2.1 Elementry transformations. 2.2 Inverse of a matrix 2.2.1 Elementary transformation Method 2.2.2 Adjoint method 2.3. Application of matrices. Solution of a system of linear equations 23.1 Method of Inversion 2.3.2 Method of Reduction A matrix of order mxm is a square arrangement of m* elements. The corresponding determinant of the same elements, after expansion is seen to be a value which is an element itself. In standard XI, we have studies the types of matrices and algebra of matrices namely addition, subtraction, multiplication of two matrices ‘The matrices are useful in almost every branch of science. Many problems in Statistics are expressed in terms of matrices. Matrices are also useful in Economics, Operation Research. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the matrices are the language of atomic Physics. Hence, itis necessary to leam the uses of matrices with the help of elementary transformations and the inverse of a matrix. 2.1 Elementary Transformation : Let us first understand the meaning and applications of elementary transformations. ‘The elementary transformation of a matrix are the six operations, three of which are due to row and three are due to column. They are as follows : (@) Interchange of any two rows or any two columns. If we interchange the i row and the j® row ‘ofa matrix then after this interchange the original matrix is transformed to a new matrix. This transformation is symbolically denoted as R,> R, oF Ry, The similar transformation can be due to two columns say C, + C,or C,.. (Recall that R and C symbolically represent the rows and columns of a matrix.) >. —_ aS oS12 34 Forexanpleita~[; 1] then R, <>R, gives the new matrix [' ‘| ond €,<9C, gives the _f2u new matrix | 34 21 34 at notes |} ’] oa [; Sowwe wie a-[1 afend A~[4 3 Note: The symbol ~ is read as equivalent to. (b) Multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non-zero scalar : Ifk is a non-zero scalar and the row Ris to be multiplied by constant & then we multiply every ‘element of R, by the constant & and symbolically the transformation is denoted by AR; or R,OkR,. J 0 2 . 02 Forexcmple,ifA= |, | theaR, +48, gives A~| 15 44 Similarly, if ony column of a matrix is to be multiplied by o constant then we multiply every element of the column by the constant. It is denoted as kCi or C—> ki. 02 02 Forexample,ifA=|3 4] then C) »-3Cigives A~|_9 4 02 [. J] Can yousay that A= ]1y yg] or A= |g g (©) Adding the scalar multiples of all the elements of any row (column) to corresponding ele- ments of any other row (column). IEk is a non-zero scalar and the k-multiples of the elements of R, (C)) are to be added to the elements of R, (C) then the transformation is symbolically denoted as R) > R, +KR,, C, ->C,+kC, Forecapieta= [7 q and k=2 then R)—> Ri+2R: gives AL pe os) (Can you find the transformation of A using C, > C, + (-3) C, Note (1) + After the transformation , R, > R, +R, R, temains the same as in the original matrix. Similarly, with the transformation , C, > C,+kC, ,C, remains the same as in the original matrix. >] § — dSNote (2) + After the elementary transformation, the matrix obtained is said to be equivalent to the original matrix. lo Ex.1:IfA- [ 1 §] corte wnsomatn Ro Ron. Solution = a ae [th ~ |[- 3 RR, gives -1 3 A~lioo Fx. 2:1fA [: ° 1] apply the transformation C, > C, +2C, 234 Solution : az[! 02 234 C.-C, +26, gives 142(2) 0 2 A~l242(4) 3 4 $02 A~lo 3 4 | apply R, <> R, and then C, > C, +2, on A. 12 41 A=l, 2 5R, OR, gives [; 2 ‘| all 24 Now C, + ©, +2, gives (8 2 ‘| 142(-1) 2 Apply the given elementary transformation on each of the following matrices, 1 -{'° 2p-[) 7 lror-r AM |p sf ROR 2B aT 5 gfROR OR: . _fs 4 SAS], 3). Cec, What do you observe? 