‫‪www.art-en.

com‬‬

‫كيف ترتجى؟!‬
‫إعداد‬

‫محمد حسن يوسف‬

‫مدير برنامج انترجمة بانجامعة األمريكية – انكويت‬
‫‪ ‬سابقا ‪‬‬

‫‪http://saaid.net/Doat/hasn/index.htm‬‬

‫انطبعة األونى‪ :‬أغسطس ‪7991‬‬

‫انطبعة انثانية‪ :‬ربيع األول ‪ 7241‬هـ ‪ -‬ابريم ‪ 4226‬م‬

‫‪1‬‬
www.art-en.com

2
www.art-en.com

‫إهذاء‬

3
www.art-en.com

4
www.art-en.com

5
www.art-en.com

6
www.art-en.com
‫انفهزس‬










7
www.art-en.com

8
‫‪www.art-en.com‬‬
‫يقذية انطجعة انثبَية‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
www.art-en.com

10
www.art-en.com

11
‫‪www.art-en.com‬‬
‫يقذية انطجعة األوىل‬

‫‪12‬‬
www.art-en.com

13
www.art-en.com

14
www.art-en.com

15
www.art-en.com

16
www.art-en.com
‫قجم أٌ تجذأ‬

17
www.art-en.com

18
www.art-en.com

19
‫‪www.art-en.com‬‬

‫انفصم األول‬

‫انرتمجة‪ :‬يبهيتهب وكيفيتهب‬

‫‪20‬‬
www.art-en.com

21
www.art-en.com
‫ يبهيتهب وكيفيتهب‬:‫انرتمجة‬

Forster

Orr

Edwards

22
www.art-en.com

Goodspeed

23
www.art-en.com

Prochazka

24
www.art-en.com

25
www.art-en.com
‫اسرتاتيجية انرتمجة‬
Transfer Strategy

Newmark

Catford
source language "SL"

target language "TL"

Halliday
TL SL

26
www.art-en.com
Pinchuch

Kelly

text

SL
TL
Translation is simply the attempt to replace a textual
material in the Source Language (SL) by an equivalent
textual material in the Target Language (TL).

Widdowson

27
www.art-en.com

SL

TL

Transfer Strategy
SL  SL  Rethink  TL

SL
TL

28
www.art-en.com

Sport

Sport  Rethink  

Writer
Writer  Rethink  
Bank

29
www.art-en.com

Bank  Land along the side of a river  Rethink 

Book

Book  To Reserve  Rethink 

inter-
governmental committee
draft
The seven-state inter-governmental committee has
discussed the draft resolution.

I move the adoption of the following resolution.

move
adoption

30
www.art-en.com

This is particularly true for the human element. Behavior

and awareness of affiliation – thus his individual interest is
suited with the common interest – are considered main
determinate of productivity differentials between various
communities.

31
www.art-en.com
analysis
SL

synthesis
TL

32
www.art-en.com
‫دور املرتجى‬
Translator's Role

well-versed

33
www.art-en.com

Justin O'Brien

34
www.art-en.com
Nabocov literary taste

35
www.art-en.com

monolingual skills
reading speaking listening
writing
Bilingual
Competent Translator Speaker

36
www.art-en.com
SL
TL
Assumption

Not any bilingual speaker is a competent translator.

37
www.art-en.com
‫أَىاع انرتمجة‬
Kinds of Translation

Jakobson
intralingual
translation

interlingual
translation

intersemiotic translation

38
www.art-en.com
interlingual
translation

Written Translation

Oral Interpretation

At-Sight Interpreting

39
www.art-en.com

SL
TL

Consecutive Interpreting

Simultaneous Interpreting

SL
TL

40
www.art-en.com

concentration quick response

relaxation
consistence
vocabulary
self-confidence

41
www.art-en.com
‫يستىيبت انتحهيم انهغىية‬
Levels of Language Analysis

This table is out of place.

table

Lexical Meaning

linguistic
technical meaning meaning
interpretation
commentator

42
www.art-en.com

Textual Meaning

pure

pure language
pure man

pure mathematics
pure sciences
pure water
pure gold
pure Egyptian
pure angels

43
www.art-en.com
contain

to contain a crisis
to contain an enemy
to contain feelings
to contain involvement
to contain acts
harsh

harsh language
harsh words
harsh clothes
harsh man

far-reaching
broad-minded
wide-spread
knowledgeable
patient – forbearance
merciful

44
www.art-en.com

to lower pause / muffle

to devalue currency
to moderate interest rate
to curtail government spending

to curb inflation

Contextual Meaning

The football world cup will be held at USA in coming June.

