paquin Phoe der Globes Winner Pog Soleimani's ath, Army (Amendment) ae ati e ihe alae 7 a STUDY MATERIAL TO CRACK Dow DOWNLOAD _ iin? css EXAM 2020 PAS Take)WEEKLY Nie, eceniber209 Serene gee HSMCS§S§ Ya Mecca SIN rc a Ur Iter eyeet ce) TTT Senet Te Parada Beets Pring JUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com MAIN STORIES. 02 Solemani survived the horror of Iran's long war in the 1980s with Iraq to take control of the Revolutionary Guard's elite Quds Force, responsible for the Islamic Republic's foreign campaigns. Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 Iranian General Qusem Soleimani Major General Qassem Soleimani, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards commander, was killed in aUS strike at Baghdad International Airport on January 3. Soleimani was considered one of the most powerful men in Tran and the architect of Tehran's foreign policy in the region. For Iranians whose icons since the Islamic Revolution have been hardline clerics, Maj. Gen. Qassem Soleimani widely represented a figure of national resilience in the face of four decades of U.S. pressure. For the U.S. and Israel, he was a shadowy figure in command of Iran's proxy forces, responsible for fighters in Syria backing President Bashar Assad and for the deaths ‘of American troops in Iraq. What has the US said? The US Department of Defense has stated that the US military had taken the “decisive step to protect US personnel abroad by killing Soleimani, the head of Quds Force, which is the overseas operations wing of the IRGC and a US-designated Foreign Terrorist Organisation.” According to the State Department, the regime in Tehran “is responsible for the deaths of at least 603 American service members in Iraq since 2003”. This, according to the US, “accounts for 17% of all deaths of US personnel in Iraq from 2003 to 2011, and is in addition to the many thousands of Iraqis killed by the IRGC's proxies”. In recent years, Quds Force plots have been uncovered in countries including Germany, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Kenya, Bahrain, and Turkey. Background- Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC): Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini set up the IRGC in 1979 after the Iranian Revolution ended to protect the Islamic order of the new Iranian government. IRGC has contributed roughly 125,000 men to Iran's forces and has the capability of undertaking asymmetric warfare and covert operations. This includes the Quds Force that over the years has established links with the Hezbollah of Lebanon, Shi'ite militias in Iraq, Shi'ites in Afghanistan and the Palestinian territories. What is the Quds Force? Quds is the Arabic word for Jerusalem, and is responsible for carrying out unconventional warfare and intelligence activities. The force is responsible for training, financing and providing assistance to some extremist groups overseas. It also undertakes Iranian missions in other countries, including covert ones. What does Soleimani’s death mean for US-Iran relations? ‘Soleimani’s death would result in a dramatic escalation in relations between the US and Iran. ‘The strike has left the Middle East on edge, with possible repercussions beyond the region. ‘The killing would make Iran more decisive in resisting the US, while anti-US forces would exact revenge across the Muslim world. The killing could have a ripple effect in any number of countries across the Middle East where Iran and the US compete for influence. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comWeekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 MAIN STORIES. Tran Soleimani killing: US denies Iraq pullout amid letter confusion US Defence Secretary Mark Esper has denied US troops are pulling out of Iraq, after a letter from a US general there suggested a withdrawal. The letter said the US would be “repositioning forces in the coming days and weeks" after Iraqi MPs had called for them to leave. Mr Esper said there had been "no decision whatsoever to leave". The confusion came amid threats to American forces after the US killed top Iranian commander Qasem Soleimani. He died in a US drone strike in Baghdad on Friday on the orders of Mr Trump. What was in the letter? It appeared to have been sent by Brig Gen William H Seely, head of the US military's task force in Iraq, to Abdul Amir, the deputy director of Combined Joint Operations. It starts: "Sir, in due deference to the sovereignty of the Republic of Iraq, and as requested by the Iraqi Parliament, and the Prime Minister, CSTF-OIR (Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve) will be repositioning forces over the course of the coming days and weeks to prepare for onward movement." The letter says certain measures, including increased air traffic, will be conducted "during hours of darkness” to "ensure the movement out of Iraq is conducted in a safe and efficient manner". It would also “alleviate any perception that we may be bringing more Coalition Forces into the IZ (Green Zone in Baghdad)". How has it been explained? Mr Esper told reporters in Washington: "There's been no decision whatsoever to leave Iraq. I don't know what that letter is... We're trying to find out where that's coming from, what that is. “But there's been no decision made to leave Iraq. Period.” The highest-ranking US soldier, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley, then appeared at a briefing, saying the letter was "a mistake". He said it was a draft which was poorly worded, had not been signed and should not have been released. It was UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com 03 Se RUC ROL] Bore cet nt) EB cyt There are just over 5,000 US troops in Iraq, part of the Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve, which was set up in 2014 to tackle the Islamic State group after it had captured a large swathe of Syria and Iraq, There are about a dozen primary member countries, and scores more providing non- combat support. The main focus of the task force is to train and equip Iraqi forces. On Sunday, Iraqi MPs passed a non-binding resolution calling for foreign troops to leave in the wake of Soleimani's assassination. President Trump then threatened severe sanctions against Iraq if US troops left. "We have a very extraordinarily expensive airbase that's there. It cost billions of dollars to build. We're not leaving unless they pay us back for it," he told reporters. For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comWeeks UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com jeekly HSM CSS Times MAIN STORIES. 