Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited PDF

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited- BSNL
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
Fig 1.1 Logo of BSNL [1]
1.1 BSNL:
PAN India Telecom operator BSNL refers to Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, when going
to history, it is 100% government owned Communications Corporation, and it is a public
telecommunication service in India launched on 15th September 2000 and celebrating the
formation day by starting the operations from 01.10.2000 having operational headquarters in
New Delhi.
BSNL is India’s oldest communication service provider whose history has a trace back to
the British era in the 19th century, and It was the first telegraph line during the British period that
got established in 1851, in earlier it was connected to a part of erstwhile Postal and Telegraph
Department.
In 1854 the public started accessing the telegraph services, In 1885, The Indian Telegraph
Act passed by the British Legislative Counsel, In 1975, it got separated from Postal Telegraph
and in 1980’s a telegraph department was created due to the need for telegraph services in the
country. The Government of India made telecom and telegraph services into a corporation in
October 2000 and named it Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited which now operated as a fully owned
DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 1 2019-2020

government public sector in the economy, and after the formation, PSU has run the BSNL
telegraph services in India until the facilities were shut down in July 2015 .
1.2 MANAGEMENT OF BSNL

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has divided entire India into Twenty Four Administrative
units and with Two metro districts named as BSNL LSA’s and Telecom Circles, Project cycles,
and Five telecom factories, 4 specialized telecom units, 4 maintenance regions, and Three
training institutions. Each circle having a head named as Chief General Manager (CGM) and
every circle operated with Secondary Switching Areas (SSAs) with SSA heads named PGM/GM.
1.3 COMPANY PROFILE

Website www.bsnl.co.in
Head Quarters New Delhi
Owner Government of India
Type Communication service provider
Country India
Availability National except Delhi and Mumbai
Founded 15 September 2000
Key people Pravin Kumar Purwa (Chairman & MD)
 Fixed line telephone

Services  Mobile phone
 Broadband
 Internet television
Subscribers
11.7 million (March 2019)
Number of employees
70,216 appx (2019)

India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea.
The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications company

headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service providers,
and the largest land line telephone provider in India. BSNL is India’s oldest and largest
communication service provider. It had a customer base of 100 million as of 2019. It has
footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which
are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited. BSNL is the only service provider,
making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT
sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network
giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across India except Delhi &
Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and North-eastern region of the
country BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL is
numerous operator of India in all services in its license area.
The company offers wide ranging & most transparent tariff schemes designed to suite
every customer. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead, with 85 per cent share of the subscriber
base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 3 million WLL subscribers and
3 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes. BSNL has been
adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit,
multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and
video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 1
Million broadband customers.
The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and
Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000
certified Telecom Training Institute. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its
reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates
across India except Delhi & Mumbai.

1.4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL

 BSNL has a customer base of over 120 crore and is the fourth largest integrated telecom
operator in the country.
 BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission network.
 BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom connectivity.
 Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.
1.5 DEPARTMENTS VISITED

This table shows the departments visited in particular period and the equipment used while
training.
Table 1.1: Departments visited during training
Departments Visited Duration Equipment used
Optical-fiber communication 6 Jan 2020 to 13 Jan 2020 Optical fiber, Fusion splicer
Working of C-DOT, MDF, Telecom

14 Jan 2020 to 20 Jan 2020
Telecommunication Network Network
Exchange Shifting 21 Jan 2020 to 27 Jan 2020 Landline Exchange
Broadband 28 Jan 2020 to 31 Jan 2020 Switch room, OFC room
Mobile Communication 1 Feb 2020 to 5 Feb 2020

CHAPTER 2
TASKS PERFORMED
This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call
from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic telephone to mobile or vice versa.
2.1 CALL SETUP

 When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest switching
centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network). Then it processes the
caller and subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC then call setup is completed.
 If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call transfer to MSC
(Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is completed.
 If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO (Mobile Telephone
Switching Office) now call transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call
setup is completed.
Telephone subscriber
Distribution Point
Pillar
Cabinet
Main Distribution Frame
Telephone Exchange
Fig 2.1: How line reaches from subscriber to exchange [2]