12-1 102 4 Aaly 1 3] 2. B= |, 4 5) -3R Find the addition of the two new matrices. 1-13 5 A=|2 1 0) ,3R,andthenC, +2C,, B31 1-13 6 A=|2 1 0] ,C,+2C,andthen3R,. 331 ‘Whot do you conclude from ex. 5 and ex. 6? 1th ie etineion 2] coma i cng irra 8 Convert [: 1] into an identity matrix by suitable row transformations. SS i irer9. Transform|2 1 3} into an upper triangular matrix by suitable column transformations. 32 4 2.2 Inverse of a matrix : Definition: If A is a square matrix of order m and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order such that AB = BA =I, where I is the identity matrix of order m, then B is called as the inverse of A and is denoted by A“ Using the notation A"! for B we get the above equation as AA“ A~1A~ I, Hence, using the same definition we can say that A is also the inverse of B. For example, if A- 2 -3][2 3]_fi o ond BA= ta fla 2 fo 1 B=AT ond A=Bt 12 A= [: 1 can you find o matrix X such thot AX =I? Justify the answer. This example illustrates that for the existence of such a matrix X, the necessary condition is |Al = 0, ie. Ais a non-singular matrix. Note that - (1) Every square matrix A of order m * m has its corresponding determinant; det A—|A| (2) A matrix is said to be invertible if its inverse exists, (3) Asquare matrix A has inverse iftand only if || +0 Uniqueness of inverse of a matrix It can be proved that if A is a square matrix where [Al # 0 then its inverse, say A" is unique. ‘Theorem : Prove that if A is a square matrix and its inverse exists then it is unique. Proof : Let, “A° be a square matrix of order “m* and let its inverse exist. Let, if possible, B and C be the two inverses of A. Therefore, by definition of inverse AB = BA =I and AC =CA. rrNow consider B= BI=B(AC) B= (BA)C = B= C Hence B=C ie. the inverse is unique. The inverse of a matrix (if'it exists) can be obtained by using two methods. (@) Elementary row or column transformation Gi) Adjoint method We now study these methods. 2.2.1 Inverse of a nonsingular matrix by elementary transformation : By definition of inverse of A, if A“! exists then AA“= A" A= Let us consider the equation AA“ =I, Here A isthe given matrix of order m and Is the identity ‘matrix of order “m”, Hence the only unknown matrix is A’, Therefore, to find A”, we have to first convert A into I. This can be done by using elementary transformations. ‘Here we note that whenever any elementary row transformation is to be applied on the product AB = C of two matrices A and B, it is enough to apply it only on the prefactor, A. B remains un- changed. And apply the same row transformation to C. _f- 0 =f! 2] _ 6% o-[ 1 tie AB =|) ~ C (say) 1 20 ‘Now if we require C to be transformed to a new matrix by R,«>R, then C~ [! ial 34 ‘Ifthe same transformation is used for A then ai ‘] ‘and B remains unchanged, 3 4] f-1 0] fi 20 . | then the product AB= ]1 5] |) | =|) y9| 7 astequited. (Verify the product.) Hence, the equation AA*=1 can be transformed into an equation of the type [A applying same series of row transformations on both the sides of the equation. However, if we start with the equation A*A = I (which is also true by the definition of inverse) then the transformation of A should be due to the column transformation. Apply column transformation to post factor and other side, where as prefactor remains unchanged. ‘Thus, starting with the equation AA“ = 1 , we perform a series of row transformations on both Sides oF th equation, so thot °A” gos tonefrmod to I. Tis, A At 1 by. [Ren | Sn 1 At B a en) SS eee‘and for the equation A*!A =I, we use a series of column transformations. Thus ATA = 1 | Column | Column ‘Transformation Yo Transformetion At B B Now if Ais a given matrix of order ‘3’ and it is nonsingular then we consider 2 Gs) A=] Gz Gs Os) as Ge, For reducing the