»>GRAMMAR BOOSTER The Grammar Boosts is optional. It provides more explanation and practice, as well as additional grammar concepts. UNIT 1 Lesson t Correct the error in each item. 1. They'd both like to study abroad, ously they? _ 2. It's only a six-month course, #it? he 3. Clark met his wife on a rafting trip, didn't-chack? 4 Marian made three trips to Japan last year AE she? yasant, 5. There were @ lot of English-speaking people on the tour, wasnt AS 6. The students don’t know anything about that, da they? 7, There isn’t any problem with my student visa, 4284 there? sh 8. It’s always interesting to travel with people from other countries-aronce thay? 9. With English, you can travel fo most parts of the world, 28 you? 10. Hm net UNIT 1 Lesson 2 Review: verb usay in the present and past ‘The simple present tense (and NOT the present continuous) ‘or facts and rogular occurrences | study English, Class meets every cay. Wate bois at 100°, ‘with frequency adverbs and time expressions ‘They never eat betore 6:00 an weekdays, ‘with stative (non-action) verbs | emember her naw. for future actions, especially those indicating schedules Fight 100 usualy leaves at 2:00, but tomorrow itleaves at 1:30, The present continuous (and NOT the simple present tense) ; for actions happening now (but HOT with tative verbs) “They're tlking on the phone for actions occurring during atime period inthe present This yar 'm studying English {or some future actions especialy those already planned Thursday Pm going to ie theater. ‘The present perfect or the present perfect continuous for unfinished or continuous actions lve tived here since 2001, OR Pvp been living hore since 2001. ve lived here for five years, OR Pve been ving here for tie years.Review: verbs usage in the present and past (continued) ‘The present perfect (but NOT the present perfect continuous) for completed or non-continuing actions Vv eaten tre three times, ve never rea that book, I"ve already seen him The simple past tense {ot actions completed at a specified time inthe past | ate there in 2003, NOT He-esten there in 2003. The past continuous for one or more actions in progress ata time inthe past ‘A 7-00, we were eating dinnes ‘They were swimming end we wore sitting onthe beach, ‘The past continuous and the simple past for an action that interrupted a continuing action inthe past \ was eating when my sister called. Usedto {for past situations and habits that no longer exist | used to smoke, but I stopped, ‘They didn’t use to require 8 vis, but now they do. ‘The past perfect to indicate that one past action preceded another past action When | artved, hey had finished lunch D correct tthe verbs in the following sentences. 1. Ttaik on the phone with my fiancé right now 2. She) gaya eroding sweets They eat cinner jaw and can't talk on the phone. Every Rulday Hergeing to the gym at 7:00. Burtéstwemting to gg ype early. This year we all-stacty English, The train fenever tearing, before $00. Wategargipeng when the temperature goes dovn, 9, Welrerhking coffe. 10. On most days Fmeseaying home. ©} complete each sentence with the present perfect continuous. 1. We _¥e been coming _ tg this spa for two years 2. Lost in Translation __h@s been playirg at the Classic Cinema since last Saturday. 3. Robert has been waiting for an admissions fetter from the language school for a week. 4, The tour operatorshave been worrying aboulweather conditions for the rafting trip. 5, [Ye been talking about ¢hat tour with everyone.@D check the sentences and questions that express unfinished or continuing actions. ‘Change the verb phrase in those sentences tothe present perfect continuous. WF 1. The Averys have tived in New York since the late nineties. oJ 2. Their ‘platives have already called them. [IZ 3. We have wattect to see them for six months. 1 4 I haven’ seen the Berlin Phitharmonic yet CL 5. This is the first time I've visited Dubai. 7 6, We havecaten Ih that old Peruvian restaurant for years. 7, Has he ever met your father? ‘Wf &. How long have they-studied! Arabic? 1 9. My husband still hasn’t bought a car. L140, The Kids have just come back from the race > ‘Complete each sentence using the past continuous in one blank and the simple past tense in the other. 1, 1__wessveecing when T__'8¢_ the accident They __¥ete watching TV when they heard the news.” What ere Young when L called started went |. People __Wei# viailNg __for the theater to open when the fire 5. Who __¥98U8Ng_the computer when te electricity > UNIT 2 Lesson 1 ‘May, might, and must: degrees of certainty He's carving a von cortainty (a fast) He must bo a msicien probabilly (probably true) Ho might (may) play very well Dosolblty (could be trey @® write a statement of certainty, possibility, and probability about the person in each picture. “answers wil vary. Poss be answers inoue certainty Het =o ipt of yas. possibility H@ might need to go tothe doctor probability He must have a backache. certainty H&'snetfeetine wel possibility He may need to take a painkiller. P| probability He must have a hendacto. cortainty She's cooking @ meal possibility She might