2.1.2 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

 Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done by two type
of signaling:
i. Inchannel signaling
ii. Common channel signaling
 Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling network.
 Charging and billing.
 All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.
 Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. For each call
processing step decision is taken according to class of service.
2.2 CARRIER ROOM
Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two parts:
2.2.1 CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:
It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company requesting for that
network. Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here. For this, we have
4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver) Modems are used for short distances i.e.
transmitter and receiver part are received here and local lead connection is given to the
subscriber. Local lead faults can be handled here but the transmitter and receiver faults can be
handled by the department meant for it. Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps. For long distance
communication we have MUXS and data is sent through optical fibers. MUXS are present at
both the ends.
2.2.2 MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:
Managed leased line network (MLLN) is a system that can provide leased line
connectivity, that is, a dedicated telecommunication path between two fixed points. It is an
integrated, fully managed, multi-service digital network platform through which a service
provider can offer a wide range of services at an optimal cost to business subscribers. MLLN

allows the service provider to keep an end-to-end control and monitor over the leased line and
hence provide guarantees of uptime of the circuit.
2.3 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a termination
point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local
loops are connected by jumper wires.
Fig 2.2: Main Distribution Frame [3]
2.3.1 FUNCTIONS OF MDF

 All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated and
distributed through MDF.
 The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides. Each
jumper is a twisted wire.
 It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main Exchange area.
 The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and functions as
a test point between a line and the office.
 It provides testing of calls.
 It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
 All lines terminate individually.

2.3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF MDF
Main distribution frames is mainly divided in two parts:

 Vertical Side or Line Side
 LEN Side or Exchange Side
Vertical side or Line side
All the parts from vertical side to the subscriber is generally called outdoor section.
 One vertical has 10 tag blocks.
 Each Tag block has 10 rows.
So finally, each tag block has 100 tags.
 Connection between vertical side and subscribers are provided by jelly filled cables.
 These wires are first terminated in Cabinet box, then according to requirements the group of
wires is terminated in pillar box.
LEN side or Exchange side
All the parts from LEN side to exchange are called indoor section. The connection of subscriber
from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF.
 In 1 Tag block there are 128 tags.
 Each tag block is divided into 4 segments.
2.4 POWER PLANT

It provides -48V to switch rooms and 48V to the connections. Batteries are artificially
discharged once in a year for their maintenance. Cooling is provided through fans and AC. There
is earthing region too for protection.
2.5 HOW A TELECOM EXCHANGE WORKS
A telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that

connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant
equipment including telephone switches, which make telephone calls “work” in the sense of
making connections and relaying the speech information. It require -48 Vdc.

The basic block diagram for a telecom exchange is as follows

Power Switch MDF External
Plant Room plant
Eng/Alt
OMC
Battery-A
Battery-B
Fig 2.3: Block diagram of telephone exchange [4]
2.6 ENGINE AND ALERNATOR

It provides AC output in the event of commercial power supply failure. The diesel engine
provides the prime mover to the alternator so that the alternating current is generated to support
the exchange systems.150 KV Generator with 6 Silinder, and it require 24 V DC for Starting
System.
2.7 OMC
It contains input-output processor terminals, visual display units, printers, cartridges, etc. It
controls the entire operation of exchange data and billing data. The new connections, adding and
removing of facilities to the subscriber is done in the OMC room.
2.8 SWITCH
It provides the switching facility and connection to the outside of the exchange. The switch
room contains actual telephone switching hardware such as cabinets, racks, slots and cards.
Switching is the most important part of the exchange process.

CHAPTER 3
SWITCHING
3.1 SWITCHING
A switch is defined as establishing a temporary connection from the calling subscriber to

the called subscriber. Switch is a device that makes the connection and breaks the connection. It
is a device that channels incoming data from any of the multiple input ports to the specific input
that will take the data toward its intended destination.
A Digital switching system, in general, is one in which signals are switched in digital
form. These signals may represent speech or data. The digital signals of several speech samples
are time multiplexed on a common media before being switched through the system.
To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time-slots of the two
speech samples which may be on same or different PCM highways. The digitalized speech
samples are switched in two modes, viz., Time Switching and Space Switching. [5]
AU Interface
Switch
Sub
Trunks Interface
Control
MDD MTD OMT
Fig 3.1: Block Diagram of digital switch [5]