From Arabic Nahmad

Press

45
www.art-en.com

Modern Farming
The Minister of Agriculture stated that he would keep
before him the raising of the standard of agriculture in the
country, and that he would spare no effort to place, as far
as possible, the most recent innovations achieved by
modern science within reach of the farmers, through the
employment of mechanical aids, with one aim in view and
that was the facilitating and building up of an up-to-date
well-organized agriculture.

agriculture farming

46
www.art-en.com

farmers

said mentioned
stated

country

results
outcomes
innovations

in view

47
www.art-en.com

up-to-date

redundancy

Suggestive Meaning

On seeing the ghost, they stood motionless.

motionless

48
www.art-en.com
Snow White

The girl is as fair as Snow White.

The girl is as white as snow.

49
www.art-en.com
‫أسبنيت انرتمجة‬
Translation Techniques

Translation Equivalent
Formal Correspondent

Transliteration

intifada
jihad

technology
democracy

Arabicization
Translation Equivalent

candid camera
contact lenses

50
www.art-en.com

haste makes waste

still water runs deep

Formal Correspondent

to float currency
the first lady
to launder money

cold war
the premier
black market

The door of the class

51
www.art-en.com

She got seriously ill last night.

52
www.art-en.com

53
www.art-en.com

Functional Shift

"Functional Shift is a translation procedure involving a

change in the grammar from SL to TL".

SL

nouns content words

adverbs adjectives verbs

He admires her greatly.

54
www.art-en.com

The situation has deteriorated very sharply.

The decision was made for the good management of the

company.

The conference recommended the early implementation

and speedy operation of the project.

The conference reviewed the achieved progress (progress

achieved) in the projects being implemented.

55
www.art-en.com
The President recommended that a committee should be
formed for handling that matter.

I should like to make a slight reference that the University

has lavishly given out insignificant prizes to all graduates.

Brutal as he is, sometimes he betrays signs of unequalled

delicacy.

the achievements of the past decades

The lady in black

Mubarak of Egypt

stress

56
www.art-en.com
His statement is a completely
There is absolutely no truth in his statement false

word order

57
www.art-en.com
‫اخلزوج عٍ انقيبس يف انهغة‬
Language Deviation

"A linguistic deviation is the deviation from the expected

norms of the language".

58
www.art-en.com

How to steal a bank?

to steal

to rob

How to rob a bank?

59
www.art-en.com
!‫ فٍ أو عهى؟‬:‫انرتمجة‬
Translation: An Art or a Science?!

Cleary

Cleary

Savory

Savory

60
www.art-en.com

faithfulness

Nida Dil

Nida

Dil

Nida

actual process Nida

scientific study

comparative linguistics
61
www.art-en.com
semantics

Nida

McGuire
normative theory
McGuire
Nida

Newmark Newmark

Newmark
Law of Translation

62
www.art-en.com
Leipzig Nida

Newmark

McGuire

Nida

63
www.art-en.com

64
www.art-en.com
‫قىاعذ انرتمجة‬
Rules of Translation

"It is impossible to obtain unexceptionably and

exhaustively determined translational rules".

"The translator may add to or delete from the translated text

with sound discretion".

He played a prominent role and exerted a highly

appreciated effort.
65
www.art-en.com
exerted played

Among other people, Abu Bakr was the most ascetic and
the most modest; the noblest in manners, the plainest in
apparel, and the most frugal in food.

The good attribute, highly appreciated qualities and noble

merits you do possess presage a bright future.

do you possess

heavy rain and clouds

clouds rain heavy

66
www.art-en.com
"Literal Translation is sometimes a valid and legitimate
method WHEN syntactic relations are also EXPLICIT
thematic relations".