work ina probability She must be a cook.UNIT 3 Lesson t ‘The passive causative: the by phrase Use a by phrase if knowing who pertormed the action is important, | had my shoes repaired by @ young man atthe train station {knowing who performed the aetion is not important, you don't need to include a by phrase. {had my shoes repaired by someone at the Iain station, 1. shoe / repair / Mr. Gil / Boot Stop Get pour shoes repaired by Mr. Gil at-the Boot Stor, 2. picture / framed / Lydia / Austin Custom Framing Sét that pete framed by Lydia al Austin Custom Framing, . hair / cut / Eva / Bella Gente Hair Salon G2 YOu aout by Eva at Bota Geng Heit Salo. . photos / process / mall S&t You photes processed lhe al ‘Gola custom suit made oy Luh custom suit / make / Luigi Stecwsom sutmade oy wg dry cleaning / dof Midtown Dry Cleaners S&tyou' ery deann done ai Meiown Dry Cleaners UNIT 3 Lesson 2 ©} complete each sentence with an infinitive, a hase form, or a past particip. 1. They got the dry cleaner _16 668 __the suit again He had the photographer = pictures of everyone in the family. I missed class, so ] got my classmates 1 1¢!_me what happened that day in class. “y Are you going to have those pants Shortened _> stay She made her son in bed because he wasn’t feeling well. 1rd better get to the bank before it closes if want to get that checle cashed ‘Our teacher had us__“""© _about what we did during the vacation. You'd better get the travel agent lH _ your light right away: ). Are you going to get your paintings __ffame¢_for the art exhibit? I you need to know when the next train leaves, you can have my assistant 2 the station. Let Use let to show that someone permits someone to do something, | don’t tet my children stay out ater 9:00. Why don't you fet me heln you? Let is followed by an abject and the base form of a verb. ject ase fom She let het sister wear her skit. [NOT She let ner sister to-wear her skit.Ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence using let. 1. Don’t permit your little brother to open the oven door. 2, You should permit your litle sister to go to the store with you. 3. Actually, we don’t permit our daughter to eat a lot of candy. Twouldn’t permit my youngest son to go ta the mall alone. 5. Why won't you permit him to see that movie? 6. You should permit the tailor to do what he thinks is best. We always permit him to stay out late. Causative have and the past perfect auxiliary have BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse the simple past tense causative have with have used in the past perfect {had them call me belore 10:00. (They called ma.) | had called tram tefore 10:00, (called them Who did what? Read the sentence. Complete the statement. 1. We had them fix the car before our trip. ——Tthey fixed the cae We had fixed the car before out trip. We fixed _the car 2. Janet had already called her mother. aaa cite __ tear trnt Janet had her mother call the train station, —-_Her mother afte the tain station, 3. Mark had his classmate help him with it, His classmates helped Mark had helped his classmate with it. _ Mark helped 4, My father had signed the check for his boss. _MYfather_ signed __the check My father had his boss sign the check. His boss signed _the check 5, Mr. Gates had them open the bank early, ___They __ opened __the bank __ ‘Mr. Gates had opened the bank early. Mr. Gatos opened __the bank _. UNIT 4 Lesson T REVIEW: Expressing the future ‘The future can te expressed in all the following ways: val + base form 1M seo bee going 10 + base form thm going to 5€€ |e, tomorow: the simple preoant tonso I see ‘the presen: continuous, rm seeing Modals can also be used te talk about the future. | might soo ‘modal + base form Iimay see her tomorrow. I can seeREVIEW: Future with will ‘Use will or be going to to make 2 prodiction or to say that something in the future: wil be true, There is no diference in meaning, Getting a new car will cst afot of money. Getting a new car és going to cast a lt of money. Use be going toto express a plan. ‘My tooth has baen kiling me all week. 'm going to calla dentist. NOT FasiteaH a dentist, Use will for wilfingness, ‘Als it true you won't goto the dentist? B:/M goto the dentist, but don't ke filings. NOT Fr-going to-go... €D complete the conversations using will or be going to. 1. At Would you like to go nmmming in the park? 1 "™ going to leave in, about half an hour. B: That sounds great. [__"m9e!_ you there, 2, A: It's midnight. Why are you still reading? Br We "2 going 10 have a tost tomorrow: Do you have plans for tomorrow? Br Yes, |_M-99ing 19.5003 chiropractor for the first time. 4. Ai [hope you can come tomorrow night. We'd really like you to be there. BOK.T__Toome 5. Ar I'm thinking about getting a new laptop. B: Really? Wet, 1___!'show___ you mine. I love it REVIEW: The present continuous, the simple present tense, and modals with future meaning ‘The present continuous [My toot has been kiling me all week. 