AU: Subscriber rack for feeding current and other functionalities
Interface: Interface between main exchange and subscribers/Trunks
Switch: Main switching network and other exchange equipment
MDD: Magnetic Disk Drive for storing data
MTD: Magnetic Tape Drive for backup and regeneration of the exchange
OMT: Operation and Maintenance terminal to issue various commands.
Control: Processor to control peripherals and interfacing Main Exchange.
Printer: To get hard copy for all the reports.
Different types of Electronic Switches are –
1. C-DOT : Indian Made

2. E10B : France Made
3. OCB : France Made
4. EWSD : Germany Made
3.2 C-DOT
The Centre for Development of Telematics was established in August 1984 as an
autonomous body. Its goal was to develop telecommunication technology to meet the needs of
the Indian telecommunication network.
In the initial years, a telecom revolution in rural India that was responsible for all-round
socio-economic development from global connectivity. As part of its development process, C-
DOT spawned equipment manufacturers and component vendors. Research and development
facilities were located at its Delhi and Bangalore campuses.
Within a very short time, telecom switching products suited to Indian conditions
appeared in the form of small rural automatic exchanges and medium size switches as SBMs for
towns. This was followed by higher capacity digital switches known as main automatic
exchanges, C-DOT technology spread across the country through its licensed manufacturers.

Beginning with digital switching systems, C-DOT developed products for optical,
satellite and wireless communication from circuit switching technology, ATM and next
generation networks. From a purely hardware development centre, it diversified into
development of telecom software like IN, NMS, Data Clearing House and from a protected
environment of closed market to an open and competitive market. [8]
While developing the RAX/MAX digital switches, C-DOT also evolved processes and
procedures for manufacturing the switches in Indian factories which set up an Indian
manufacturing vendor base. Later, C -DOT projects included central monitoring systems for
telecom security, for the Indian government. C-DOT spawned equipment manufacturers and
component vendors. Research and development facilities were located at its Delhi and Bangalore
campuses.
Fig 3.2: C-DOT Rax [6]

BLOCK DIAGRAM
C-DOT DSS MAX exchange can be configured using four basic modules
1. Base Module
2. Central Module
3. Administrative module
4. Input and Output Module

Fig 3.3: C-DOT Architecture [6]

CHAPTER 4
LEASED LINES
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO LEASED LINES
A leased line is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between two points set
up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for telephone, data, or Internet services.
Businesses use a leased line to connect to geographically distant offices because it guarantees
bandwidth for network traffic. For example, a bank may use a leased line in order to easily
transfer financial information from one office to another. Customers generally pay a flat monthly
rate for the service depending on the distance between the two points. Leased lines do not have
telephone numbers. The information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure
channels, eliminating the congestion that occurs in shared networks.
4.2 DRAWBACKS OF TRADITIONAL LEASED LINE CIRCUITS
1. Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards support only up to 64
kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
2. From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes from different
vendors so difficult to manage & control.
3. No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.
The solution to this is MLLN.
4.3 MLLN
The MLLN known as Managed Leased Line Network. MLLN service is specially
designed mainly for having effective control and monitoring on the leased line so that the down
time is minimized and the circuit efficiency is increased. This mainly deals with data circuits
ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048 Kbps.

MLLN FEATURES:
1. MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi service digital network platform through which
service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal cost to business subscriber.
2. Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS, high
availability & reliability.
3. Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations & maintenance is carried
out through ROT.
4. NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning & service monitoring.
5. System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing & fault
isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure, software programmability of
NTU etc.
6. Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting & Internet service
Provider are the main customers for MLLN.
MLLN ADVANTAGES:
1. 24 hrs Performance Monitoring of the circuit.

2. Circuit fault reports generated proactively.
3. On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased.
4. Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.
5. Protection against the failure of the circuit through recovery Management process either
automatic or manually.
6. Long drive on single copper pair: for 64 kbps – 7 kms & for 2mbps – 3.5 kms
7. Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS.
APPLICATION OF MLLN:
1. Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.