It is threefold disgrace for a man to be in misery for want

of food.

My friend was stung by a bee yesterday.

Tom is in a dire need of that medicine whenever he gets

nervous..

67
www.art-en.com

This is Ali

He was here

Meaning-bound

"Translation Unit: The pedagogically easiest to handle

translation is the sentence, because it reveals a self-
contained network of the often complicated inter-play of
lexis and syntax. The sentence is a syntactically structured,
68
www.art-en.com
communicatively controlled, context-sensitive combination
of linguistic signs that are formally marked off from other
sentences of the same text by means of punctuation marks".

69
www.art-en.com

The following measures have profoundly shaken French

institutions in a way that has not been known in local
government for a century: what has remained of
government supervision has been abolished; control of
procedural legality has been reorganized and regional audit
offices established; executive power has been transferred to
the chairman of deliberative assemblies; regions with full
powers have been created; powers of economic
intervention have been extended to regional and local
authorities; powers previously exercised by the State have
70
www.art-en.com
been transferred in complete stages to the various types of
authorities; corresponding State resources have been
transferred to these authorities; specific local characteristics
have been introduced into legislation; a territorial civil
service has been created and previous devaluation
regulations have been adapted to the new relations between
the State and the local authorities.

o
o
Untranslatability occurs when it is impossible to build
functionally relevant features of the situation into the
contextual meaning of the TL text. Broadly speaking, this
falls into two inter-related categories:
o Cases where the difficulty is linguistic,
o Cases where the difficulty is cultural.

71
www.art-en.com

Denys Davies

The headmaster's lower jaw dropped in astonishment and

Tureifi escaped punishment.
punishment jaw lower
escape

Haneen is a man blessed of God

God

and that Haneen was a holy man who would not frequent
the company of someone unless he had perceived in him a
glimmering of spiritual light.

72
www.art-en.com
holy good
light spiritual

Le Gassick

On other occasions she had said that a real madness

overcame her daughter when she got very angry and she
nicknamed her tempers the "Khamsin", after the vicious
and unpredictable summer winds.

and she called her the "Khamsin", after the known winds

73
www.art-en.com

74
www.art-en.com

75
‫‪www.art-en.com‬‬

‫انفصم انثبَي‬

‫صعىثبت انرتمجة ويشبكههب‬

‫‪76‬‬
www.art-en.com

77
www.art-en.com
‫صعىثبت انرتمجة ويشبكههب‬

SL
TL

semantic equivalent

78
www.art-en.com

My father is a teacher

Everything is translatable and nothing is

79
www.art-en.com
‫ اختيبر املعىن املالئى‬-1
Selecting Proper Meaning

privatization

affixes
suffixes prefixes

Islamization

80
www.art-en.com

seaside holiday maker 

the complicated nature of 
long experience 
great love 
to brief mention 
astonishment 

section 
record 
authority – agency - organization 

Dozens of people were killed.

81
www.art-en.com
dozen

Several plots are assigned to private investors in new cities.

plot

Sleeping policemen help reduce car accidents.

sleeping policemen

serpent snake
home house

82
www.art-en.com

83
www.art-en.com
‫ االختالف انثقبيف أو انجيئي‬-2
Cultural or Environmental Differences

untranslatability
TL SL
boy friend
girl friend

pork porridge
kimono sari pullover dinner-jacket

84
www.art-en.com

transliteration

iddat

the period during which a divorced or widowed woman

cannot be married (according to Islam).

Denys Davies
And Hajj Abdul Samad said: I'll divorce my wife if Zein
hasn't got himself married – and a real proper marriage it
is too.