'm calling the dentist tomorow. ‘What are you doing this atemoan? Yim going fo the beach, ‘The simple present tense ‘The offceis usually open until 9:00, butt eloses at 6:00 tomorrow. Modals should, could, ought to, may, might, have to, and can You could catch the next bus. We should caller nox! week, Read each sentence. Check the sentences that have future meaning. U1. Hannah is studying English this month. IV 2. Max is studying French next month. LE 3. Naney studies English in the evening. W 4, I'm taking my daughter out for dinner tonight. GE 5. You should cal! me tomorrow. [M 6, He might have time to see you later. W 7. My parents are arriving at 10:0.W 8, The class finishes at 3:00 today, 1 9. The class always starts at 2:00 and finishes at 4:00, “A10, We may stay another week in Paris, > UNIT 4 Lesson 2 Regrets about the past: wish + the past perfect; should have and ought to have sah + the past perfect You can express a regret about the past with wish + the past perfect | wish Lad married later. As | wish | hadn't married Celine! ‘Do you wish you had bought that car whon it was avaliable? should have and ought to nave ‘uaht.to have nas the same meaning as should have. Should have is much more common in spaken English. | should have married later. = | eught to have married later | shouldn't have martied Celine. =! ought not to have married Cetine Should he have married Cosine? = Ought he to have married Celine? Note: American English speakers use should have instead of guaht to have in negative statements and in questions. Restate the statements and questions with wish + the past perfect to statements and questions with should have or ought to have. 1. wish [ had studied laws: (should) _! sh2vie bave studied law, 2. She wishes she had had children. {ought to) She ought to have had chiidren, 3. Do you wish you had studied Chinese? (should) Should you have studied Chinese? ‘ought to have gone to CHIT 4, Lwish had gone to Chile instead of Australia, (ought to) Instead of Australia. uid you Rave Taken the 5. Do you wish you had faken the job at the embassy? (should) Job al the embassy? UNIT 5 Lesson 1 On a separate sheet of paper, combine the two sentences into one sentence, making the second sentence an adjective clause. Use who or that. 1, The hotel clerk was very helpful. / He recommended the restaurant. Tae nce clerk Wins renomenenaed the restaurant was very helof 2. My cousin called today, / He lives in New Zealand. 3, Wehave a meeting every morning. / It begins at 9:30. 1. The celebration is spectacular. / Tt takes place in spring. 5. The teacher is not very formal. / She teaches the grammas class . Patients might prefer homeopathy. / They want to avold strong medication. The copy shop is closed on weekends. / it offers express service. . The hotel is very expensive. / has a swimming pool, Do you like the teacher? / He teaches the grammar class.Reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another Each other and one anathar have the same meaning, but one another is more formal People give each other (or one anther gts Frends sond each other (or one anotier cards. BBE CAREFUL! Reciprocal pronouns have a different meaning from reflexive pronouns. ‘Tey looked at themselves, (Each person looked ina moc) ‘They looked at each other, (Each person looked at the other person) > ‘Ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each underlined phrase using a reciprocal pronoun. 1. On Christmas, in many places in the world, people give and receive presents, On Christmas, ia mary uces im the world, people give each other presenti 2, On New Year’s Eve in New York City, people wait in Times Square for midnight to come so they can kiss other people and wish other people a happy new year. 3. During the Thai holiday Songkran, people throw water at other people on the street 4. During the Tomato festival in Bunol, Spain, people have a lot of fun throwing tomatoes at other people for about two hours. 5. After a day of fasting during Ramadan, Muslims around the world invite other people to. eat in their homes in the evening. Reflexive pronouns ‘Arefiexive pronoun should always agree with the subject of the verb People relly enjoy themselves during Carnaval IMy sister made herself sick from eating so much! Common expressions with reflexive pronouns beliovo in onosetf It you believe in your ‘enjoy oneself We enjoyed ourselves very much 00 our vacation, feet sorry for oneself Dont sit around feeling sorry for yoursett help oneself to something) Please help yourselves to dessert! hurt oneself Paul hurt himself when be tied to move the refrigerator. sive oneself something} S wanted to give mysel a of, so | bougt wate. Intraduce onesett Winy don’t you introduce yourselt to your new neighbor? be proud of oneself Jeckie was really proud of herself when she got that job ‘ake care of oneself You shoud take better care of yoursell. OK? talk to oneselt | sometimes talk to myself wien fm feting nervous. ‘teach oneself (to do something) Wiki taught herself to use a computer. ‘ell oneself (something) {lays tell mysolf'm not going fo eat dessert, and then da anyway. ‘work for oneselt ‘Oscar Jt the company last year He now works for himself. complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns. i hemseN8Sa5 their vacation. 