2. LAN interconnection.
3. Hotline connectivity for voice.
4. Point to point connection for data circuit.
5. Point to multipoint connection.

CHAPTER 5
BROADBAND
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of
data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is
considered broadband.
Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at
high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more is classified as
broadband. When connected to the Internet broadband connection allows surfing or downloading
much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband connections. BSNL offers 2 Mbps minimum
download speed for its Broadband connections.
Requirement for providing Broad Band connection
 Personal Computer
 ADSL Modem
 Land Line Connection
 Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer.
5.1 SERVICES AVAILABLE THROUGH BROADBAND
 High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed
ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
 Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her
requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video
Conferencing session.
 Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for
application in distance education, telemedicine etc.
 Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network securely
over the NIB-II infrastructure.
 Video and Audio Conferencing:

 Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and time
shifted TV
 Video on Demand: Customers can view any movie of their choice from a pool of
movies stored in a central server. The movies can be viewed either on a TV or a PC.
 Audio on Demand: It is a similar service where person can listen to any music of his
choice.
 TV channels through broadband connection: The TV channels may be available in
the broadband connection. In fact, there may be other new channels, particularly the
educational and scientific channels, depending on demand. Additional equipments
required in the customer's premises are · Set Top Box (STB) - The STB converts the
digital IP based signal to a form compatible with the TV set.
 PC and TV The TV services envisaged are:
i. S-VOD: Subscription based Video Content, as in Pay Channels.
ii. Video-On-Demand
iii. N-VOD: Near Video-On-Demand. N-VOD provides play outs on fixed time bands
which people can watch against payment.
iv. T-VOD: Transaction or Pay-Per-View service. The video content will have Hindi,
international and regional movies, music, soaps and serials, sports, news, interactive
gaming, e-learning and niche channels. "The driver in entertainment will be on-
demand movies, interactive gaming, broadband Internet connectivity and e-learning,"
 Billing: To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or volume-
based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the services through web
server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services
 IP Telephony
 Messaging: plain and feature rich,
 Multi-site MPLS VPN with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees.
 Wi-Fi
 Web hosting & web co-location.
 Lease line service.

5.2 WORKING OF BROADBAND
Service Provider
Core Router
BNG
TIRE/RPR
OC LAN
DSLAM
ADSL-MODUM
Fig 5.1: Working of broadband
SERVICE PROVIDER: Service is provided to BSNL through satellites.
CORE ROUTER: A core router is a router that forwards packets to computer hosts within a
network (but not between networks). A core router is sometimes contrasted with an edge router,
which routes packets between a self-contained network and other outside networks along a
network backbone.
Fig 5.2: Core router

BNG-Broadband Network Gateway: Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) is the access point
for subscribers, through which they connect to the broadband network. When a connection is
established between BNG and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE), the subscriber can access
the broadband services provided by the Network Service Provider (NSP) or Internet Service
Provider (ISP). BNG establishes and manages subscriber sessions. When a session is active,
BNG aggregates traffic from various subscriber sessions from an access network, and routes it to
the network of the service provider. BNG is deployed by the service provider and is present at
the first aggregation point in the network, such as the edge router. An edge router, like the Cisco
ASR 9000 Series Router, needs to be configured to act as the BNG. Because the subscriber
directly connects to the edge router, BNG effectively manages subscriber access, and subscriber
management functions such as:
 Authentication, authorization and accounting of subscriber sessions

 Address assignment
 Security
 Policy management
 Quality of Service (QoS)
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR): Resilient Packet Ring (RPR), is a protocol standard designed for
the optimized transport of data traffic over optical fiber ring networks. The standard began
development in November 2000[1] and has undergone several amendments since its initial
standard was completed in June 2004. The amended standards are 802.17a through 802.17d, the
last of which was adopted in May 2011.[2] It is designed to provide the resilience found in
SONET/SDH networks (50 ms protection) but, instead of setting up circuit oriented connections,
provides a packet based transmission, in order to increase the efficiency of Ethernet and IP
services.
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer): A DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line
Access Multiplexer) is a network device, usually at a telephone company central office, that
receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and puts the
signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques. Depending on the product,
DSLAM multiplexers connect DSL lines with some combination of asynchronous transfer mode

