = 0, γ ZX = 0
τ XY G

σX
• A problem may assume the
σX
plane-stress condition if its
τ XY
τ XY thickness direction is not
Z σY
Y Stress state at a point restrained and thus free to
of a zero thickness
X plate, subject to in-plane expand or contract.
forces.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
8

Plane-Strain Problems
• Plane strain condition:
ε Z = 0, γ ZX = 0, γ ZY = 0
εX
εY
• The Hook's law becomes
E
σX = ⎡(1− ν )ε X + νεY ⎤⎦
(1+ ν )(1− 2ν ) ⎣
X γ XY E
σY = ⎡(1− ν )εY + νε X ⎤⎦
γ XY (1+ ν )(1− 2ν ) ⎣
Z E
σZ = ⎡νε + νεY ⎤⎦
Y (1+ ν )(1− 2ν ) ⎣ X

εY τ XY = Gγ XY , τ YZ = 0, τ ZX = 0

• A problem may assume the plane-strain

εX
[2] Strain state at
a point of a plane-
strain structure.
condition if its Z-direction is restrained
from expansion or contraction, all cross-
sections perpendicular to the Z-direction
have the same geometry, and all
environment conditions are in the XY plane.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
9

Axisymmetric Problems
εθ
εZ
• If the geometry, supports, and
loading of a structure are
εR [1] Strain
state at a axisymmetric about the Z-axis,
γ RZ point of a
γ RZ axisymmetric then all response quantities are
structure.
independent of θ coordinate.
εR εθ σθ
σZ • In such a case,
γ θR = 0, γ θ Z = 0
σR
εZ τ θR = 0, τ θ Z = 0
τ RZ τ RZ
• both σ θ and εθ are generally not
[2] Stress
state at a zero. They are termed hoop
point of a
axisymmetric stress and hoop strain respectively.
σR σθ
structure.

σZ
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
10

Mechanical GUI

• Pull-down Menus
and Toolbars
• Outline of Project
Tree
• Details View
• Geometry
• Graph
• Tabular Data
• Status Bar
• Separators
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
11

Project Tree

• A project tree may contain one or more

simulation models.
• A simulation model may contain one or more
<Environment> branches, along with other
objects. Default name for the <Environment>
branch is the name of the analysis system.
• An <Environment> branch contains <Analysis
Settings>, environment conditions, and a
<Solution> branch.
• A <Solution> branch contains <Solution
Information> and several results objects.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
12

Unit Systems [1] Built-in unit

[2] Unit system [3] Default
for current project unit
systems. project. system.

• Consistent versus Inconsistent

Unit Systems.
• Built-in versus User-Defined Unit
Systems.
• Project Unit System.
• Length Unit in <DesignModeler>.
• Unit System in <Mechanical>.
• Internal Consistent Unit System.

[4] Checked unit

[5] These, along with the systems won't be
SI, are consistent unit available in the pull-
systems. down menu.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
13

Environment Conditions
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.3 More Details
14

Results Objects

View Results
[3] Label. [5] You can control [6] Some results
how the contour can display with
displays. vectors.

[4] You may [1] Click to turn on/ [2] Click to turn
select the scale off the label of on/off the probe.
of deformation. maximum/minimum.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.4 Spur Gears
15

Section 3.4
Spur Gears

Problem Description [1] What we are

concerned most is
the contact stress
here.

[2] And the bending

stress here.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.4 Spur Gears
16

Techniques/Concepts

• Copy bodies (Translate)

• Contacts
• Frictionless
• Symmetric (Contact/Target)
• Adjust to Touch
• Loads>Moment
• True Scale
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.5 Filleted Bar
17

Section 3.5
Filleted Bar

Problem Description
100 100
[1] The bar is
made of steel. [2] The bar has
a thickness of
10 mm.
R15

50 kN 50 kN
100

50
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.5 Filleted Bar
18

Part A. Stress Discontinuity

Displacement field is
continuous over the
entire body.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.5 Filleted Bar
19

[4] By default, stresses are

[2] Original averaged on the nodes, and the
calculated stresses stress field is recalculated. That
(unaveraged) are not way, the stress field is
continuous across continuous over the body.
element boundaries,
i.e., stress at boundary
has multiple values.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.5 Filleted Bar
20

Part B. Structural Error

• For an element, strain energies calculated using averaged stresses and unaveraged
stresses respectively are different. The difference between these two energy values is
called <Structural Error> of the element.
• The finer the mesh, the smaller the structural error. Thus, the structural error can be
used as an indicator of mesh adequacy.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.5 Filleted Bar
21

Part C. Finite Element Convergence

[1] Quadrilateral
element.
0.0787

0.0786

0.0785
Displacement (mm)

0.0784 [2] Triangular

element.
0.0783

0.0782

0.0781 [3] Increasing

nodes.
0.0780

0.0779
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Number of Nodes
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.5 Filleted Bar
22

Part D. Stress Concentration

[1] To accurately [2] Stress

evaluate the concentration.
concentrated stress,
finer mesh is needed,
particularly around the
corner.
Chapter 3 2D Simulations
Section 3.5 Filleted Bar
23

Part E. Stress Sigularity

• Stress singularity is not limited

The stress in this to sharp corners.
zero-radius fillet
is theoretically • Any locations that have stress
infinite.
of infinity are called singular
points.
• Besides a concave fillet of zero
radius, a point of concentrated
forces is also a singular point.