1. My brother and his wife really enjo 2, My uncle has been teaching Timset how to cook. . The food was so terrific that | helped ™¥S2!_to some more! Don't sit around feeling sorry for Yourselt hope your sister's been taking good care of _Nersslt_, Ididn’t know anyone at the party, and | was too shy to introduce SEI to anyone. ‘Mr. Yu hurt himeell_ while lighting firecrackers for the Chinese New Year.Complete each sentence with one of the common expressions with reflexive pronouns. 1. When did your brother __!€2" himsett___ how to play the guitar? 2. You'd better tell your daughter to stop playing near that stove or she'll ___hurt herselt_ 3. Treally hope you __©n!0y yourseif_ when you're on vacation! 4. To practice greetings and introductions, [ask my students to Inttodues themselves to each other on the first day of class. rr by+ reflexive pronouns Use by with a reflexive pronoun to mean “alone.” You cannot put on a kimona by yourself. You nged nel ‘Students cannot lear to speak in English by themselves. They need to praction with each ether Complete each sentence with by and a reflexive pronoun. 1. Very young children shouldn't be allowed to play outside —_bythemsewes Did your father go to the store ___2y himself_> When did you learn to fixa computer __®¥yoursell_ > Wie got tired of waiting, so we found a table PY OurEOHeS > UNIT 5 Lesson 2 [F Adjective clauses: who and whom in formal English {in formal written or spoken English, use who for subject relative pronouns and whom for object relative pronouns. ‘The singer was terrible. + He sang in th restaurant subject relative proseun ‘Te singer wha sang in the restaurant was teri. ‘The singer was terrible, + We heard him lastnight. object lative pronoun ‘The singer whom wo hoa lat night Was ternbe, © complete the sentences with whe or whom. who 1. The manager works al that hotel is very helpful. whom 2. The man I met at the meeting has invited us to lunch. whe ___ lives in Hong Kong may apply for that job. vehom 3. The soles representative Lam very satisfied with the hair stylist The guests__whom you recommended. ‘we invited to the event were three hours late. ‘The dentist __“A©M_ you'll sce tomorrow speaks English. ‘The DJ #0" _ you requested is performing at the club tonight. The tailor __¥P°™ _'m recommending is very reasonable. My friend ——_¥®© ___wyorks atthe embassy will help you. whom 10. Is your colleague someone can really trust?UNIT 6 Lesson Tt Punctuation rules for direct speech ‘When uniting direct speech, use quotation marks to indicate the words the speaker actually said. Put final ‘punctuation betore the second quotation mark. every sad, “Dont answer the plone.” Use a comma after the verb that introduces the quoted speech, They sat, "Call me after the storm.” ‘Begin the quoted speech with a capita I | sald, “Please come to dinner at nine.” On a separate sheet of paper, write and punctuate each of the following statements in direct speech. 1, They said tell us when you will behome “>sv 0'4 2. Martin told me don’t get a flu shot - = - My daughter said please pick me up after school = ~- = Teil os when va Wl be heen ‘The English teacher said read the newspaper tonight and bring in a story about the weather 5. We said please don’t forget to buy batteries They said don’t buy milk 7, We told them please call us in the morning 8, She said please tell your parents I'm sorry I can't talk right now > Look at each statement in indi speech statement a direct speech statement. Use correct punctuation. “Be home befove midnight .ct speech. Then complete each statement, making the indirect 1, They told us to be home before midnight. They told us The sign downtown said Pak enerdency supplies before the stom. 3. Your daughter called and told me to turn on the radio and listen fo the news about the earthquake. Your daughter told me "Tu on the rcko and stent the news ebout the earthaueke,” S 2. The sign downtown said to pack emergency supplies before the storm, - _Peecenefversntieshsefedm on = 4. Your parents said no} to eall them before nine 4.nt Your parents saicl » “DEC callus before nin Ai” 5. Mr Ressi phoned to isl me net to go daw ntown this afternoon Me, Rossi told me _.D0!"99 downewn tis afternoon. UNIT6 Lesson 2 Indirect speech: optional tense changes ‘When the reporting verbs say or fell are in tho simple past tense, it's not always nocessary to use a ‘tense in indirect speech from the one the speaker used. The following are three times when it's optional 1. When the statement refers to something JUST said: | ust heard the news. They said storm fs coming. OR | just heard the news. They said a storm was coming 2, When the quoted speech refers to something that's still rue: May told us she wants to get ty shot tamctrow OR. May old us she wanted to get a fu shox tomorrow. 3. When the quoted speech refers to a scienific or general truth They sald tat English isn intermationst language. OR They sald that Engish was an smernatonal anguage. BE CAREFUL Remember that when the reporting verb isin the present tense, the verb tense in indirect speech does not change. ‘Thay say a big ston fs expected to arive forarow morning. NOT They saya big storm wae,)> on a separate sheet of paper, write each divect speech statement i ‘Change the verb in the indirect speech only if necessary. 