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Quantum Physics I: Compulsory Lecture For Master Program in Micro-And Nanotechnology (MNM)
Quantum Physics I: Compulsory Lecture For Master Program in Micro-And Nanotechnology (MNM)
Lecture in English:
E-mail: katja.beha@hm.edu
Lecture in German:
E-mail: alfred.kersch@hm.edu
Basic Structure
I. Quantum mechanics
• General information:
– The next week’s exercise sheet is usually available on Fridays until midnight via Moodle
– Math tutorial given by Prof. Dr. A. Kersch (Thursdays 1:30 pm – 3 pm, D109)
– C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Survey:
- Are there any students with a physical undergraduate background?
- Are there any students who have a bachelor’s degree in physical engineering?
- Are there any students with prior knowledge in atomic physics?
- Are there any students with prior knowledge in quantum physics?
- Are there any students with prior knowledge in solid state physics?
- Are there students in the 1st semester?
- Are there students in the 2nd semester?
- Are there students in higher semester?
Expectations:
- What are your expectations / whishes?
Let‘s start...
Part 1, chapter 1
1 Development of Quantum Mechanics
– Early 20th century: experimental findings that could not be explained with classical models,
e. g.:
• Spectral distribution of the cavity radiation (keyword “ultraviolet catastrophe”)
• Photoelectric effect
• Compton effect
• Atomic model that explains the stability and line spectrum of atoms
• Franck-Hertz experiment
• ...
– In particular the nature of the light was unclear at that time
• Two different views: light consists of particles (Newton) vs. light is a wave (Huygens)
à To fully describe the micro-regime of atoms & molecules, both the particle aspect of
classical mechanics and the wave model of el.- mag. fields (Maxwell equations) must be taken
into account, advanced, and modified
à It turns out that the models do not contradict but complement each other (e.g. light: to describe
interference/ diffraction: wave model; to describe absorption/ emission: particle model)
1.1 Black-Body Radiation
Considered system:
– A black body with absorbance A ≈ 1
2. The radiation is isotropic, i. e. the spectral radiance Sn ([Sn]=Wm-2Hz-1sr-1) inside the cavity is
independent of the direction and the type or shape of the walls
à On the surface element dF of its surface from the solid angle dW falls the
spectral radiation power SndndFdW in the interval from n to n+dn
• Since the cavity radiation is isotropic, this must apply to every direction q, j
1.1.1 Kirchhoff’s Law
– For any body with absorbance A:
Kichhoff’s law
For all bodies in thermal equilibrium with the cavity radiation the ratio of spectral
radiance of the surface En to spectral absorbance An at a frequency n is equal to
the spectral radiance Sn of the cavity radiation
The spectral radiance of the surface En of a black body is identical to the spectral
radiance Sn of the cavity radiation
Next step:
Determine the spectral energy density un + spectral radiance Sn of the cavity radiation
1.1.2 Derivation of a Radiation Law
Prehistory:
- From the wave equation follows that only certain stationary natural oscillations of the el.-
mag. field are possible in a cavity à so-called “modes” of the cavity
(here w/o proof; for more detail see e. g. Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 2)
- For wavelengths l small against the cavity dimension L, the spectral mode density (i. e.
the number n(n)dn of modes per m3 in the frequency interval n and n+dn) is given by:
(here w/o proof; for more detail see e. g. Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 2)
- The spectral energy density un(n) of the cavity radiation is given by:
à The spectral energy density un(n) in the frequency interval dn is given by and grows
quadratically with frequency n :
Rayleigh-Jeans law
Result:
• For small frequencies n (IR region, in particular l > 2µm at T = 5000 K) there is a good
agreement with experiments
• But for the visible + ultraviolet (UV) region there is a clear discrepancy
à The spectral energy density becomes infinity for
à Ultraviolet catastrophe
1.1.3 Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
* Planck received in 1919 the Noble price in physics for this discovery
1.1.3 Determination of the Average Energy
- In thermal equilibrium the probability p(W) that a natural oscillation has the
energy is proportional to the Boltzmann factor exp[-W/kT] (see chapter 2):
- The average energy per natural oscillation (proof: see exercise sheet 1):
1.1.3 Planck’s Law of Radiation
- The spectral energy density un of the cavity radiation:
à
Planck’s law of radiation
there un(n,T) [J m-3s] indicates the spatial energy density per frequency interval dn = 1 s-1
- The radiance Sn emitted by a surface element dF of a black body in the solid angle dW (i.e.
radiation that is emitted from a small hole in the cavity in the solid angle dW) is given by:
x100
For :
The denominator can be approached via
(use )
there ul(l,T) indicates the spatial energy density per wavelength interval dl = 1 m
- The temperature dependent wavelength lm at which the function ul is maximal is given by:
(use , see exercise sheet 1)
, T in Kelvin
1.1.4 Wien’s Displacement Law
substitute + use
à with
Stefan-Boltzmann law
second s time
metre m length
kilogram kg mass
ampere A electric current
kelvin K temperature
mole mol amount of substance
Wn
En Sn
q
q un dF Pn = ò Sn dW
Ln = ò En dW
J
Sn dW = 1/(4p) c un dW