above matrix to ; the suitable row transformations are as follows ene ros (1) Reduce, to “1”, 2) Then, reduce a,, and a,, to @) Reduce a,, to “1”. (4) Then, reduce a,, and o,, to (5) Reduce, to ‘1. (©) Then, reduce a,, and o,, to °0” Remember that a similar working rule (but not the same) can be used if you are using column transformations. Solved Examples Ex. 1 : Find which of the following matrices are invertible 21 cos sin ps2 © A=l4a} GB=l Gre coro! iD -C=/3 T2 123 Solution : 2 4 cos8 sind] @ Asal [ |Lsin@ coso| Ais singular and hence cos? 0+ sin? @ = 12 0 Ais not invertible :. B ismonsingular, «. Bisinvertible. SS ees ld- 2) =-12 40 h 23 ©. Cis nonsingular and hence C is invertible. Ex. Solution : 1 2 inte irene of =[ 4 . AL 20s AM exists, Let AA‘ = I (Here we can use only row transformation) Using R, > R,— 3R, 12) 3a} * 12 0-2 ing —1 Using 5, we get le - Using R,-» R, -2R, bie =" —2 1 sf) ema semen 2.326 Ex. 3: Find the inverse of A=] 1 1 2] by using elementary row transformations. 225 Solution: Consider|A|=1 40 =|100 225 oo. Use R, > R, -3R, and R, > R,-2R, rig ore . o-1 0] a 1-3 0 001 021 Now use R, >-R, 112 a o . oro 130 oo1 o 21 Use R, > R-R, 102 120 010 1 : Soe 30 oot o 21 Use R, > R-2R, 100 122 oro} “1300 101 “fo 21 12 2 12 2 3 0] lft 3 6 2 1p "°° “lo 21 (You can verify that AA“ cl33 1 4 3] by elementary column transformation, 34 Solution : As A is required by column transformations therefore we have to consider A“!A =I and have to perform column transformations on A. Consider Using C, + C,-3€, and C, > C, -3C, 100) [1 3 ar fi tof=]o 1 0 roi} [oo 1 Use C, »¢,-C, i) 7 a [2 la 1 oo rot ly o4 Use C,-¥€,-¢ x 0 1 7 3-3 . -1 10 -10 1 2.2.2 Inverse of a square matrix by adjoint method : From the previous discussion about finding the inverse of a square matrix by elementary transformation it is clear that the method is elaborate and requires a series of transformations. ‘There is another method for finding the inverse and it is called as the inverse by the adjoint ‘method. This method can be directly used for finding the inverse. However, for understanding thi ‘method you should know the definition of a minor, a co-factor and adjoint of the given matrix. Sai ii iitLet us first recall the definition of minor and co-factor of an element of a determinant. Definition: Minor of an clement a, of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting i * row and j* column in Which the element a, lies. Minor of an element g, is denoted by M, (Can you find the order of the minor of any element of a determinant of order “a"?) Definition: Co-foctor of an clement o, of a determinant is given by (-1)'*/ M, , where M, is minor of the element a,..Co-facior of an element a, is denoted by A, Now for defining the adjoint of a matrix, we require the co-factors of the elements of the matrix. 1-23 5-5 7 -8 9 1-203 Consider a matrix A=|4 5-6]. Its corresponding determinant is |A| = 71-89 2 3 |-s 9} Here if we require the minor of the element *4”, then it is Now as the clement ‘4° belongs to 2 row and Ist column, using the notation we get. M,, 6 If further we require the co-factor of “4° then it is ay'M,, (16) -6 Hence using notation, A, - 76 Thus for any given matrix A, which is a square matrix, we can find the co-factors of all of its clements. Definition : ‘The adjoint of a square matrix A = [a)].,., is defined as the transpose of the matrix [A,],..4 where A, is the co-factor of the element ay of A, for all i and j, where i, ‘The adjoint of the matrix A is denoted by adj A. For example, if A is a square matrix of order 3 * 3 then the matrix of its co-factors is ‘Ay An An An An As Ay An An, ‘and the required adjoint of A is the transpose of the above motrix. Hence Ay An Ay adjA= |Ay An An Ay Ay A, SS) rp12 Ex. 1 : Find the co-foctors of the elements of A=) [ | Solution : Here a,,=1 a, =2 a,,=3 a,=4 34 “a = C73) AP"! 