1. Last Friday my husband said, “I'm going to pick up some supplies before the storm.” 2. Last year my pareats sai, “We'te going to Spain on vacation this yea” 3, She told them, “This year’s flu shot is not entirely protective against the fl”” 4, Fe just said, “The danger of flood is oer” 5. We always say, “It’s always easier to take the ain than drive.” When Ewvas a child, my parents tald me, “It’s really important to get a good education.” ‘The National Weather Service is saying, “Tonight's weather is terrible.” Your parents just told me, “We want to leave for the shelter immediately.” > UNIT 7. Lesson 1 Embedded questions: usage Use embedded questions fo ask politely for information. ‘Cam you ell mo what tine tis? Do you know were the bathroom is? Could you exe why is ot working? Would you ming ting me Row to getto Mes Steet? Pee ss J BE-CAREFUCY 0 notiaae Phrases that are often followed by embetkfed questions: ‘form ta embedded questions. | cont en. Can you somomber..? Do,you know why Sie wait 1 the to kro. Lats ask 2, $82 1ee tin: noveu! Lat me kaos: | wonder er MOT Bo ou kn Do you kaow...? Vn not sur... ; Can you tol me._.? Could you explain. ? |p Convo ton wt tigbag can't romemter.. Would you mind teting me.2 fGutemaia ong Senlences with embeded questions are punctuated according to the meaning ofthe whole sentence, |W an embedded question is ina sentonce, end the sentence with a period. | don't kaon ‘something. | con't know who she is. an embedded question is in a question, end the question with a question mark, ‘Can you tl me {something}? ~+ Gan you tell me who she is? ‘On a separate sheet of paper, write polite questions using noun clauses with embedded questions, Begin each question differently. 1, You need directions to the airport. 2. You want to find out what time the concert starts. 3. You don’t understand how your new CD player works. . You'd like to know why the train is late, 5. You need to find out where the nearest bathroom is. 6. You'd like to know something: Do they speak English at the hotel? On a separate sheet of paper, complete each sentence with an embedded question using the question in parentheses. Punctuate each sentence correctly. 1, Please let me know (When daes'the movie start?) when the movie stars. 2. Lwonder (Where is the subway station?}, wnere the subway station's 3. Can you tell me (How do you get to King Street?) how to get to King Street. 4, We're not sure (What should we bring for dinner?) what we shoula bring for dinner.5. They'd like to understand (Why doggn’t Pat want to come to the meeting?) 6. Please tell the class (Who painted this picture?) who painted this pictur. Correct the errors in each item. Whether 3003 1. Could you please tell me dees this taiti gorto Nagoya 2. Iwas wondering ef get your phone nuumberfo, 3. I'd like to know what time does Flight 82 active: 4. Can you tell me how much does thig magazine cost? 5. Do you remember where dicthe use,to lig 8 6, I'm not surg why so they keep calling, met 7. Lwonder-wittshé'gome on time? <¢7—— Embedded questions with infinitives In embeded questions, an infinitive can be used to express possibilty (can or coukd) or advice (should). You can use an infinitive after the question words whon, where, how, who, whom, What, whieh, or whose, | don't now where I can gel that magazine. = I don't know where to get that magazine. ''m not aue when | shou al the, = 'm not sure when to call them. ‘She'd tke to knavr ich train she should take, = She's like to know which train to tak. You can use an infinitive after wheather. 1dr’ know whether I shoulé read that book next. = | don’ know whether to read! that Book nt BBE CAREFUL! Don't use an infinitive ater 1 ke to know if should read that book next. = fd Uke to krow whether to read that book next NOT dike to know ito rene that book next. © ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence with an infinitive. 4. Could you tell me whose novel Ishould read next? Could you tell me where “neo 2 s0a4 next? 2. 1 like to know where I can buy Toni Morrison's latest book. 3. Can you remember whom I should call to get that information? Td like to know which train Ican take there. 