(ATM), frame relay, or Internet Protocol networks. DSLAM enables a phone company to offer
business or homes users the fastest phone line technology (DSL) with the fastest backbone
network technology (ATM).
Fig 5.3: Digital subscriber line access multiplexer
ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line): Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a
type of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communications technology that enables
faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voice band modem can
provide. ADSL differs from the less common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). In
ADSL, bandwidth and bit rate are said to be asymmetric, meaning greater toward the customer
premises (downstream) than the reverse (upstream). Providers usually market ADSL as a service
for consumers for Internet access for primarily downloading content from the Internet, but not
serving content accessed by others.
Fig 5.4: Asymmetric digital subscriber line

5.3 FEATURES OF BROADBAND
 Fast connection to the Internet: Access to the services which would otherwise be impossible
on a slower dial up connection. These include facilities such as downloading music or video
footage, listening to your favorite radio station or downloading (or sending) large attached
files with emails.
 “Always-on” connection: Means that you are permanently connected to the internet; hence
no need to dial up connection every time you want to surf the web, send email, etc.
 Flat-rate billing: If you choose an uncapped rate there will be no additional charges for the
time you are online. You can use it as much or as little as you would like, for a fixed fee.
Some connections are available at a lower cost, but limit you to the amount of data being
downloaded (known as ‘capped rate’).
 Dedicated connection: Simultaneous use of both telephone & data line.
5.4 WIRE LINE BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES

5.4.1 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
ADSL exploits the copper wires which have a much greater bandwidth or range of
frequencies than that demanded for voice without disturbing the line’s ability to carry phone
conversations. The A stands for asymmetric, meaning that data transmission rate is not the same
in both directions i.e., more bandwidth, or data-carrying capacity, is devoted to data travelling
downstream-from the Internet to your PC-than to upstream data travelling from your PC to the
Internet. The reason for the imbalance is that, generally upstream traffic is very limited to a few
words at a time, like for example ±an URL request and downstream traffic, carrying graphics,
multimedia, and shareware program downloads needs the extra capacity. An ADSL circuit
connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted pair telephone line, creating three
information channels
1. A high speed downstream channel.
2. A medium speed duplex channel.
3.The basic telephone service channel is split off from the digital modem by filters, thus
guaranteeing uninterrupted basic telephone service, even if ADSL fails.

Features of ADSL
 Allows simultaneous access to the line by the telephone and the computer.
 In case of power/ADSL failure, data transmission is lost but basic telephone service will be
operational.
 ADSL Provides 16-1000 kbps upstream and 1.5-24 Mbps downstream. It can work up to a
distance of 3.7 to 5.5 km depending upon the speed required.
Advantages of ADSL
1. You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls.
2. The speed is much higher than a regular modem
3. DSL doesn’t necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have.
4. In BSNL, Broadband Access Network, there has to be an ADSL modem on either end of the
telephone line. One end of the line, terminated at Subscriber’s premises is first connected to
the splitter which filter out the low frequency voice to be connected to the telephone
instrument. The higher frequency, which carries the data is connected to the modem. The
connectivity is shown in the figure 5.4 given below.
Fig 5.5: Broadband Connection [7]

The other end is terminated at service providers end which also has similar arrangement.
But at service providers point, numerous ADSL lines are terminated and there has to be equal
number of splitters and ADSL modems. So instead of separate splitters & modems, it is
aggregated into single nit called Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer. So one side of the
DSLAM interfaces the subscriber lines and the other side interfaces to the core network through
several LAN switches. Before being given access to the subscriber, subscriber is authenticated
based on username and password by the BRAS. After authentication, subscriber is authorized to
access the providers core network and in turn is connected to whatever service or content the
subscriber demands and accounting is initiated based on either time based or volume based
billing. The LAN Switch collocated with the Core router is termed as Tier 1 Switch and all other
LAN switches which aggregate the DSLAM are called Tier -2 switches. DSLAMs can also be
aggregated to Tier -1 switch.
The various components in the Broadband Access Network are
 Customer Premises Equipment(CPE) (ADSL Modem & Splitter)