2) yeast ‘and and ond ‘and ~ the required co-factors are 4-3, -2, 1 Ex. 2 : Find the adjoint of matrix “[i 4 Solution: Here a,,=2 a,-3 Ex. 3 : Find the adjoint of matrix A = Solution: Here a, 7] My AW=CDED ET M,, A= CDI (4) M,, ==3 Ay = CLP (3) =3, My A= CIP Q)=2M,=4 A,T CDI, My, A, = CIF, M,.-3 ALS CIP M,, M, 17M, EP¢ > eM, My AS CDIEMy My . AS=CDM, An An Oo -8 4 ~ the matrix of co-factors is | Au 8: -13 2 An Ay 42 o = 8 30-7 . adj A =[A,F,, = ’ Ws = | 4 4 2 ‘We know that a determinant can be expanded with the help of any row. For example, expansion by 2strow a, A, ta, A, =/Al But if we multiply the row by o different row of cofactors, then the sum is zero. For example, a,, Ay, +a,, Ay. +o , A, =0 alia al This helps us to prove that A” j41 0 0. 0 0 |4) 0. 0 Aaa =|; SAlr Oo 0 0. fA adj il Thus, if A=[4,],.., i8 a non-singular square matrix then its inverse exists and it Lig is given by A 4) ‘Think why A*! does not exist if A is singular. SSS ooooooon*,s2-2 Ex: lf af; 2] tenn. th aint sto Solution : For given matrix A, we get, 2-11 Ex.2: If 4=|-1 2) -1) | find A+ by the adjoint method. 1-12 Solution: Forthe given matrix A 2-1 Ay= ep =3 reco FO] ey en A= CD Ay cn? Age CD= 24-N+1E2+)+10-2) = 6-1-1 =4 ‘Therefore by using the formula for A“ At = ilo") [| IPAS [: | . verify thot A (adj A) = (adj A) A=|AL bl cunt 34 Ay = Cytay= 4 A, = C)ir@y=3 Ay = CQ) = 2 An ayer a= >. _ras; 42 20 . A(adj A) 31/7lo 2 0) | 12 (adj A).A = 34 8-1 343 644 10 and |AlI on 20 - |p > il) From (i), (ii) and (iii) we get, A(adjA) = (odj A) A =|AJI (Note that this equation is valid for every nonsingular square matrix A) 1 Find the co-factors of the elements ofthe 3, Find the adjoint of the following matrices. following matrices 1a 2 “12 1-1 2 2-3 ja ced aft) ob BIy - ~ 20 2. Find the matrix of co-factors for the following matrices 1-1 2 13 102 4 A= |3 0 2 oft jl lai 3 to 3 03-5 verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A=| A| 1 >) _ dS5. Find the inverse of the following matrices by the adjoint method. eo BY ef 100 123 Gi) [3.3 0) Gy lO 24 5 2 -1 oo 5s I 1 was | 3 2 2 a=], 1 ©. Find the inverse of the following matrices 12 22 oO, 4 w | 2 (iil) w) [5 o 13 0 1| then reduce it to I, by using row transformations. 11 2. Check whether the following matrices are invertible or not 10 [il fi 2 [23 ° [ ‘] of i of} 3 © To as cos® sin] [see ten aa _{t 23 ©) | gine cosa] | tone | “id (wii) }2 -1 3 145 123 123 (3 4 5 468 1203 i-l 4 Find AB. if A= [! > soe 1 2. | Examine whether AB has inverse or not. 1-2 00 5. IfA= [oy | isenonsingulor maui then find A” by elementary row transformations. 002 Hence, find the inverse of een eos hee SS eee12 6. wra-[3 a ena ise 22 marin sch er AX=I, then find X. 7. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices (if they exist). 1 -r 21 ol; 3] w fo 5 oto 233 132 o [; ‘] wi) [: 2] (win]2 2 3] cwity |-3 0 -5 74 7 3-22 250 2 (5s 1 0] Mo 2 1 Ss i ° ‘cos -sin@ 0 8 Find the inverse of A=| sin@ cos 0 o oo 1 by (elementary row transformations Gi) elementory column transformations 23 10 1 wenel? Spl 9] manana sy tntlt 4 24 7 a 13 AS], 9|.B= and C= then find matrix X such thet AXB=C. 31 31 9 123 14 Find the inverse of |! 1 5) by adjoint method. 247 ror 15. Findthe inverse of | 5 | by adjoint method. 121 123 16. Find A“ by adjoint method and by elementary transformations if A= |~! 1 2 124 lo. 17. Find the inverse of A= | 5 | by elementary column transformations. 121 123 18 Find the inverse of |] 1 5| by clementary row transformations. 