85
www.art-en.com

His "Lila" this time was a young girl from among the
Bedouin.
Lila

86
www.art-en.com

87
www.art-en.com
Newmark

88
www.art-en.com
‫ استخذاو انكهًة‬-3
Word Usage

red scarlet

broken collarbone
fractured clavicle
buy purchase
tip gratuity

89
www.art-en.com
neutral

kids issue offspring

children

INFORMAL FORMAL
home abode
building edifice
poor impecunious
enough sufficient
dead deceased
drink beverage
clothes garments
start / begin commence
look into investigate
find out ascertain
stop desist
try endeavor
tell notify
use employ
live dwell

90
www.art-en.com
live reside
put up with tolerate
read peruse
think deem
open inaugurate
use utilize
find out discover
give furnish
end terminate

American British

teenager squatter immigrant radio

hot live wire to belittle to locate to advocate lengthy
mass meeting cold war third degree air
91
www.art-en.com

I OK
to lose out to win out to check up on guess

BRITISH AMERICAN
bank holiday legal holiday
petrol gas
sweets candy
tap faucet
pavement side walk
chemist druggist
underground subway
receptionist desk clerk

Secretary of Foreign Secretary

State
Secretary Chancellor of Exchequer
of the Treasury
92
www.art-en.com
Secretary State of War
Secretary of War

l
BRITISH AMERICAN
signalled signaled
traveller traveler

-our -or
BRITISH AMERICAN
labour labor
colour color

-ise -ize
BRITISH AMERICAN
civilise civilize
naturalise naturalize
-ize
-ization
93
www.art-en.com

-oe- -ae- -e-

BRITISH AMERICAN
mediaeval medieval
diarrhoea diarrhea

-exion -ection
BRITISH AMERICAN
inflexion inflection
reflexion reflection

-re -er
BRITISH AMERICAN
centre center
metre meter

BRITISH AMERICAN
tyre tire
enquiry inquiry
programme program
pyjamas pajamas
pretence pretense
94
www.art-en.com
practise practice
draught draft
offence offense
kerb curb
defence defense
grey gray
cigarette cigaret
cheque check
storey story
axe ax
catalogue catalog
nought naught
entrust intrust
enclose inclose
enrol enroll
fulfil fulfill

95
www.art-en.com
‫ انتذكري وانتأَيث‬-4
Gender

feminine masculine

a new book 
a new magazine 

male
female

woman man
girl boy
mother father
daughter son
sister brother
aunt uncle
niece nephew
queen king
she he

96
www.art-en.com

sex

-ess

hostess Host
authoress Author
princess Prince
actress Actor

doctoress teacheress

Generic Name
Name of Female Name of Male
Name of Young
dog
foal cow
filly colt

97
www.art-en.com

cub bear bear bears

kitten queen/cat/ tom cat cats
pussy
calf cow bull cattle/calf
fawn doe/hind buck/stag deer
pup(py) bitch dog dogs
calf cow bull dolphin/
porpoise/
whale
-- jennet jackass donkey
duckling duck drake ducks
cub vixen dog fox
gosling goose gander geese
kid nanny billy goat
foal mare stallion horses
cub lioness lion lions
piglet sow boar pig
chick hen rooster/ poultry/
cock chicken
-- doe buck rabbit
pup cow bull seal
lamb ewe ram sheep

she male he sex

it female
98
www.art-en.com

son – boy – man he

daughter – girl – woman she
tree – chair – table it
cousin – teacher – doctor she, he
ram – buck – bull it, he
ewe – sow – goose it, she
dog – cat – bear it, she, he

engine boat car she

hovercraft plane
gender
sex

99
www.art-en.com
she

The doctor lost his hat

The doctor lost her hat

The doctor went to the hospital

"Gender in English is rather the exception than the rule".

100
www.art-en.com
‫ انعذد يف انهغة‬-5
Number

cat/cats
man/men
verbs
The man comes ….
The men come ….
demonstratives
these men / this man

singular present tense

third person plural
singular
He comes

I come / they come … etc.

to be past tense
I was
They were

101
www.art-en.com

countables
road book cat uncountables
bread petrol butter

an a indefinite articles
loaf (countable) bread (uncountable)

some

Cat is …

Butter is …

Would you like some giraffe?

A petrol I like very much is Brand X.

102
www.art-en.com

a piece of a kind of

a love 
an oil 
a mutton 
disobediences 

a loaf / bread
a cake of soap soap
loaf soap

cake
Would you like a cake?  LOAF
Would you like some cake?  BREAD

collectives

The committee have decided …

England have won the World Cup.

