CE142 Runtime Polymorphism & Virtual

Function
 Virtual Function
#include<iostream>
using namespace std; 
class Base
{
public:
virtual void show() { cout<<" In Base \n"; }
};

class Derived: public Base

{
public:
void show() { cout<<"In Derived \n"; }
};
int main(void)
{
Base *bp = new Derived;
bp->show(); // RUN-TIME POLYMORPHISM
In Derived
return 0;
}
 Virtual Function

 class A{ &f2() &f3() &f4()
 void f1(); _vtable  A *p;
 virtual void f2();  A x1;
 virtual void f3(); x1  p=&x1;
 virtual void f4(); p
_vptr  p->f1(); //EB
 };
 p->f2(); //LB
 class B:public A
 p->f3(); //LB
 { &f2() &f3() &f4()
 p->f4(); //LB
 void f2();
_vtable  p->f4(10); //EB
 void f4(int x);
 void f1();  !!Error
 }
 Virtual Function

 class A{ &f2() &f3() &f4()
 void f1(); _vtable  A *p;
 virtual void f2();  B x1;
 virtual void f3(); x1  p=&x1;
 virtual void f4(); p
_vptr  p->f1(); //EB
 };
 p->f2(); //LB
 class B:public A
 p->f3(); //LB
 { &f2() &f3() &f4()
 p->f4(); //LB
 void f2();
_vtable  p->f4(10); //EB
 void f4(int x);
 void f1();
 }
Can static functions be virtual in C++?

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Test
{
public:
// Error: Virtual member functions cannot be static
virtual static void fun() { }
};
 Virtual Function & Default
Arguments

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
virtual void fun ( int x = 0 )
{
cout << "Base::fun(), x = " << x << endl;
}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
void fun ( int x )
{
cout << "Derived::fun(), x = " << x << endl;
"Derived::fun(), x =0
}
};

int main()
{
Derived d1; Base *b = &d1; b->fun();
return 0;
}
 Virtual Function & Default
Arguments
#include <iostream>


using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
virtual void fun ( int x = 0 )
{
cout << "Base::fun(), x = " << x << endl;
}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
void fun ( int x=10 ) //Note The Changes
{
cout << "Derived::fun(), x = " << x << endl;
} "Derived::fun(), x =0
};

int main()
{
Derived d1; Base *bp = &d1; bp->fun();
return 0;
}
 Can virtual functions be private in C++?

Never.

Why?
 Abstract Classes in C++


 No Implementation of function in base
class is referred as Abstract class
Example: class Shape having member
function draw().
It can only be have implementation at
derived classes. i.e. draw() in rectangle,
draw() in square.
Example: class Animal having member
function move().
 Abstract class

 A class which does not have an implementations of
the function.
 How to create abstract class in java.
 By putting abstract keyword before class definition
 How to create abstract class in C#
 By putting abstract keyword before class definition
 How to create abstract class in C++
 By putting abstract keyword before class definition
 There is no abstract keyword in C++!!!!!
 Abstract class in C++

 How to create abstract class in C++
 A class in C++ is abstract if it has at least one pure
virtual function.
 What is pure virtual function?
 It is a kind of virtual function which has no
implementations!!!
 

 Error: Undefined reference to vtable for Sha

 How to make any function as pure virtual
function
 Abstract class in C++

 How to create abstract class in C++
 A class in C++ is abstract if it has at least one pure
virtual function.
 What is pure virtual function?
 It is a kind of virtual function which has no
implementations!!!
 How to make any virtual function as pure
virtual function?
 By putting “=0” expression at function declaration.

Characteristics of Abstract
class in C++

1. Abstract class may also contain non virtual
functions.


2. Instances of the abstract class can not be created.


3. We can have pointers and references of abstract
class type.


4. If we do not override the pure virtual function in
derived class, then derived class also becomes
abstract class.


5. An abstract class can have constructors.


Operator in C++

Example


Example