247 19. Show with usuol notations that for any matrix A= [a,],.., © ayn + Oy An + OyAz = 0 Gi) aA, +O): Ay; then, find a matrix X such that XA= B. 10 20. Alo 2 3] andB- 12 2.3 Application of matrices : In the previous discussion you have learnt the concept of inverse of @ matrix. Now we intend to discuss the application of matrices for solving a system of linear equations. For this we first learn to convert the given system of equations in the form of a matrix ‘equation, Consider the two linear equations, 2x + 3y = 5 and x- 4y~9. These equations can be written ‘es shown below 2xe3y]_[s x-4y |" 19 SS?(Recall the meaning of equality of two matrices.) ‘Now using the definition of multiplication of matrices we can consider the above equation as pee soins aff then the above equation can be written as AX - B In the equation AX = B, X is the column matrix of variables, A is the matrix of coefficients of variables and B is the column matrix of constants. Note that if A is of order 2 x 2, X is of order 2 x 1, then B is of order 2 x 1. Similarly, if there ore three lincar equations in three variables then as shown above they can, be expressed as AX = B. Find the respective orders of the matrices A, X and B in case of three equations in three variables. This matrix equation AX = B (in both the cases) can be used to find the values of the variables x and y or x, y and zs the case may be. There are two methods for this application which are namely (@ method of inversion (ji) method of reduction 2.3.1. Method of inversion : From the name of this method you can guess that here we are going to use the inverse of a matrix. This can be done as follows : Consider the three equationsas ax thyteg = d, axthytez= d, asthytez = d, As explained in the beginning, they can be expressed as a & Gq] [* dy a,b G] |= |4) ie ax=B. a & ol le] le ‘Observe that the respective orders of A, X and B are 3 3,3 x 1 and3 x 1 Now, if the solution of the three equations exists, then the matrix A must be nonsingular. Hence, A~ exists. Therefore, A“ can be found out either by transformation method or by adjoint method. ‘After finding A“, pre-multiply the matrix equation AX = B by A“ Thus we get, A*(AX) (tay Ix xX = B_ which gives the required solution, SS) 2SEx. 1 : Solve the equations 2x + Sy= | and 3x + 2y = 7 by the method of inversion. Solution : Using the given equations we get the corresponding matrix equation as EAE} E! a x 1 ie. AX=B, — whereA=|, 3 |,X= ()] and B= |. Hence, premultiplying the above matrix equation by A~! , we get (AX = AB ie. IX - AB ie. x AB 29 2 + Nowas A=}, 5] .1Al = an 1 (adj A) lal ie we OL ie 3 Hence using (i) we get =i |-3 2 x = xX = [i] « Hence by equality of matrices we get x =3 and y=. Ex. 2 : Solve the following equations by the method of inversion xoyt end Qet y3: 1 1) fs] [4 Solution : The required matrix equation is|2 1-3) |¥|=|9| ie AX=B aaa le} 2 Hence, by premultiplying the equation by A“, we get, ie. (A1A)X AB IX = ANB x AYRNow as A At = 1 (eda) la 422 ie. Atos ll gs Hence using (i) wy) 33 ,f4 2277 x = lL 5 i | 8 s{fo 1 2 3}[ 20 xX = x 10 10 3 2 ys - z 1 Hence, by equality of matrices we get.x =2, y= =I and 2.3.2 Method of reduction : From the name of the method, it can be guessed that, the given equations are reduced to a cer- tain form to get the solution. Here also, we start by converting the given linear equation into matrix equation AX = B. ‘Then we perform the suitable row transformations on the matrix A. Using the row transformations on A reduce it to an upper triangular matrix or lower triangular ‘matrix or diagonal matrix. ‘The same row transformations are performed simultancously on matrix B. After this step we rewrite the equation in the form of system of linear equations. Now they are in such a form that they can be easily solved by elimination method. Thus, the required solution is obtained. (settee) Ex. 1 : Solve the equation 2x + 3y= 9 and y—x=~2 using the