04 January 1 to7 being circulated for input, including from with the Iraqis, but gave no details. Iraqis. BBC defence correspondent Jonathan Beale [The letter] was sent over to some key Iraqi _said he had been told by a coalition source military guys in order to get things co- that the letter was to let the Iraqis know the ordinated for air movements, etc. Then it went from that guy’s hands to another guy's hands and then it went to your hands. Now it's a kerfuffle.” joa reiterated that US troops were Not sources, telling separate reporters that the So what is happening? move was to “thin out" the Baghdad Gen Milley said the issue was being "worked" Personnel. US was moving troops out of the Green Zone to provide protection elsewhere and did not mean a withdrawal This has been backed up by other coalition Who is Esmail Qaani? The new man leading Iran's Iran’s Qaani elite military force New Militia Leader with Close Ties to Soleimani Following the assassination Mr Qaani became the new chief of Iran's elite Quds force. oeeeD Cry Esmail Qaani Rota err) f ae’ pomgres | \ i be A Quds is the overseas arm of Iran's Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC), set up in the wake of the Iranian revolution in 1979 to defend the country's Islamic system. Mr Qaani, 63, was born in the north-eastern city of Mashad, Iran's second most populous city and an important pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims. He joined the IRGC in 1980. Like Soleimani, Mr Qaani is a veteran of the bloody 1980- 1988 Iran-Iraq war, which pitted performed more of a day-to-day, administrative role in the the forces of the new Iranian _ forces. In a mark of his seniority in the organisation, Mr government against those of __Qaani was sanctioned by the US in 2012 for his work funding then Iraqi President Saddam the Quds operations around the world. Hussein: Soleimani worked to bolster the Iranian state's influence in the Middle East, playing an active role in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon Mr Qaaniis also said to have —_and Yemen. For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com MAIN STORIES... 05. Weekly HSM CSS Times What the world could lose in an Iran conflict As tensions escalate between the U.S. and Iran, significant cultural heritage sites could become collateral damage. President Trump's weekend series of tweets warning that the U.S. will target Iranian cultural sites ("...those targets, and Iran itself, WILL BE HIT VERY FAST AND VERY HARD," he wrote) prompted many commentators to call the announcement what it actually is—a threat to commit war crimes. There are 22 UNESCO World Heritage cultural sites in Iran, ranging from the great capitals of the Persian Empire to Christian monasteries and Sufi religious centers. (For comparison, the U.S. has only 12 cultural sites ‘on the World Heritage list). At this time, President Trump has not explicitly stated which—if any—of these Iranian cultural sites he plans to target. Following Trump's tweets on Sunday, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo did not expressly endorse the president's threats to attack sites portant to Iran & [sic] the Iranian culture,” but said that "We're going to do the things that are right and the things that are consistent with American law," and that targets will be “lawful” The protection of cultural heritage is enshrined in the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, and the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage—international conventions that both the U.S. and Iran are signatory to. (Many argue that the 1954 Hague Convention has its, origins in an earlier, uniquely American document signed into law by Abraham Lincoln at the height of the Civil War. The Lieber Code states in part: Classical works of art, libraries, scientific collections, or precious instruments, such as astronomical telescopes, as well as hospitals, must be secured against all avoidable injury, even when they are contained in fortified places whilst besieged or bombarded.) Hours after Pompeo's statements, Trump questioned the validity of the 1954 Hague Convention to reporters aboard Air Force One: “[Iran is] allowed to torture and maim our people. They're allowed to use roadside bombs and blow up our people. And we're not allowed to touch their cultural site? It doesn't work that way.” There's a good reason why cultural heritage is explicitly protected during times of war: The physical objects and monuments that reflect the values of a community or culture provide a critical sense of cohesion and continuity. Destroying these monuments is an act of erasing human identity. This is why the Islamic State specifically targeted Muslim monuments of religious groups they fought against. This is why Serbian forces bombed Sarajevo's National Library. And we're reminded how wrenching these losses can be even in peace time with the burning of Notre Dame and Brazil's National Museum. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.commais cus 2019-20 CadUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 CURRENT AFFAIRS Army Act Amendment Bill 2020 approved in National Assembly National Assembly of Pakistan on Tuesday (Jan 7, 2020) has passed a crucial law which will ensure the ‘controversial, extension of Pakistan Army Chief General Qamar Javed Bajwa for an another three years. The lower house in the presence of Pakistan Prime Minister passed three separate bills to amend the Pakistan Army Act 195 Pakistan Air Force Act 1953 and Pakiste Navy Ordinance 1961, allowing for Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | extension in tenure of three service: reported APP, Pakistan's official ney agency. The new law limiting the maximum age and tenure of the country armed forces’ chiefs is a significant move to ensure ‘seamless’ extension of armed forces chiefs whenever necessary to do so by the elected government. ‘The legislation came after the supreme court last year challenged Prime Minist decision to extend the appointment of army 1 For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com HSM CSS chief General Qamer Javed Bajwa, 59, by a further three years. The court also gave six- month extension to General Bajwa on the condition that the law must be approved in the parliament. It means that no General Bajwa's extension will get through and he will continue to serve for another three years. The legislation also sets a maximum age of 64 for the chiefs of the army, air force and navy. They normally retire at the age of 60 but now will be able to serve until the age of 64 if they are given extension by the government. The bill will be tabled in the Senate (the Upper House of the parliament), where it is expected to pass smoothly before being, signed into law by the Pakistan President. What is the new law The three bills introduced in the House were Pakistan Army (Amendment) Bill 2020, Pakistan Air force (Amendment) Bill 2020 and Pakistan Navy (Amendment) Bill imes CURRENT AFFAIRS 8 20. These bills also determined the tenure, reappointment or extension in tenure of the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Pakistan Army Amendment According to the statement of objects and reasons of the three bills, the Pakistan Army Amendment Bill 2020 seeks to amend the provisions of the Pakistan Army Act, 1952, so as to empower the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister, to specify the tenure and terms and conditions of service of the Chief of the Army Staff or the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee including the grant of extension and re- appointment of the Chief of the Army Staff or Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Pakistan Air Force Amendment Bill The Pakistan Air Force Amendment Bill 2020 seeks to amend the provisions of the Pakistan Air Force Act, 1953 so as to empower the President, on the advice of the Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times Prime Minister, to specify the tenure and the terms and conditions of service of the Chief of the