5. Let me know if should give her the magazine when Ym done: 6. Iwasn’'t sure when I could get the new edition of her book. 7. Let's ask how we should get to the train station UNIT 7 Lesson 2 Noun clauses with that: after mental activity verbs ‘The following veras offen have noun clauses as thelr direct objects. Notice that they are alla kind ‘of mental activity. It is optional to include that. agree We agree (thab he should work harder. owt | doubt (that they really understand the assume | assume (at) you made a reservation. problem. Right? dream She dreamed (that) she was a movie Deliove She believes that all people are stat treated equal te ‘Wo foe (tat) everyone needs to try decide We decided that ws should stay harder anatrer night. find out | found out (tat the bill hee aready discover He discovered iat} the work hadn't been paid been cone yet forget Sh rat ha wha ban ra once before Loy a why Pat doesn't want to come to the meeting. ALEAALALIEETEEELELELESEEEE EEL| guess itt} welt just have to do it urgeles, He heard (hat) they were planing another meeting | hope ana everyone 16 OK. ‘Thay knowe (hal) we asked everyone to come at 8:00. ‘She leamed (thatthe book was writlen in 1993 ‘emembor see ‘suppose ‘think ‘understand Did you notice (had they did’t call us back? Do you reaize that tomorrow is har Dirtiday? He remembered that} he forgot to cali home. | see (hat) you've finished everything, | suppose fh youre hungry. Right? ‘he thinks thet) everyone should help. ‘We understand that you're from Brazil, ts that right? F Noun clauses with that: after other expressions Use noun clauses after these expressions with be + adjective or be + past partitpte. be afraid that ‘'m araid that) we'll have to leave early be angry that ‘She's angry (hat) he never cae. be ashamed that Ho's ashamed (that) he never called. be disappolated that ‘We're disappointed (thal) you couldn't come. be happy that “They're nappy (that) thoy passed the test, be sad tn Vm sad (hat) you're leaving, be sorry that ‘We're sorry that) we miscod you, bbe sure thet ‘Ace you sure dat) he's the man who did it? be surprised that ‘She was surprised (that) she won, bbe worried that ‘They're worried (that) ne may be angry. }> on a separate sheet of paper, complete the sentences in your own way. Use noun clauses with that. Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1‘ 2 3 4 5. ‘ When | wi 4 In’t believe Waa yb Last year, [decided al aid SS a - Recently, Tdreamed that | was a famous milsican. |. This year, Iwas suxprised to discover... that had won the lottery. . Last week, | forgot . that | had & docter's apgoinimant, 5. Recently, Lheard thal tney were planning a tip, UNIT & Lesson 1 Unless in conditional sentences ‘You can use unless, instead of if not, in conditional sentences. Unless they buy a freezer, they'll have to cook every night, = Ht they do’ buy a fre0z0,.. She wouldn't hve a car unless she had cellphone. =... i she didn't havea coll phone, if thy're nt stato of te at Martin doesn't buy electronics unless they're state ofthe ant. 2 a 8. 10, n. 12. In the future, Thope that we go on'an exiting vacation, Now that I study English 1 know ... at | enjay lear hg new wanguages Inthe lat year I learned thal like to book, Not long ago, remembered that fused % ride horses, (Gour own idea) nswers wl vary. (Your own idea) “Answors ull varyOn a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences, changing ifnat statements to unless and making any necessary change: 1. Te you don’t buy the Brow Rite coffee maker, you'll be sorry: Unies: yea bi. the Brew Riv cotton maker, yaoi Ifyou aren't in a hurry, you should take the train. . If I didn’t need to drive tong distances, I wouldn’t consider the top-of-the-line model. She won't go running in the park if her friends don’t go with her. Claire won't buy a high-tech car if it doesn’t have a good sound system. T wouldn't get the one with cutting-edge technology if | weren't rich, Clauses after wish Use ware or the simple past tense after wish fo express a regrot about something that's not true now. | wish my laptop were top of th tne We wish we had Brew Rite coffee maker. Use the past perfect after wish or wished to express a regret about something that was no true in the past. ‘Sean wishes he hadn't sold his ca, ‘Sean wished re hadn't sald his car Use would and a base form after wish to express a desire that something will occur in the future or on a rogular basis. | wish it would rain. (present desire for a future occurrence} | wish you would help withthe housework more offen. (este for something to occur regularly) Use would and a base form after wished to express a wish one had in the past for a future occurrence. Yesterday | wished i would rain, but it can't, {a wish forthe future one had inthe pest) ‘Complete each statement or question with the correct form of the verb. 1. Iwish my favorite author Would wrt _ a new book. I've read all of his. ‘old books so many times, Pat wished she _"@4.8P2nt__ nore time testdriving cars before she bought that SUV. were ‘Most people wish they. rich, . Towish it__hadbeen__ possible for me to get a better camera last time. 5, They wished they —84 4N0#M sooner that the computer couldn’t be fixed, 1 _ Would become . When Iwas a child, my parents wished 2 doctor. hed Do you wish you 4 more comfortable car for the trip tomorrow? . Don't they wish they 28 sttied _ Gorman? ware 9. Lwish | married t0.a mechanic. My car keeps breaking down! UNIT 8 Lesson 2 The unreal conditional: variety of forms Unreal conditional sentences can have a variety of active and passive forms in either clause. It he hae wor a seal bel, he wouldn't have been hurt If the car had been totaled, she could have bought a nevt one. If tho compute: hada’: been invented, we would sil be using typewriters. Ifthe typewriter were stil being used, fewer people would have computers.