103
www.art-en.com
The committee have decided …

The committee has decided …

demonstratives

pliers trousers scissors

seventy dogs three cats

ten scissors one scissors

these scissors

clergy police
thirty policemen thirty police

104
www.art-en.com

committee
these people thirty people people
cattle
dozen

a dozen eggs
a gross a score
many a lot
a lot of men are …
kind of
these kind of people …

vice chairman

105
www.art-en.com

You are industrious students

106
www.art-en.com
‫ انزيٍ يف انهغة‬-6
Tense

"Tense is the correspondence (relationship) between the

FORM of VERB and our own CONCEPT of TIME; past,
present or future".

He likes / takes  present

He liked / took  past
the the perfect
auxiliaries progressive
to have to be

modal auxiliaries will shall

may can
will shall

will

107
www.art-en.com

I will come if you ask me

She will sit for hours

That will be John

Oil will float on water

promise threat shall
You shall have it tomorrow
The teacher shall punish me
will shall

I am flying to Paris tomorrow

I am going to ask you a question

Term starts on Monday

He is about to speak

108
www.art-en.com

will
shall

ex-wife
grandfather fiancée
pluperfect

Past Simple: He came yesterday.

Past Progressive: He was coming yesterday.
Past Perfect: He had come the day before.
Past Perfect Progressive: He had been coming the day
before.

reported speech
sequence of tenses
He said he went to London everyday.

I go to London everyday.

109
www.art-en.com
went
said said
present tense

The ancient Greeks discovered that the world is round, but

Romans maintained that it was flat.
was is
was is

I wanted to ask you something.

Could you pass me the salt?

I wish I knew.
I wish I had one.

If John comes, I shall leave.  Real

If John came, I should leave.  Unreal
should came

110
www.art-en.com

I had breakfast at seven this morning.

I have had my breakfast.

John arrived at four this afternoon.

111
www.art-en.com

John is here now.

We learned that yesterday / We found that out yesterday.

We know that

Shakespeare depicted Hamlet as indecisive.

Shakespeare depicts Hamlet as indecisive.

112
www.art-en.com

He arrived

He is here now

I understood / I caught on

I understand

he is here
I understand

He studies
113
www.art-en.com
He studied
He will study
He is studying
He was studying
He will be studying
He has studied
He had studied
He will have studied

Allah was, is and will be forgiving

Allah is Oft-Forgiving

I know you to be honest

114
www.art-en.com

I have known him to be honest

Ali did not come

The lazy will not succeed

115
www.art-en.com

The Verb ‫انفعم‬

o base form: walk / eat

o "-s" form: walks / eats
o past tense form: walked / ate
o present participle (-ing) form: walking / eating
o past participle form: walked / eaten
tense form

past present participle (-ing) form

participle form
There's a broken window in the kitchen.

Most of people singing were women.

non- infinitive form

finite forms of the verb

116
www.art-en.com

He deals the cards

He deals with problem

He looks for the book

He looks at the book

He relies on his friends

His poverty deprived him of schooling

to discuss

to look for

117
www.art-en.com

to authorize / to sanction

to depend on

to attend

to come to

to acquire / to obtain / to get

to permit

118
www.art-en.com
They discussed many topics, among them peace in the
Middle East.

They looked for your pencil in every classroom.

to help to help (someone)

(someone) in (doing something)

Did the book help you?

Yes, it helped me in teaching

to listen (to)
to inform (of)
to participate (in)
to help (in)
119
www.art-en.com
to work (for)

120
www.art-en.com
‫ تىافق انكهًبت‬-7
Collocation

Collocation

Collocation is the "habitual co-occurrence of individual

lexical items".

heavy labor
runaway inflation
economic situation
inflationary pressures

nerve cell
government securities
eyeball

121
www.art-en.com

To pay a visit
To score a victory
To read a paper
To attend a lecture
To tender (one's) resignation
To deliver a speech

noun collocation

collocation

122
www.art-en.com

heavy smoker

big smoker

free of charge

free of cost / payment / … etc.