method of reduction, Solution : The given equations can be written as ae + ay ond a ty >] —_ orp.Hence the matrix equation is (3 1] ("| = [3 (ie AX=B) Now use R,92R,+R, cs We get 2 ifs -[2] o sily. 3 We rewrite the equations as mt yo From (ii) y= 1 and using (i) we get x= 3 :.x=3,y= 1 is the required solution. Ex. 2 : Solve the following equations by the method of reduction. xe3yt3e=12, xtaytde = 15 and x+3y+4s Solution ; The above equations can be written in the form AX =B 13 3} fa) fiz ie [t 4 af ]yf opis 13 4}}2| [3 using ROR=R, and RRR, 133 x 12 weget [0 1 1] |y}=]3 oo. 1 Again using Hence the required solution is x~3, y= 2,21. (verify) Solve the following equations by the method of reduction. atytz=1, Qet3yt22=2 ond xty+22 Solution : The above equation can be written in the form AX= B as, ‘we getLo offey fot ‘Now using R,> R,- 1 R, we get | 4 ylr | 2 4 120 2 11 2]s fy Note that here we have reduced the original matrix A to a lower triangular matrix. Hence we ‘can rewrite the equations in their original form as x ty 2y and x+y+22 —2,y=0,2~3 is the required solution. rhe cost of 2 books and 6 note books is Rs. 34 and the cost of 3 books and 4 notebooks is Rs. 31. Using matrices, find the cost of one book and one note-book. Solution : Let Rs. ‘x" and * Rs. “y" be the costs of one book and one notebook respectively. Hence, using the above information we get the following equations dr + 6 = 34 and br + 4y=31 ‘The above equations can be expressed in the form EAE] = [i] seax-s ‘we get 2 6T[x -[3] [i Sl 20. As the above matrix ‘A’ is reduced to on upper triangular mawrix, we can write the equations in their original form as 2x + 6y = 34 and Sy = -20 ayn and 2x = M—6y = 34-24. 2e= 10 the cost of a book is Rs. 5 and that of a note book is Rs. 4. Gan) Solve the following equations by inversion method. () x+2y=2, 2v+3y=3 Gi) xty=4, 0 Qy-y=s (ii) 2x +68, xt 3y—5 Now using R, > R, — SSS OOOO2 Solve the following equations by reduction method @ Bx t Sy=3 (i) axt5y Git) axty=6 (vy) Tat By 3, The cost of 4 pencils, 3 pens and_2 erasers is Rs. 60. The cost of 2 pencils, 4 pens and 6 erasers is Rs. 90, whereas the cost of 6 pencils, 2 pens and 3 erasers is Rs.70. Find the cost of each item by using matrices. 4. Ifthree numbers are added, their sum is ‘2’. 1F2 times the second number is subtracted from the summ of first and third number we get ‘8 and if three times the first number is added to the sum ‘of second and third number we get “4°, Find the numbers using matrices. 5. The total cost of 3 TLV. sets and 2 V.C.R.s is. Rs. 35000. The shop-keeper wants profit of 1000 per television and Rs. 500 per V.C.R. He con sell 2 T. V. sets and 1 V.C.R. and get the total revenue os Rs. 21,500. Find the cost price and the selling price of a T.V. sets and aV.C.R. Oi? arma] + IPA=[a] then At or A! + If (i) Ais symmetric then = [aD [Atond (i) si Ai skew-symmetric then A= AT Lek + IFAjisqanon singular matrix then A” = wi) + IFA, Band Cand three matrtices of the same order then () A+B=B+A (Commutative law of addition) (i) (A4B)+C=A4(B4C) (Associative law for addition) + IFA, Band Care three matrices of appropriate orders so that the following products are de- fined then ( (AB) C=A (BO) (Associative Law of multiplication) (i AW+C)=AB+AC (Left Distributive Law) Gi) (A+B)C=AC+BC) (Right Distributive Law) + The three types of elementary transformations are denoted os @ ReR, or Ge Gi) RAR, or CC, (Kis.a scalar), k +0 Gi), RR, 4 AR, or CC, + AC, (kis a scalar), k #0 + If Aand B are two square matrices of the same order such that AB= BA~ I, then A and B are inverses of each other. A is denoted as B* and B is denoted as A". + For finding the inverse of A, if row transformations are to be used then we consider AA“ =I and if column