Air Staff or Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, including the grant of extension, and re-appointment of the Chief of Air Staff or the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Pakistan Navy Amendment Bill The Pakistan Navy Amendment Act 2020 seeks to amend the provisions of the Pakistan Navy Ordinance, 1961 so as to empower the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister, to specify the tenure and the terms and conditions of service of the Chief of the Naval Staff or the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee including the grant of extension, and re-appointment of the Chief of the Naval Staff or the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Why the parliament passes the bills The bills were presented in the National Assembly in light of the Supreme Court's judgement November 28, 2019, passed in the constitution petition No. 39 of 2019. ‘These pieces of legislation, after passage by the Parliament and assented by the President, shall come into force at once and shall be deemed to have taken effect on November 27, 2019. How it works ‘The President appoints the Services Chiefs on the advice of the Prime Minister for a tenure of three years and their tenures would be extendable to further three years. The President on the advice of the Prime Minister would also determine the terms and conditions of the Services Chiefs in the national security interest or exigencies from time to time. Cannot be challenged in the court According to the bills, notwithstanding, anything contained in these acts or any other law, or any order or judgement of any court, the appointment, reappointment or extension of the army, air force or navy chiefs, or the exercise of discretion by the appointing authority in this regard, shall CURRENT AFFAIRS not be called into question before any court on any ground whatsoever. Maximum age According to the bills, the retirement age and service limits prescribed for a General, under the rules and regulations made under the act, shall not be applicable to the Chief of the Army Staff, during his tenure of appointment, reappointment or extension, subject to a maximum age of sixty four years. Throughout such tenure, the Chief of the Army Staff shall continue to serve as a General in the Pakistan Army. The retirement age and service limits prescribed for an Air Chief Marshal, under the Rules and Regulations made under the act shall not be applicable to the Chief of the Air Staff, during his tenure of appointment, reappointment or extension, subject to a maximum age of sixty four years. Throughout such tenure, the Chief of the Air Staff shall continue to serve as an Air Chief Marshal in the Pakistan Air Force. The retirement age and service limits prescribed for an Admiral, under the rules and regulations made under this ordinance, shall not be applicable to the Chief of the Naval Staff, during his tenure of appointment, reappointment or extension, subject to a maximum age of sixty four years, Throughout such tenure, the Chief of the Naval Staff shall continue to serve as an Admiral in the Pakistan Navy. The President may on the advice of the Prime Minister appoint a Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from among Generals in the Pakistan Army, Admirals in the Pakistan Navy, or Air Chief Marshals in the Pakistan Air Force for a tenure of three years ‘The term for a military chief is supposed to be three years, but Bajwa was the latest in a long line of generals to see their tenure extended. Bajwa was appointed to lead the military in 2016, taking over from the General Raheel Sharif. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comPakistan & WorldUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com s CURRENT AFFAIRS On January 1, 2020, Pakistan and India exchanged their nuclear installations under an agreement that prevents them from attacking atomic facilities. The practice is being followed for 29 years for now. Highlights India and Pakistan exchanged the list of nuclear installations under the Agreement on Prohibition of attack against nuclear installations. The exchange was done based on diplomatic channels simultaneously in Islamabad and New Delhi. The first of the exchange took place on January 1,1992 Agreement on Prohibition of attack against Nuclear Installations ‘The agreement was signed between Pakistan Prime Minister Shaheed Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto and Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi. It was signed on December 31,1988. Signed: December 31, 1988 (Islamabad) Instruments of Ratification Exchanged: December 1990 (Entry into Force) The Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Government of the Republic of India, hereinafter referred to as the Contracting Parties, reaffirming their commitment to durable peace and the development of friendly and harmonious bilateral relations; conscious of the role of confidence building measures in promoting such bilateral relations based on mutual trust and goodwill; have agreed as follows: 1. (1) Each party shall refrain from undertaking, encouraging or participating in, directly or indirectly, any action aimed at causing the destruction of, or damage to, any nuclear installation or facility in the other country. (2) The term "nuclear installation or facility” includes nuclear power and research reactors, fuel fabrication, uranium enrichment, isotopes separation and reprocessing facilities as well as any other installations with fresh or irradiated nuclear fuel and materials in any form and establishments storing significant quantities of radio-active materials. CURRENT AFFAIRS 2. Each Contracting Party shall inform the other on ist January of each calendar year of the latitude and longitude of its nuclear installations and facilities and whenever there is any change. 3. This Agreement is subject to ratification. It shall come into force with effect from the date on which the Instruments of Ratification are exchan; Done at Islamabad on this Thirty-first day of December 1988, in, two copies each in Urdu, Hindi and English, the English text being authentic in case of any difference or dispute of interpretation. [Signed:] Humayun Khan Foreign Secretary Islamic Republic of Pakistan K.P.S. Menon Foreign Secretary Republic of India The India-Pakistan Non-Attack Agreement is a unique bilateral agreement that expands, in a sense, the scope of Articles 56 and 15 of the first and second protocols to the Geneva Convention. These articles state, "Works or installations containing dangerous forces, namely dams, dykes and nuclear electrical generating stations, shall not be made the object of attack, even where these objects are military objectives, if such attack may cause the release of Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | 12 For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com HSM CSS Times ry 1 to7 dangerous forces and consequent severe losses among the civilian population." Provisions ‘The agreement provides for refraining from undertaking, encouraging, or participating in, directly or indirectly, any action aimed at causing destruction or damage to any nuclear installation or facility in each country. It describes a nuclear installation or facility and requires each party to inform the other of the precise