 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)
 LAN Switches: for aggregating DSLAM (Tier -1 & Tier -2 Switch)
 Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS)
5.4.2 DSL
DSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a
local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In telecommunications
marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is widely understood to mean ADSL, the most
commonly installed technical variety of DSL. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with
regular telephone on the same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses a higher
frequency. These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filtering. The data throughput
of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 Kb/s to 20 Mbit/s in the direction to the
customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level
implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, i.e. in the direction to
the service provider is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In SDSL service, the
downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

5.4.3 ISDN
ISDN is one of the oldest broadband digital access methods for consumers and businesses
to connect to the Internet. It is a telephone data service standard. A basic rate ISDN line known
as ISDN-BRI is an ISDN line with 2 data “bearer” channels (DS0 -64 Kbit/s each). Using ISDN
terminal adapters, it is possible to bond together 2 or more separate ISDN-BRI lines to reach
bandwidths of 256 Kbit/s or more. The ISDN channel bonding technology has been used for
video conference applications and broadband data transmission.
Advantage
 Constant data rate at 64 Kbit/s for each DS0 channel.

 Two way broadband symmetric data transmission, unlike ADSL.
 One of the data channels can be used for phone conversation without disturbing the data
transmission through the other data channel. When a phone call is ended, the bearer channel
can immediately dial and re-connect itself to the data call.
 Call setup is very quick.
 Low latency
 ISDN Voice clarity is unmatched by other phone services.
 Caller ID is almost always available for no additional fee.
 Maximum distance from the central office is much greater than it is for DSL.
5.4.4 BPL
BPL also known as power -line Internet or power band, is the use of PLC technology to
provide broadband Internet access through ordinary power lines. A computer (or any other
device) would need only to plug a BPL modem into any outlet in an equipped building to have
high-speed Internet-access.BPL offer benefits over regular cable or DSL connections: the
extensive infrastructure already available appears to allow people in remote locations to access
the Internet with relatively little equipment investment by the utility. Also, such ubiquitous
availability would make it much easier for other electronics, such as televisions or sound systems,
to hook up. The use of PLC technology to provide broadband Internet access through ordinary
power lines.Cost of running wires such as Ethernet in many buildings can be prohibitive;

Relying on wireless has number of predictable problems including security, limited maximum
throughput and inability to power devices efficiently.
5.5 APPLICATIONS OF BROADBAND
 Basic WWW browsing and Email access

 Run Servers - Web / FTP
 Business tariff, can depend on company
 Some technologies are asymmetric like cable, ADSL
 Video On Demand
 Audio Streams - Internet Radio
 Fast File Transfers - Possibility of downloading large files in short period of time

CHAPTER 6
FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is transmitted
through a glass or plastic fiber, in the form of light, following the transmission sequence give
below:
 Information is encoded into Electrical Signals.
 Electrical Signals are converted into light Signals.
 Light Travels down the Fiber.
 A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
 Electrical Signals are decoded into Information
Fig 6.1: Optical Fiber Transmission [8]
6.2 ARCHITECTURE OF FIBER

The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner core is
the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference refractive index that
allows total internal reflection of light through the core. Most fibers have an additional coating
around the cladding. This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no optical properties
affecting the propagation of light within the fiber.[8]

Fig 6.2: Propagation of light through fiber
6.3 CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBERS

1. Multimode Step Index fiber (Step Index fiber)
2. Multimode graded Index fiber (Graded Index fiber)
3. Single- Mode Step Index fiber (Single Mode fiber)
STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER
It has a large core, up to 100 microns in diameter. As a result, some of the light rays that
make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the
cladding. This type of fiber is best suited for transmission over short distances, in an endoscope,
for instance.
GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER
It contains a core in which the refractive index diminishes gradually from the center axis
out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the center makes the light rays moving
down the axis advance more slowly than those near the cladding. A digital pulse suffers less
dispersion.
SINGLE-MODE FIBER
It has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the index of refraction between the core
and the cladding changes less than it does for multimode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the
axis, creating little pulse dispersion. Telephone and cable television networks install millions of
kilometers of this fiber every year.
6.4 ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS
 SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits.

 BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity.

 DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be refreshed or
strengthened.
 RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other
nearby cables.
 MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

CHAPTER 7
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A mobile phone, cell phone or hand phone is an electronic device used to make mobile
telephone calls across a wide geographic area, served by many public cells, allowing the user to
be mobile. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the range of a single, private
base station, for example within a home or an office.
A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone
network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. It does this by
connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator. In addition to telephony,
modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging,
MMS, email, Internet access, short range wireless communications like infrared, Bluetooth,
business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these more general
computing capabilities are referred to as smart phones. [10]
7.1GENERATIONS
Generation: 1
 Analog [routines for sending voice]

 All systems are incompatible
 No international roaming
Generation: 2
 Digital [voice encoding]

 Increased capacity
 More security
 Compatibility
 Can use TDMA or CDMA for increasing capacity

Generation: 2.5
 Packet-switching
 Connection to the internet is paid by packets and not by connection time.
 Connection to internet is cheaper and faster [up to 56KBps]
Generation: 3
 Permanent web connection at 2Mbps

 Internet, phone and media: 3 in 1
 The standard based on GSM is called UMTS.
 The EDGE standard is the development of GSM towards 3G.
Generation: 4
 Spectrally efficient
 Able to dynamically allocate network resources in a cell
 Able to support smooth handover
 Able to offer high quality of service
 Based on an all-IP packet-switched network
The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This allows
extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can use cell phones
simultaneously. In a typical analog cell-phone system, the cell-phone carrier receives about 800
frequencies to use across the city. The carrier chops up the city into cells. Each cell is typically
sized at about 10 square miles i.e. 26 square 22 kilometres. Cells are normally thought of as
hexagons on a big hexagonal grid, like this:
Figure 7.1 Cell phone and Base stations [11]

7.2 HOW A CALL IS CONNECTED
 When you first power up the phone, it listens for an SID on the control channel. The control
channel is a special frequency that the phone and base station use to talk to one another about
things like call set-up and channel changing. If the phone cannot find any control channels to
listen to, it knows it is out of range and displays a “no service” message.
 When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the SID programmed into the phone. If
the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell it is communicating with is part of its home
system.
 Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a registration request, and the MTSO keeps
track of your phone’s location in a database — this way, the MTSO knows which cell you
are in when it wants to ring your phone.
 The MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you. It looks in its database to see which cell you
are in.
 The MTSO picks a frequency pair that your phone will use in that cell to take the call.
 The MTSO communicates with your phone over the control channel to tell it which
frequencies to use, and once your phone and the tower switch on those frequencies, the call is
connected. Now, you are talking by two-way radio to a friend.
 As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell’s base station notes that your signal
strength is diminishing. Meanwhile, the base station in the cell you are moving towards
(which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, not just its own one-
seventh) sees your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate with
each other through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control
channel telling it to change frequencies. This hand off switches your phone to the new cell.
 Let’s say you’re on the phone and you move from one cell to another — but the cell you
move into is covered by another service provider, not yours. Instead of dropping the call, it’ll
actually be handed off to the other service provider.
 If the SID on the control channel does not match the SID programmed into your phone, then
the phone knows it is roaming. The MTSO of the cell that you are roaming in contacts the
MTSO of your home system, which then checks its database to confirm that the SID of the
phone you are using is valid. Your home system verify your phone to the local MTSO, which

then tracks your phone as you move through its cells. And the amazing thing is that all of this
happens within seconds.

CHAPTER 8
REFLECTIONS
“Learning gives creativity, creativity leads to thinking, thinking provides knowledge and
knowledge makes you great” – Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam.
Professional Development:
I was able to gain pragmatic experience and learnt how to do my job well, rather than simply
understanding the theory behind it. I cultured how to earn professional credentials such as
academics degree to formal course work and informal learning opportunities situated in practice.
It has been as intensive and collaborative and ideally incorporated as an evaluative stage.
Team Work and Responsibility:

Mutual support, Communication and co ordinations are essential to work as a team. I was able to
establish problem solving capabilities, respect unique qualities of every team member and
developed relationship. Responsibility is an obligation to complete the task.
Work Ethics and Positive Attitudes:

I enjoyed work and was optimistic and confident to complete the task. Encouraging and
spreading a feeling of a zeal while at work is a positive attitude. Being conscientious,
accountable compliant and self motivated are the work ethics. I was able to gain from this
company.