strong coffee

powerful coffee

123
www.art-en.com
collocation

to crow (cocks)
to miaow/mew (cats)
to hoot (owls)
to bark (dogs)
to roar (lions)

a loaf of bread
a knob of butter
a slice / piece of cake
a bar / piece / square of chocolate

a bolt / length / piece of cloth

a lump of coal
an ear / sheaf of corn
a speck / particle of dust

a wisp / bank / patch of fog

124
www.art-en.com

a sliver / splinter of glass

a blob of glue
a blade of grass
a lock / strand / wisp / tuft / mop / shock of hair

a bale of hay
a piece / area of land
a ray / beam / shaft of light

a dose of medicine
a sum of money
a piece / scrap of paper
a grain of rice
a coil / length / piece of rope

a grain / pinch of salt

a grain of sand
a cloud / blanket / column / puff / wisp of smoke

a flake / blanket of snow

a bar / cake of soap

125
www.art-en.com
a slab / block of stone
a grain / lump of sugar
a bead / drop of sweat
a reel of tape
a reel / strand of thread
a blob of wax
a grain / sheaf of wheat
a strand / piece / length of wire

an army of ants
a swarm of bees
a flock / flight of birds
a herd of cattle
a litter of cubs

a herd of deer
a school of dolphins
a herd of elephants
a shoal of fish

126
www.art-en.com
a gaggle of geese
a herd / flock of goats
a pack of hounds
a swarm / colony of insects

a litter of kittens

a pride of lions
a troop of monkeys
a litter of puppies

a flock of sheep
a pack of wolves

a company / troupe of actors

a bunch of amateurs
a wad / roll of banknotes

a hail of bullets
a batch of cakes
127
www.art-en.com
a pack / deck of cards
a clutch of eggs
a team / panel of experts

a sea of faces
a squadron of fighter planes

a bunch / bouquet of flowers

a bunch / cluster of grapes

a bunch of keys
a sheaf / bundle of papers

a spate of protests
a team / crowd / gaggle of reporters

a spate of rumors
a fleet of ships
a flight of steps

a gang of terrorists
a gang / band / pack of thieves

128
www.art-en.com
a party of tourists
a clump of trees
an army of volunteers

129
www.art-en.com
‫ انتعجريات االصطالحية‬-8
Idioms

"An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning

which is different from the meanings of the individual
words".

similes
proverbs and sayings metaphors
slang and jargon
colloquialisms

130
www.art-en.com

131
www.art-en.com

When you get a shame, away go from eyes

When the ass kicks, never tell

Empty hands lead to / cause sadness

A light purse makes heavy heart

yuppie

132
www.art-en.com

Indian summer

TL

to take the gloves off

to rain cats and dogs
to pay through the nose
to bring (one's) heart into his mouth

to take the cake

to smell a rat
to have no stomach
to lose (one's) temper
to be in advance
to move heaven and earth

behind one's back

to clear the air
strike while the iron is hot

a chip off the old block

133
www.art-en.com
to give one his head
diamonds cut diamonds
out of sight, out of mind
always has been, always will be

if you want a thing well done, do it yourself

divide and rule

east or west, home is best

charity begins at home

134
www.art-en.com
‫ االختصبرات‬-9
Abbreviations

abbreviations
acronyms

phrase compound noun word

gram g
BBC 25 g
British Broadcasting Corporation

continued contd. cont.

135
www.art-en.com

m= meter
p.= page
F= Fahrenheit
N= North

cont.= continued
usu.= usually
vol.= volume
Brit.= British
Hon.= Honorable

Thurs.= Thursday

asst.= assistant
dept.= department
jct= junction

136
www.art-en.com
km= kilometer
tbsp.= tablespoonful
Sgt= sergeant

MP Member of Parliament

CD compact disc
HRH His/Her Royal Highness

USA United States of America

VIP very important person

rmp revolutions per minute

an a

137
www.art-en.com

Bachelor of Science

BSc

acronyms
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries

TEFL teaching English as a foreign language

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

138
www.art-en.com








139
www.art-en.com

The structural imbalances of world economy, the inequities

of per capita income against GNP and GDP, the
inadequacies of economic machinery and the deficiencies
of economic laws are mainly attributed to narrow-minded
policies in some countries.
GDP GNP

140
www.art-en.com
‫ األمسبء املزكجة‬-11
Compound Nouns

adverbs adjectives verbs nouns

affixes compound nouns

"A compound noun is a noun plus noun (N+N)

combination, in which the second element is the head (H)
of construction and the first element is a kind of modifier
(M)".
modifier