> complete the following unreal conditional sentences in your own way, using active and passive forms, Answers wilvaty Possbie answers ickde: 1. lf lwere elected president, !wovln {raise taxes 2, The car would have been invented earlier if beople had had more free time If were driving and another driver cut me off, !0uld slow down |. If they had been selling this phone when T was looking for one, | Would have bought it _ , Hididrtwantiotavel F woutein’t be studying English now. If she were getting married today, Si@ Would be very excited > UNIT 9 Lesson 1 Count and non-count nouns ‘Count nouns name things that can be counted individually They have singular and plural forms, a presidont prosidents ‘a govornment foverments alieral liberals ‘an olacion slectons an offic officials Non-count nouns name things that ara not counted indlidually, They don't have singular or plural forms and ‘they are not preceded by a ot an. To express a specific quantity of an uncountable noun, use unit expressions. ‘8 poe of nows atime of peace 2 cup of tea an act of justice a kilo of ree Many nouns can be used 26 count or non-count nouns, but the meaning is eitferent. ‘She studlod government atthe university. (= academic subject) ‘That cauntry ras had four governments in ten years. (= gicup of peuple who rule the country) ove efteese. (in ganorah ‘bought a cheese. (he whole manufactured produc, suct as 2 “wheel of chowse.") ‘She has blond hair. in general = allo her hai) ‘She gota hair n her eye. (= one indvival Hash ‘Complete each sentence with the correct form of each noun, 1, The government has made progress in the economy. 2. They've given alot of importance _ to making the banks stable. 3. Unfortunately, ____tédicels_ changed the law. 4 ___ Peace can only come if people stop making war. 5, —__Moderates__ don’t favor extreme change. 6. He's a reactionary _ who would like to outlaw freedom of speech. 7. IL could give you one piece of advice it would be to vote. 8. Some governments _are more fiberal than others. 9 IF more people don’t find __*®__ peopie will elect a different president. impossible to end all poverty‘A gerund (Che base form of a verb + -ing) functions as @ noun, Gerunds can be subjects, objects, and subject ‘complements, Discussing poitics is my favonte acti. (subject) | read @ Bock 2uout voting. (object of preposition about Hove reading dbout government (ivect object) My favorite activity is watching TV news. (subject ccomploment atter be} ‘An Infinitive (ta + the base form of 2 verb) also functions as a noun, Tole around or a beach al day would be my ideal vacation. (subject ove to guess wis going to win the electon, (object) My grestest dream forthe suri is to swim every day. (subject complement ater be} Using the sentences in the box above as a model, write sentences on a separate sheet of paper using the gerunds and infinitives in the form shawn. Ansevers will vary. Possible answers include: iar Saye cae 1. (as the subject of a sentence) Swimming. 4. (asthe subject ob a semtence) Tetra econ 2. (as.a direct object) driving inaecrmnpinne min 5S. (aS a direct objcel} to eat |e oes alan aoe 3. (as the object of the preposition af} studying {25 the, pblecof the preposition off studying Review: Gerunds and infi Certain verbs are followed by gerunds: avoid, can’t stand, disouss, dislike, enjoy, fee ke, (don't) mind, practice, sui, suggest Othe vars ae folowed by Inftves: ante, choose, doce expect ene War ade, lan seem, want Ws, ‘would like, Other verbs can be flowed by ether a gerund or an ifintve: begin contin, hate like, love, prefer. Fora more complete list, se@ Appendix on page 130. s after certain verbs © compete the paragraph with grands or inftines Thope 19 M8k@_ some positive changes in my life, and I would like start _ Tight way, Lhuve observed that a lot of people enjoy —S2TBIANINE about the political situation, but they don’t ke 40/492 anything about it. They love tewalch the news and say they care about all the poor people who don't have enough, to eat, but they don’t feel like __99IN9G_ anything about it. They worry about poverty but they don’t mind Wasting _ money on stupid things they don’t need __thave __ Well, read Vim sick of about how peuple are suffering, ond I've agreed _'010 _q political action group. T simply hate "9095 __ anything! UNIT 10 Lesson 7 @> choose ten adjectives from the box. Ona separate sheet of paper, write a sentence for each adjective. Use too and an infinitive te give an explanation or a warning. afraid down in the dumps high sad busy early important sick Tt" ETT TTTTETTLELETETEEETE |[ Infinitives with enough She's old enough to vote He's not busy enough to complain Use an infinitive atier an adjective or adverb and enough to give an explanation, ‘They drove fast enaugh to get there on time Itisn't warm enough to go hiking ‘ode. BBE CAREFUL! Enough comes after an adjective or an adverb, not nefore. W's too far to walk. It iart close enough to walk, NOT seisntenouah close to walk: & onase rate sheet of paper, write a sentence with enough and an infinitive for each IN Hebei 2. Tianjin, in China, is Province. 