locations (latitude and longitude) of installations and facilities by 1 January of each calendar year and whenever there is any change. The agreement does not provide for detailed disclosures of nuclear-related activities. The agreement defines nuclear installation or facilities against which attack is prohibited as "nuclear power and research reactors, fuel fabrication, uranium enrichment, isotopes separation and reproce: facilities as well as any other installations with fresh or irradiated nuclear fuel and materials in any form and establishments storing significant quantities of radioactive materials." CURRENT AFFAIRS 3 India has consistently proposed extending the agreement to include non-attack on civilian and economic targets, but Pakistan has continuously rejected these proposals. However, India’s recent draft nuclear doctrine involves a deterrent capability based on unacceptable damage to an opponent; thus, the likelihood of expanding the agreement to include counter-value (non-military) targets may now be small. Starting in January 1992, India and Pakistan have exchanged lists of their respective civilian nuclear-related facilities. However, each side has questioned the completeness of the other's list. Verification and Compliance The Agreement requires an annual exchange of lists detailing the location of all nuclear-related facilities in each country. The measure further pledges both sides not to attack listed facilities. Though lists of nuclear facilities have been exehanged each year, the definition of nuclear facilities to be declared is unclear. There are no compliance measures in this Agreement. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.coma a EUR ats * , 2016-2019 =o eons a3 poop . F, : € ae oy rn * ee HM nil lL oT me TeWeekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 CSS Times Pakistan at a glance National Assembly approves services chiefs’ tenure bills The National Assembly on Tuesday approved three bills regarding the tenure of the services chiefs — chief of army staff, chief of air staff and chief of naval staff — and the chairman of the joint chief of staff committee. The three bills are: the Pakistan Army (Amendment) Bill 2020, the Pakistan Air Force (Amendment) Bill 2020 and the Pakistan Navy (Amendment) Bill 2020. The Supreme Court had while deciding on the legal challenge to the second tenure for Chief of Army Staff (COAS) Gen Qamar Bajwa asked the government to define the tenure, terms and conditions of service of the army chief and to get their approval from the parliament within six months. In an unusual haste, the federal cabinet had approved the proposed amendments at an emergency session last Wednesday. UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com PAKISTAN & WORLD 15 The extension conundrum Prime Minister Imran Khan had previously extended Gen Bajwa's tenure through a notification in August 2019, but the top court suspended it on Nov 26, 2019, due to irregularities in the manner of extension. After three days of heightened uncertainty, the apex court, through a short order on Nov 28, 2019, had announced that Gen Bajwa would remain the COAS for another six months during which the parliament would legislate on the army chief's extension/reappointment. In its detailed verdict released on Dec 16, 2019, the top court had emphasised that it was up to the parliament to carry out legislation that would provide "certainty and predictability” to the post of the COAS for all times to come. ‘Pakistan will not become part of US-Iran conflict’: Foreign Minister Qureshi Pakistan will not take sides in the escalating confrontation between neighboring Iran and the United States, its foreign minister said on Monday, following the killing of Iranian military commander Qasem Soleimani in a US drone strike. The killing puts Pakistan, which is majority Sunni Muslim but has a largely Shiite minority and is anxious to avoid any regional upheaval, ina sensitive position. An ally of Saudi Arabia, Tehran’s arch regional foe, Pakistan has a complex relationship with Iran, with which it shares a long border. Imran Chishti, the man who incited Nankana Sahib Gurdwara violence arrested: The main culprit of the Nankana Sahib Gurdwara incident who incited violence against Sikhs, Imran Chisti was arrested by police on Sunday. The arrest comes after the police faced flak for not taking action against Chishti, who comfortably sitting at his home released an apology video following the incident. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 Cabinet approves amendment to Army Act: The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved an amendment to the Army Act in light of the directions given by the Supreme Court last month in a case pertaining to the extension in tenure of Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Qamar Javed Bajwa. Pakistan shares list of 282 Indian prisoners with New Delhi: Pakistan on Wednesday shared a list of 282 Indian prisoners in the country with the High Commission of India in Islamabad. According to a statement issued by the Foreign Office, Indian prisoners include 55 civilians and 227 fishermen UAE Crown Prince to visit Pakistan tomorrow ‘to further strengthen bonds of friendship’ : Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan will arrive in Islamabad tomorrow (Thursday) for a day- long visit "to further strengthen the bonds of friendship between the two brotherly countries", according to a statement by the UAE Ambassador in Islamabad. \ [ yi Miele K-P urged to follow KSA in ending child marriages: With Saudi Arabia moving to prohibit child marriages, the provincial government must also follow its lead and pass legislation which bars under-age marriages. Pak-China FTA Phase-II comes into effect: The Phase-II of Pakistan-China Free Trade Agreement (FTA) came into effect on Wednesday after the issuance of the Statutory Regulatory Orders (SRO) to implement the protocol agreed between the two countries. PAKISTAN & WORLD 16 PSL 2020 set to begin on February 20: The schedule for the much anticipated fifth edition of the Pakistan Super League was released by the Pakistan Cricket Board on Wednesday, with the series set to take off on February 20. Phase-2 of Sino-Pak free trade pact goes live: The new phase will allow Pakistani manufacturers and traders to export around 313 new products to the Chinese market with zero duties. 