Adjective
fierce dog

141
www.art-en.com

Adverb
the dog barked loudly

Phrase
the dog with a long tail

two words
post office
Health Care
hyphenated word
attention-getter
one word
142
www.art-en.com
mailman
postman

meaning-relationship

shoe polish
forest fire
armchair
moonlight

race horse

143
www.art-en.com
horse race

pocket watch

watch pocket

adjective plus noun

Rule

"Any adjective plus noun construction is potentially

ambiguous".

the-ing form compound noun

present participle (ing)
gerund (ing)

144
www.art-en.com

dancing teacher
noun dancing

adjective

flying field
flying

swimming suit
swimming

They are moving vans.

145
www.art-en.com
main
moving vans are verb

are moving

They are hunting dogs.

hunting dogs are

are hunting

adjective noun

English Teacher

146
www.art-en.com
English

dark room
dark

Black board
black

football game

147
www.art-en.com
basketball playground
life assurance policy

French language conference

foreign car dealers

the new house furniture
the excellent
director's secretary

148
www.art-en.com

head of
construction
modifier

seven-year-long talks

a ten-page report

the French-educated woman

peace loving forces

widening gap

Chamber of Commerce Annual Convention

Cairo International Book Fair

149
www.art-en.com
T.V. Gulf war survey

next month parliamentary elections

Purpose of Activity:
To provide urban governorate Management
Information System (MIS) department heads with an
opportunity to examine and discuss the administration of
computer centers and the management use of computer-
based information systems designed to assist local
administration and local development programs with
counterparts in other countries which have analogous
development experience and needs.

150
www.art-en.com
‫ انزوائذ‬-11
Affixes

affixes
prefix

suffix

anti/dis/establish/ment/ari/an/ism

151
www.art-en.com

adjective happy
un-
unhappy
-ness adjective
happiness
noun

Prefix

152
www.art-en.com
anti-
antisocial
antiseptic
antifreeze

bi-

bi-monthly
bi-annual

bilingual
bicentric

dis-
disbelieve
disagree
disappear
disappoint
dislike
disorder
disable

153
www.art-en.com

ex-

export
extract

ex-wife
ex-president

in-
insane
inconvenient

l il-
illegal
illogical
p im-
impossible
improper
r ir-
irreligious

154
www.art-en.com
irresponsible

mal-
malnutrition
maladministration
malpractice
maltreat

mis-
misdirect
misbehave
misunderstand
mismanagement
mistrust
miscalculate

post-
postwar
postgraduate

pre-
premature

155
www.art-en.com
pre-record
prearrange

re-
reassure
rebroadcast
rebuild
recount
rejoin
rearrange
redial

un-

unable
unimportant
unmarried
uncommon
unqualified
untruth
unfair

156
www.art-en.com

uncover
unpack
untie

Suffix

-less

meaning grammar

Derivational

actor -or

Inflectional

-s

157
www.art-en.com

actor + s

-ment
argument
disappointment
payment

-tion/-sion
invention
relation
confusion
discussion

158
www.art-en.com
-ation/-ition
limitation
declaration
composition
competition

-ance/-ence
issuance
insurance
dependence
reference

-or/-er
visitor
governor
owner
manager

-ship
friendship
leadership
membership

159
www.art-en.com

-hood
neighborhood
adulthood
brotherhood

-ness
kindness
thickness
foolishness

-ty/-ity
cruelty
loyalty
oddity
equality

-less
careless
hopeless
childless

160
www.art-en.com
thoughtless
-ful
doubtful
peaceful
plentiful

-al
formal
original
accidental

-y
healthy
hungry
guilty

-ous/-ious/-eous
dangerous
glorious
courageous
-ical/-ic
atomic

161
www.art-en.com
poetic
economical
historical

-able/-ible
agreeable
favorable
responsible
convertible

-ive
attractive
progressive
selective

-en
hasten
soften
threaten

-ise/-ize
162
www.art-en.com
privatize
computerize
legalize

-ify
simplify
purify
beautify

-ly
safely
quickly
dangerously
‫ عاليبت انىقف‬-12
Punctuations

163
www.art-en.com

He entered the room expecting to find his guest, but found -

– an empty room.