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
Engineering student will have to serve in the public and private sector industries,
workshop based training and teaching in classroom has its own limitation. The lack of exposure
to real life, material express and functioning of industrial organization is the measure hindrance
in the student employment.
In the open economy era of fast modernization and tough competition, technical
industries should procedure pass out as near to job function as possible.
Practical training is one of the major steps in this direction. I did my training in BSNL at Kolar
which is one of the best known communication service provider companies of India. The training
helps me in gaining in depth knowledge of the working of telephone exchange, technologies of
BSNL, GSM and optical fiber transmission.
In the end, I hereby conclude that I have successfully completed my industrial training on
the above topics.

REFERENCES
[1] www.bsnl.co.in
[2] https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Systems/Telephone_System
[3] https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2233/main-distribution-frame-mdf
[4] S. C. Mishra, The Telephone Exchange-Principal Parts and their Functions,IETE Journal of
Education,160, pp106-107.
[5] Rakib, Sakhawat, Switching and Signaling in Telecommunication Network, 1984
[6] www.cdot.in
[7] https://www.techopedia.com/definition/794/broadband
[8] Ira Jacobs, Optical Fiber Communication Technology and System Overview, Trends in
Optical Fiber Metrology and Standards, Vol. 285, 1995, pp 567-591
[9] https://lightel.com/fiber-optic-terms-and-definitions
[10] https://electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/mobile-communication-1g-4g
[11] https://phys.org/base-station

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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited- BSNL

Fig 1.1 Logo of BSNL [1]

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 1 2019-2020

1.2 MANAGEMENT OF BSNL

1.3 COMPANY PROFILE

Head Quarters New Delhi

Owner Government of India

Type Communication service provider

Availability National except Delhi and Mumbai

Founded 15 September 2000

Key people Pravin Kumar Purwa (Chairman & MD)

 Fixed line telephone

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 2 2019-2020

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications company

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 3 2019-2020

1.4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL

1.5 DEPARTMENTS VISITED

Departments Visited Duration Equipment used

Working of C-DOT, MDF, Telecom

Exchange Shifting 21 Jan 2020 to 27 Jan 2020 Landline Exchange

Broadband 28 Jan 2020 to 31 Jan 2020 Switch room, OFC room

Mobile Communication 1 Feb 2020 to 5 Feb 2020

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 4 2019-2020

2.1 CALL SETUP

Main Distribution Frame

Fig 2.1: How line reaches from subscriber to exchange [2]

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 5 2019-2020

2.1.2 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

2.2 CARRIER ROOM

2.2.1 CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:

2.2.2 MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 6 2019-2020

2.3 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

Fig 2.2: Main Distribution Frame [3]

2.3.1 FUNCTIONS OF MDF

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 7 2019-2020

2.3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF MDF

Main distribution frames is mainly divided in two parts:

2.4 POWER PLANT

2.5 HOW A TELECOM EXCHANGE WORKS

A telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 8 2019-2020

The basic block diagram for a telecom exchange is as follows

Fig 2.3: Block diagram of telephone exchange [4]

2.6 ENGINE AND ALERNATOR

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 9 2019-2020

A switch is defined as establishing a temporary connection from the calling subscriber to

MDD MTD OMT

Fig 3.1: Block Diagram of digital switch [5]

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 10 2019-2020

AU: Subscriber rack for feeding current and other functionalities

Interface: Interface between main exchange and subscribers/Trunks

Switch: Main switching network and other exchange equipment

MDD: Magnetic Disk Drive for storing data

OMT: Operation and Maintenance terminal to issue various commands.

Control: Processor to control peripherals and interfacing Main Exchange.

Printer: To get hard copy for all the reports.

Different types of Electronic Switches are –

1. C-DOT : Indian Made

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 11 2019-2020

Fig 3.2: C-DOT Rax [6]

DEP. OF ECE, SJCIT 12 2019-2020

Fig 3.3: C-DOT Architecture [6]