transformations are to be used then we consider A"! A= 1. SS i i —_ ir.For finding the inverse of any nonsingular square matrix, two methods can be used. (i) Elementary transformation method (ii) Adjoint method. Using matrices, a system of linear equations can be solved. The two methods are (i) Method of inversion (ii) Method of reduction. IF Aisa non singular matrix then A diagonal matrix ‘The inverse of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix. all IFA iso non singular matrix then det A ‘The adjoint of a square matrix A= (a,],, is the transpose of the matrix [A,] ,,,, where Asis the co-factor of the element a, of A, Every square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric, L 1 Xe ASS [ATAT] + = [A= AT matrix ie ABS [ATAT]+ 5 L 1 1) 1) Choose the correct altemative. 2 3 a A=! 7], adja=| 4°] then the values of a and b are, 3 4 3b Aja~-2, b= ©a=2,b Bya=2,b=4 1 Dya=1, on The inverse of | | 4 is zy i H| 8) [? A 10 of} ‘] D) None of these 12 a-[} j] on sais) item tv oF Al B)-1 oo D3 24 IfA= |, | then the adjoint of matrix Ais Sa _bS4 ft 1] ») [a 1 off 3) of 2] 12 one [| 3] etna nettnm nevanet a2 B)2 co D)=10 6 1A Ajo o2 2) A (oe meal then At = Veosa =I/sinar cosa sina Al tysina 1/eosa Bl -sina cosa cosa sina cosa sina | sina cose DP] sina cosa cosa -sina 0 8) If F(a@)=|sina cosa 0} where a € R then [F (J is = o o 1 A)F(-a) B) F(a!) ©) Fa) D) None of these 010 9) Theinverseof 4=|1 0 0} is oot Al BA oa D)-1 10) The inverse of a symmetric matrin is ~ A) Symmetric B) Non-symmetric ©) Null matrix D) Diagonal matrix ———11) 10 0 Fora2 x2 matrix A, if A(adjA)~ [? 1 ‘1 then determinant A equals Ay20 ©30 B) 10 D) 40 oft 3] % [; 1 11) 1) Solve the following equations by the methods of inversion. 2) 3) 4) 5) @ dwy=-2 (i) xt y teal, 2x t3y$22=2andart a t2a=4 (ii) Sx-y+42=5, 2e-+3y +52 =2 and S2— 2y+62 (iv) 2x+3y=-5, 304) @) xtyten-hyte Express the following equation in matrix from and solve them by the method of reduction. @ xayt7= 1, 2e-yeH, 3x4 3pedz=2 Gi) xty-t Gil) () tas .x-+2y+32=8 ond 3x+y—4z=1 0 and 52+5y ~ 4: (W) xt2y+2=8, 2e+ 3-2-1 and 3x-y-22=5 (vi) x+3y+22=6, 3x-2y +525 and 2x— 3y+ 62=7 ‘The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add it to the second number we get 11. By adding first and the third numbers we get a number which is double the second number. Use this information and find a system of linear equations. Find the three numbers using ma- trices. The cost of 4 pencils, 3 pens and 2 books is Rs.150. The cost of 1 pencil, 2 pens and 3 books is Rs.125. The cos of 6 pencils, 2 pens and 3 books is Rs.175. Fild the cost of cach item by using Matrices. ‘The sum of three numbers is 6. Thrice the third number when added to the first number gives 7. 3 S|} ier6) D 8) ‘On adding three times first number to the sum of second ond third number we get 12. Find the three numbers by using Matrices. ‘The sum of three numbers is 2. If twice the second number is added to the sum of first and third ‘number, we get o adding five times the first number to the sum of second and third we get 6. Find the three numbers by using matrices. An omoun of Rs.5000 is invested in three types of investments, at interest rates 6.7. 7.7, 8% per onnum respectively. The total annual income from these investimest is Rs.350/- Ifthe total nnual income from first two investment is Rs.70 more than the income from the third, find the ‘mount of each investment using matrix method. ‘The sum of the costs of one ook each of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry is Rs.210. Total ‘cost of a mathematics book, 2 physics books, and a chemistry book is Rs. 240/- Also the total cost of a Mathematies book, 3 physics book and chemistry books is Rs. 300/-. Find the cost of ‘each book, using Matrices. aHeee