While feeling his way in the dark, thunderbolts fell

unceasingly over his head.

164
www.art-en.com
It is indeed hard to overestimate the value of language in
communication but it is even harder to overestimate its
value in thinking. Language is tied to the very process of
thought.

The OAU conference recommended that domestic

investment should be enhanced and that tourism and other
hard currency resources should be promoted, particularly
as capital inflows into the continent are diminishing;
limiting its capacity to industrialize.
diminishing

165
www.art-en.com

Several countries in the Sahel, after the stimulus of earlier

years provided by a gradual recovery from the long
drought and by parallel diversification efforts, suffered a
significant setback in 1978 because of renewed drought
conditions.

Nervously, they await the supreme accolade: a visit from

the patron of the London Gardens Scheme.

166
www.art-en.com

Some countries are chronically mismanaged; wrong

government policies would destroy the-then vigorous
nation.

167
www.art-en.com
‫ األسهىة‬-13
Style

The Government and People of Kuwait

Heart is governed and directed by passion

168
www.art-en.com

In his speech on the state of security in the Gulf, the

American Secretary of Defence declared …

Since it took its course, the Nile River flows into the
Mediterranean Sea.

169
www.art-en.com

Convinced that something was wrong, the director decided

to investigate the matter further.

In his speech delivered yesterday, the President stressed

the need to …

In his small-sized book, the author touched on the rules of

translation.

and
or
Ahmed bought books, pens, cards and notebooks.

170
www.art-en.com

adverbs

Oil has gushingly welled out.

171
www.art-en.com

auxiliary
main verb

The clouds have soon faded away.

by
by

172
www.art-en.com
The notes were written by the committee.

English is spoken all over the world.

173
www.art-en.com

The law was twice amended.

against

We will fight against the enemy.

The parents should vaccinate their children against

cholera.

The judgment was against him.

174
www.art-en.com

cover

KUNA correspondent covered the news of the Yemeni war.

175
www.art-en.com
reach

The Egyptian Minister of Information reached Kuwait

yesterday evening.

reach

via
via means of communication

I sent a message to him via Ahmed.

176
www.art-en.com
according

POW's will be transferred on Sunday, according to the

news agencies.

The meeting will be held tomorrow, according to the

British officials.

177
www.art-en.com
According to George, she's really good teacher.

cancel
The agreement shall be cancelled as from Friday evening.

still
Meetings are still convened in the Security Council.

Efforts are still exerted to heal the breach in Lebanon.

178
www.art-en.com

179
www.art-en.com
‫املزاجع‬

1- Abboud, Peter F. and McCarus, Ernest N. (editors).

Elementary Modern Standard Arabic. London:
Cambridge University Press. (1986).
2- Collins Co-build English Usage. London: Harper
Collins Publishers. (1992).
3- Crystal, David and Davy, Derek. Investigating
English Style. New York: Longman Group Limited.
(1986).
4- Greenbaum, Sidney and Whitcut, Janet. Guide to
English Usage. London: Longman Group UK
Limited. (1988).
5- Johnson-Davies, Denys. The Wedding of Zein
(Translation). London: Heinemann. (1969).
6- Le Gassick, Trevor. Midaq Alley (Translation).
Washington, D.C. :Three Continents Press, Inc.
(1981).
7- Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. A
Communicative Grammar of English. London:
Longman Group Limited. (1975).
8- Lyons, John. Semantics. London; New York:
Cambridge University Press. (1977).
9- Mouakket, Ahmed. Linguistic and Translation.
Syria: Dar Tlass for Studies. (1988).

180
www.art-en.com
10- Nahmad, A. M. From the Arabic Press. London:
Lund Humphries. (1970).
11- Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation.
Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. (1988).
12- Nida, E. A. Towards a Science of Translating.
Netherlands: Leiden, E. J. Prill. (1964).
13- Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. London:
Oxford University Press. (1995).

181
www.art-en.com

182
www.art-en.com

‫تم بحمد اهلل‬

ISBN: 997-19-4236-0

183