3. Desagnadero is 9M Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, 4, The isiand of Bahrain is the Persian Gulf 5. Cabimas is 9% Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. | 6. Sapporo is ©" Hokkaido Island in Japan. adjective in the box. novokd omar rot strong — a roti polite thiy sana ret successful fot exciting happy o> UNIT 10. Lesson 2 Prepositions of place: more usage the Mona Pou chew ovree fest Kad the foo outa th son ver, ln he Hur Fre) via Cental ey wen) caoedo ay the Stara Dor thes. the ata zen tae Pi the stato seco the Gat fhgt. win the centa pat iesoutwest ot Wadi Webou 0k > write the correct prepositions of place. 1. Pisco is 9M the Pacific coast of Peru, 7. Riobamba is 0 the Pastaza River in Ecuador. 8. Taiwan’s Jade Mountain National Park is east Ot the city of Alishan. 9. Fengkang isi the southern part of Taiwan, 10. ‘The city of Budapest, Hungary is 2 the Danube River 41. Denmark is north of_ Germany. 12. The capital of Chile, Santiago, is located 11 the Central Valley.Proper nouns: capitalization ‘When words like east or southeast are used as the name of place, they shouldbe capitalized. Itsinthe South, Sin the Northeast. fs in the Mite East. ‘When they ae just used to describe a place, the words are not capitalized, Wes south of Tape, Hs amortheastem iy. ‘I's he eastern shore of Lake Super, ‘Capitalize names of: people (and thelr es) Mary Mery Sith Br May Sith Bola the United Kingdom Kyoto the Golden Gate Bdge the Peramount Tester the Tower of Loncon theUN. the Word Ben ‘amnesty Ineratonal histity udaism islam Now Years Day the Moon Fesivel Gamal historic times or events the Cola Wer the middle Ages the Edo vid languages / nationalities French engisn sabi ays ofthe weak Mondey Wesnesday sunday ‘me months of he year Jauery Detoner December ‘When a proper noun has more then one word, each word is capitalized except for articles (the) and prepositions (o- Panara City the Gul oF aqaba the iy of Chicago the University of Buenas Aires (Niagara Falls the Bay of Biscayne Capitalize al the words of atte, except for articles and propositions that have fewer tnan four eto. If an atcie ora preposition i the frst word of ide, capitalize. The Slory of English Looking Back on My Lite The Internationa Herat Tune 1 xow Why the Caged Bird Sings > correct the capitalization. Tm reading one hundred Years of Solitude. My cousins are studying! french The leaning tower of pisa is in northeralitaly. It’s on the southern coast of fustealia, T visit the Fity fhuseum, gar ‘every #londay. . My uncle works for the tnited Nations ‘TheVine funnel Ghunnel betweertengland andhance was completed in 1934, . STie just graduated from the Phiversity of Wie enjoyed the movje about fs Groat Wal of Faina. My son goes to the Gollege of eiences. His father speaks Korean and’yapanese fuently Their grandson was bor last bchF Proper nouns: use of the When a proper noun includes the word of, use the. ‘with me without the the Republe of Korea Korea the Gut of Mexico Mexico City the Kingdom of Thailand Thailane When a proper noun uses a political word such as republic, empire, or kingdom, use the. ‘he United Kingdom the British Empire te Malagasy Repub ‘When a proper noun is plural, use the. the Piiopines the United States the Netheriands the Andes Mouatains When a proper noun includes a geographical word such as ocean, desert, o rue use the. Do not use ‘withthe following geographical words: lake, bay, mountain, istand, park. withthe ‘without the ‘he atlantic Ocean Hueson Bay the Aizcera Desert Crystal Lake the Yangtze River Heinan ben ‘he iberian Peninsuta Ueno Park ‘he Porsian Gul Yellow Mountain ‘When words like east or southwest are used as the name of a geographical area, use the. Do not use the whem they are used as adjectives ‘with the ‘the International Language Institute tbe Unites Nations ‘he Worlé Health Organization the University of Aelaice Do not use the with acronyms, NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ‘Won a proper noun includes a word that Isa kind of or use the with a university or college (unloss the name us UCLA. the University of Californie, Las angeles} with the without the the tao East Western Europe We Far East East Tenor the West Noxtern Irland janization or educational group, use the. Do not af) without the Columbia Coboge (Chubu University [OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Counties) ®D correct the sentences. 1. When she went to-the-Malaysia, she brought her husband with her. 2, A lot of people froft United Stateg teach English here. 3. Fhe Haiti is the closest neighbor fo,Dominican Republic. 4. When we arrived ingle Berlin, Twas very excited, 5. Yemen is a country imMiddle East. 6. Lintroduced our visitors (University of Riyadh. 7. Lived IfPeople’s Republic of China for about two years. 8, Yan isa student abCollege of Arts and Sciences. 9. She is the director offFnglish Language Institut. 10. She's the most famous aciress'If Netherlands 11. He's interested in cttitures if Near East. 12, Poland was one of the first countries in-+he-Bastern Europe to change to a democracy.