16 govt bills, 40 resolutions passed by Sindh Assembly in 2019 : According to the rules of procedures of the provincial legislature, it has to remain in session for at least 100 days a year. The present mandate of the assembly was formed on Aug 13, 2018; thus, it has passed more than 16 out of 60 months of its legitimate life. Inflation clocks in at 12.63pc in December : Pakistan's inflation rate slightly eased to 12.63 per cent in December from 12.7pc last month but still scaled the highest Govt to give Rs204bn Sukkur-Hyderabad Motorway to private sector on BOT basis : The government decided to handover Rs204 billion worth of Sukkur-Hyderabad Motorway to the private sector to finance, build and operate it for 25 years and sought expedited mineral development through coordinated guidance to the provinces. Abu Dhabi announces $200m for SMEs : Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohamed Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.commes. bin Zayed has announced an allocation of $200 million to support small and medium- sized enterprises in Pakistan Pakistan exporters hope to benefit from US-China tiff: Pakistani exporters are hoping to gain a major share in the world’s textile market, amid an ongoing trade war between the US and China, as they gear up for the Heimtextil 2020. Military training programme for Pakistan resumed to strengthen defence cooperation: US : President Donald Trump authorised the resumption of Pakistan's participation in a US military training and educational programme in order to strengthen military-to-military cooperation on shared priorities and "advance US national security”. Washington also has credited Islamabad with helping to facilitate negotiations on a US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan. Gas crisis: SNGPL to refund Rs513mn to gas consumers: The Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) has announced that it will refund Rs513 million to its consumers in cases where the site pressure was lower than the billing pressure. In March 2019, the prime minister had also directed the Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) to refund the excess amount charged to the customers under the pretext of gas charges. Sea Guardians 2020: Pakistan, China hold sixth bilateral naval exercise: The sixth bilateral exercise between the Pakistan and Chinese naval forces began on Monday. Titled Sea Guardians 2020, the exercises boasts Chinese warships and fleet tanks as their marine forces participate as well. The exercise was aimed at an exchange of professional experiences against maritime threats and naval cooperation. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com PAKISTAN & WORLD Rocket attack on Baghdad airport; top Iran commander killed At least eight people were killed as rockets hit Baghdad airport on Friday. The Iraqi military said three rockets hit the international airport in Baghdad, “The deputy head of the Hashed, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, and head of the Quds Force, Qasem Soleimani, were killed in a US strike that targeted their car on the Baghdad International Airport road," Hashed said in a statement. Thousands gather to pay homage to slain Iran general Soleimani in Tehran Iran's military commander Qasem Soleimani who was killed in a US drone attack on Friday was brought to Tehran early on Monday morning as mourners packed the streets. Thousands of people gathered at Tehran University with people holding portraits of the slain Iranian general. us ises Russia, China at UN over failure to condemn Baghdad embassy attack The United States on Monday hit out at China and Russia over its reported failure to For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com S Times condemn the Baghdad embassy attack last week. “Not allowing the United Nations Security Council to issue the most basic of statements underscoring the inviolability of diplomatic and consular premises once again calls the council's credibility into question,” the United States said in a statement. Bangladesh court orders government to ban single-use plastics: Bangladesh's high court ordered the government Monday to introduce steps by next year broadly banning single-use plastics following a landmark case brought by environmental groups. Pollution from single- use plastics is a major problem in Bangladesh, where nearly 170 million people live in a tiny sliver of low-lying land crisscrossed by hundreds of rivers and tributaries. SpaceX launches third batch of mini- satellites into orbit SpaceX launched 60 mini-satellites into orbit, the third batch to do so, in the company’s bid to build a constellation of spacecraft to facilitate the creation of a global internet system, The satellites were launched from _PAKISTAN & WORLD ~ 8 Cape Canaveral, Florida at 02.19 GMT. The separation from a Falcon 9 rocket was successful on the stretch between Australia and Antarctica. British MPs scrutinise Brexit deal as January 31 deadline nears: British MPs on Tuesday resume scrutiny of Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Brexit deal as he races to get it ratified in time for Britain to leave the European Union on January 31. After his stunning victory in last month's general election, Johnson is expected to have little trouble getting the legislation enshrining his EU divorce terms through parliament. China eyes increased ties with Kiribati, site of space tracking station Beijing's growing influence may stroke US anxieties deeper as China on Monday hoped to expand its newly restored ties with the pacific state of strategic but mothballed Chinese space tracking station, Kiribati, as per reports. A senior Chinese diplomat said Beijing was “open' to all sorts of projects in Kiribati, an ex-British colony made up mainly of atolls in Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comWeekly HSM CSS domme Janua the central Pacific, in waters dominated by the United States and its allies since World War Two. As 24 die in Australia bushfires, #PrayforAustralia trends in Twitter As 24 people were killed in massive bushfires that caused great damage in Australia, #prayforAustralia trends on Twitter as netizens sought to turn world's attention towards massive crisis. People in social media also shared images of koalas and other animals who have been severely affected by the fires. Nearly, half of Australia's disease- free koala population feared dead in the huge fires. European U mi n invites Iranian foreign ister Zarif to Brussels amid rising jiddle East tension Amid simmering tension in the Middle East following the assassination of Qasem Suleimani, the 62-year-old head of Iran's Quds Force, and one of the most powerful men in the Middle East, Iran's foreign minister has been invited to Brussels, the European Union said Sunday. The EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell made the offer to Mohammad Javad Zarif during a telephone call this weekend, a press release said. UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com PAKISTAN & WORLD 19 Iran will respond to Soleimani killing ‘any time, in any manner’: Foreign Minister Zarif Iran will respond to the United States killing of Iranian Quds force chief Qassem Soleimani "any time and in any manner’, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif said on Friday Vanuary 3). US to target 52 Iranian sites if Americans are attacked: Donald Trump US President Donald Trump warned Iran on Sunday that the United States is targetting 52 sites in Iran and asserted of hitting them "very fast and very hard” if threats to the US are not stopped. Taking to Twitter, Trump said Iran is talking very boldly about targetting "US assets" after the killing of top commander Qasem Soleimani 1am prepared to testify in Trump impeachment trial: John Bolton Former US national security adviser(NSA) John Bolton in a statement said that if the US Senate issues a subpoena for his testimony in President impeachment proceedings. Bolton was fired as NSA by President Trump last September. The White House had earlier claimed “executive privilege" to prevent Mick Mulvaney, Bolton, Michael Duffey and Robert Blair from testifying before the House. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com mes Portugal best country to retire; Mala Vietnam top in Asia: Study An international magazine in its annual global retirement index has rated Malaysia and Vietnam in Asia among the top-10 nations to retire abroad. The International Living magazine rated Portugal as the top country to retire citing pleasant climate with an "affordable lifestyle” along with quality healthcare, safety rate and "excellent food and wine". The survey also pointed out that "Portugal is the second least expensive country in Europe” making it an ideal country to finaily retire. The magazine ranked Malaysia in number seven due to its "idyllic beaches" with the language being an easy mechanism of communication since English was the “unofficial” first language. Cheap food and low living costs counted in Malaysia's favour with affordable medical care being another factor that helped the country to rank among the best retirement destinations in the world. Venezuela's ruling Socialists seize congress, defiant opposition re-elects Guaido: Venezuela's socialist government installed a new head of Congress on Sunday after armed troops blocked opposition legislators from entering parliament, in a move condemned by dozens of nations as an assault on democracy. Troops with riot shields blocked opposition leader Juan Guaido from entering parliament for what was expected to be his re-election as head of Congress, at one point pulling him PAKISTAN & WORLD off the compound's iron railings after he tried to push past security forces. The blockade allowed the ruling Socialist Party to hand the post to legislator Luis Parra, who was recently expelled by an opposition party over corruption allegations. Hyundai is set to make flying cars Hyundai announced Monday it would mass- produce flying cars for Uber's aerial rideshare network set to deploy in 2023. The South Korean manufacturer said it would produce the four-passenger electric "vertical take-off and landing vehicles" at "automotive scale,” without offering details. The deal announced at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas could help Uber, which is working with other aircraft manufacturers, to achieve its goal of deploying air taxi service in a handful Of cities by 2023. Lebanon receives Interpol arrest warrant for Carlos Ghosn Lebanon received an Interpol arrest warrant on Thursday for fugitive former Nissan boss Carlos Ghosn, while Turkey launched an Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com mes investigation into his daring escape from Japan. Ghosn has become an international fugitive after he revealed on Tuesday he had fled to Lebanon to escape what he called a “rigged justice system in Japan. a’ i Sebastian Kurz-led conservatives to form coalition government with Greens in Austria Austria's conservatives led by Sebastian Kurz ‘on Wednesday agreed to form an unprecedented coalition government with the Greens, capping almost three months of negotiations. The polls were triggered after a corruption scandal engulfed Kurz's far-right ally after just 18 months in government together, during which the 33-year-old had carefully cultivated his image as a hardliner ‘on immigration, =~ = >. il Taiwan's top military commander killed in helicopter crash Taiwan top military commander died in a chopper crash after the helicopter made an emergency landing in the mountainous northern area near Taipei. The country’s defence ministry said seven others were also Killed in the crash. Chief of general staff PAKISTAN & WORLD General Shen Yi-ming, 62, was killed after the UH-60M Black Hawk helicopter crashed, Taiwan's defence ministry said. Authorities said at least five people trapped inside the wreckage were rescued North Korea threatens to resume nuclear testing, introduce ‘new strategic weapon’ North Korea's leader plans to further develop nuclear programmes and to introduce a "new strategic weapon” in the near future, state media said on Wednesday, but he left room for dialogue with the United States after it ignored a year-end deadline he had set for talks. “The world will witness a new strategic weapon to be possessed by the DPRK in the near future,” Kim said, using the initials for North Korea's official name the Democratic People's Republic ofKorea ad Puerto Rico earthquake: Punta Ventana collapses as powerful tremor hits A popular tourist rock formation in Puerto Rico has collapsed after a strong earthquake shook the island, damaging homes and causing power cuts. The stone arch, known as Punta Ventana, was destroyed on Monday, Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com mes when the earthquake hit. The 5.8-magnitude quake struck at a depth of 6km (3.7 miles), off the Caribbean island's southern coast. No tsunami alerts were issued and no casualties have been reported Mexico's war on drugs: More than 60,000 people ‘disappeared’ More than 60,000 people have disappeared in Mexico since the start of the country's war on drugs in 2006, according to authorities. The number is far higher than previous estimates of around 40,000.0n top of this, more than 31,000 people were murdered in the country last year alone. Around 53% of those who disappeared were between the ages of 15 and 35, and 74% were men, officials said Fire at London's iconic KOKO nightclub A fire started on Monday night at London's KOKO club, a landmark of the city’s nightlife, and was controlled by the London Fire Brigade. The fire started shortly before 9PM GMT at the Camden venue, the London Fire Brigade said. Flames spread to "30% of the roof”, the Brigade said PAKISTAN& WORLD =—s_—(§$*—sFSKXwk_ RD, Israel, Greece and Cyprus sign deal for EastMed gas pipeline serena Greece, Cyprus and Israel have signed a deal for a pipeline designed to move gas from the eastern Mediterranean to Europe. The EastMed line is intended to provide an alternative gas source for energy-hungry Europe. The 2,000-kilometre pipeline will transfer up to 12 billion cubic metres a year from offshore gas reserves between Israel and Cyprus to Greece, and then onto other countries in southeast Europe. It's expected to provide around 10% of the EU's natural gas needs. The move comes amid tensions with Turkey over its own activities in the area. The discovery of hydrocarbon reserves in the eastern Mediterranean has sparked a scramble for the energy riches in the region. ‘loud Seeding’ to halt rain, floods death toll rises to 43 Indonesia will carry out cloud seeding on Friday in a bid to prevent further rainfall over the capital Jakarta, after deadly flash floods and landslides following some of the heaviest rains ever recorded. The death toll in Jakarta and surrounding areas rose to 43 as of Friday, the country's disaster mitigation agency said, while tens of thousands of people have been displaced. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comand all other competitive exams ee sc kel One S Drove acts GENERAL enon aig Meets (MCQs) en tas bal 9 ¥ Fi Nea 2 “i ae a Bee > ~ pginer Shaki a oie remota &0 Pet eS B® Buy Online www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 The 77th Golden Globe Awards are taking place at The Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles, California. The awards tonight celebrate the absolute best in Hollywood, television, film and digital. Once Upon A Time In Mumbai picked up the Best Screenplay - Motion Picture at the 77th Golden Globe Awards. Olivia Colman's The Crown lost the Best Television Series Drama to HBO's Succession. Desi Girl Priyanka Chopra with husband Nick Jonas presented the Golden Globe for Best Television Series - Musical or Comedy - to Fleabag. Tom Hanks was honoured with the Cecil B deMille award for outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment, while Ellen deGeneres was honoured with the Carol Burnett award for life achievement in television. ake a list at the winners announced so far: Best Motion Picture (Drama) 1917 - WINNER Best Motion Picture (Musical/Comedy) Once Upon a Time in Hollywood - WINNER Golden Globes AWARDS 24 2020 winners Best Motion Picture (Animated) Missing Link - WINNER Best Actor in a Motion Picture (Drama) Joaquin Phoenix, Joker - WINNER Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama) Renée Zellweger, Judy - WINNER Best Actor in a Motion Picture (Musical/Comedy) Taron Egerton, Rocketman - WINNER Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Musical/Comedy) Awkwafina, The Farewell - WINNER. Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Laura Dern, Marriage Story - WINNER Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly M CSS Times UN INTERNATIONAL DAYS January 1 to, Braille (named after its inventor in abe Aa Celera Louis Braille) is a code formed by dots that can World Braille Day World Braille Day is annually celebrated on January 4, the birthday of Braille inventor, Louis Braille. The day recognizes the contributions of Louis Braille in helping blind and visually impaired people to read and write. Highlights The World Braille Day is celebrated by the United Nations and also by other world organizations. In November 2018, the UN passed a resolution in order to celebrate the day. The day was first celebrated on January 4, 2019. The World Braille Day spreads awareness about Braille script and other accessible forms of communication. Ma be read with the fingers, usually its intended to people who are blind. JANUARY 4 WORLD aN DAY establishments like banks, hospitals and restaurants fail to print their materials in Braille script. This creates difficulties for visually impaired people. The day marks such difficulties. and spreads awareness of their importan Louis Braille Louis Braille was born in Coupvray, France. He lost both his eyes at the age of 3. This was the prime reason behind Braille inventing the 6- dot language called Braille. Challenges in the use of Braille Many schools do not offer literacy There are many countries in the world that have not included Braille in their educational curriculum. According to the WHO, there are around 2.2 billion people in the world with vision impairment. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www. mpublishers.comand all other competitive exams Solved MCQs200 rao Wd r 250 wf Buy Online www.hsmpublishers.com m Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore LLL UE Lt Beye sere d iar Bey PayeCeE aTUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 107 2020YEAR OF UN International Year 2 THE NURSE & MIDWIFE Nurses and midwives play a vital role in providing health services. These are the people who devote their lives to caring for mothers and children; giving lifesaving immunizations and health advice; looking after older people and generally meeting everyday essential health needs. They are often, the first and only point of care in their communities. The world needs 9 million more nurses and midwives if it is to achieve universal health coverage by 2030. In the honor of 200tn birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale, the World Health Organization designated the year 2020 as the "Year of Nurse and Midwife". Highlights This year, WHO is to focus on nursing and midwifery in order to achieve Universal Health Coverage. The organization is leading the development of "World Nursing Report" that is to be launched in 2020. The report is first of its kind. The year is being dedicated to the midwifery as well as WHO is also a partner of The State of the World's Midwifery Campaign. WHO is to launch the reports prior to 73ru session of WHO which is to be held in Geneva between February 3 and 8, 2020? Nursing education and organizations Pakistan is facing an acute shortage of nurses and requires 1.3 million more to fill the void. Pakistani educational system included these nursing institutes:' L 2. Es School of Nursing, Christian hospital Quetta Karachi King's (K.K) School & College of Nursing, Karachi. New Life School & College of Nursing, Karachi. . New Life Institute of Nursing, Multan . People's Nursing School, LUMHS Jamshoro . Jamshoro College of Nursing, Jamshoro (JCON) . College of Nursing, PIMS Islamabad constitute college of Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University Islamabad . College of Nursing Nursing, JPMC, Karachi affiliated with Liaquat Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times UN International Year January 1 to7 University of Medical and Health Sciences 18. Shifa College of Nursing Islamabad Jamshoro 19. Liaquat National College of Nursing, 9. Institute of Nursing Nursing at Dow Karachi affiliated with Liaquat University of Health Sciences University of Medical and Health Karachi Sciences Jamshoro 10. Aga Khan University School of 20.Lahore School of Nursing, The Nursing," University of Lahore 11, Institute of Nursing Sciences, Khyber 21. College of Nursing, Allama Iqbal Medical University Peshawar Medical College, Lahore 12. Pakistan Institute of Medical 22, College of Nursing, Isra University Sciences School of Nursing." Karachi 1g. Institute of Nursing Dow University 23. College of Nursing, Zia Ud Din Of Health Sciences, Karachi University 14. the Ilmiya Institute of Nursing, 24. Institute of nursing sciences Khyber Karachi affiliated with Liaquat Medical University Peshawar University of Medical and Health 25. People SON LUMS, Jamshoro Sciences Jamshoro 26. Life saving institute of Nursing 15. Karachi Adventist College of Nursing Karachi 16. Sachal Sarmast Institute of Nursing, 27. Rufaidah nursing college peshawar Khair Pur Mir's .A project of Peshawar Medical 17. Mehran School of Nursing, Khairpur college (pme) affiliated with Ripah Mirs International University, Islamabad. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com_UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times UN International Year 0 Institute 29.College of Nursing, Saida Waheed FMH Pakistan has established professional nursing organizations. The Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC), established in 1948 and formally constituted by Acts in 1952 and 1973, certifies nurses, midwives, Lady Health Visitors (LHVs), Licensed Practical Nurses and Nursing Auxiliaries for practice. The PNC has involvement in improving and standardizing public education and clinical nursing standards. They also oversee the ethical standards and general welfare of nurses. The PNC inspects and approves nursing schools. This Council also approv' education programs and has the authority to examine, register and enrol nurses, midwives and nurs iliaries of nursing council. The Council provides licenses to the nursing agencies and monitors nursing employers. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was an English Social reformer born in 1820. She organized camps for wounded as a manager of nurs War. Florence Nightingale's two greatest life achievements--pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals--were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. It was her Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics from her father and aunt, and some references also claim she was tutored in mathematics by James Sylvester (although there seems to be no documentary evidence of this). In 1854, after a year as a unpaid superintendent of a London "establishment for gentlewomen during illness," the Secretary of War, Sidney Herbert, recruited Nightingale and 38 nurses for service in. Scutari during the Crimean War. ‘As Nightingale demonstrated, stati provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data and statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nighingale as a "prophetess" in the development of applied statisties. She was called "The Lady with the Lamp" for making rounds on wounded soldiers. Also, the International Nurse Day is being celebrated in her honor. Every year, the day is celebrated on May 12. The day is celebrated by the International Council of Nurses. For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com. a Od sureRIaaass Geog (4 fel ace eLESISUCCESSUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com AGRICULTURE 3 Weekly HSM CSS nies January 1 to? “Vertical Farming: A Silent Revolution in Agriculture Vertical Farming: A Silent Revolution in Agriculture Vertical Farming is the future of agriculture, as human population increase day by day farming area decrease The current world population is 7.7 billion (April 2019). According to the United Nations, the global population is to reach 10 billion by 2050 and therefore the food production should increase by 70%. Whatis Vertical Farming? Vertical Farming is the process of growing agricultural crops in vertical stacks in door, ina controlled environment. It uses the same amount of water as that of regular farming However, the other raw materials consumedby vertical farming is less. According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) of the United Nations, vertical farming consumes 75% less raw material as compared to traditional farming. In terms of land area, vertical farming will require 6 square metres of land space to produce same quantity of food as grown in 72 square metres of land in traditional farming. The idea is flowering in many forms. There's the 12-story triangular building going up in Sweden, where plants will travel on tracks from the top floor to the bottom to take advantage of sunlight and make harvesting easier. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times Benefits Under Vertical Farming, the plants are grown indoors with or without soil. This protects the crops from incessant rains, unruly winds and dry climate. It is well suited for urban areas. The crop yield in vertical farming is more than traditional farming as it adopts two major farming techniques namely hydroponics and aeroponics. Hydroponics and Aeroponics In Hydroponics technique, roots are submerged in water that is infused with nutrients. Aeroponics is a farming method where plants are grown in closed or semi- closed environment with nutrients sprayed in the air. Carbon print The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)'s Emission Gap Report of 2019 says that Agriculture and Transportation are among the five world's biggest emitters of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the carbon print of Vertical Farming is very less. With adaptation of nano cost climate control, low-carbon electricity, high-efficiency lighting, vertical farming achieves low carbon foot print easily. Pakistan's first vertical farm In 2006, Sohail Ahmed's once-booming polyester filament yarn plant closed down due to a worldwide recession, alongside lawlessness and a power crisis at home, in Pakistan's seaside metropolis of Karachi. Twelve years later, Anmed has converted the top floor of the old yarn factory into a futuristic farm, with kale, rosemary and dozens of other vegetables growing vertically under the purple glow of LED lights. Pakistan's first urban vertical farm is a commercial venture, with the produce being supplied to some of the city's finest restaurants and supermarkets. But the use of hydroponics, where plants grow in nutrient solution instead of traditional soil, and where water is continuously recycled, contributes toward eco-friendly practices by using 90 percent less water than field farming, using no pesticides and omitting gas emissions AGRICULTURE involved in the long transportation routes from rural to urban centers- all leading to the freshest greens in the city. Vacant urban lots are often victim to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes, They are also liable to accumulate standing water and ‘grey water’, which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods. The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals, In the process known as Phytoremediation, plants and the associated micro organisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil. Several chemicals can be targeted for removal including heavy metals (e.g. mercury and lead) inorganic compounds (e.g. arsenic and uranium), and organic Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com4 Best Agriculture & Forestry MCQs Book For ta | CSS/PCS/PMS and Other Competitive Exams NN KS x iy Si S iS i) 5 iy 7 ew, oa: To Panel Praia L " iS Ettzisuccess Aad ne Multiple Choice QuestionsUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Aiea wi waa clic Australia Fires Map: Where are the Fires in Australia Now? Australians are bracing for an unpredictable night as fires are expected to worsen with additional high temperatures and strong winds. To date, 24 people have tragically lost their lives due to the Australia fires raging across the country since September, as firefighters battle to contain the dangerous blazes. Australia Fires Map Killer fires are continuing to ravage Australia with people fleeing New South Wales where a week-long state of emergencyisin force. Australians are bracing for a dangerous and unpredictable night as fires are set to worsen and intensify. New South Wales Transport Minister Andrew Constance compared the bushfires to "an atomic bomb.” The raging bushfires have turned the sky bright orange over Auckland in New Zealand - more than 1,200 miles away. __ENVIRONMENT —_—_—_—s Soaring temperatures and strong winds have already destroyed 2,000 homes and have burnt about five million hectares of land. Since the start of September, fires in Australia have killed at least 24 people. DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE ALERTS anoccaow-« yu 00 Dozens of people are also missing and some 1,500 homes have been lost in the fires. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comWeekly HSM CSS Times What Has Happened So Far? January 2020 § UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com ENVIRONMENT 35 On January 5, New South Wales Transport Minister Andrew Constance compared the bushfires to "an atomic bomb." On January 4, Australians are bracing for a dangerous and unpredictable night as bushfires are expected to worsen. A mass evacuation took place on January 3 as around 1,000 people in Mallacoota, Victoria, who were sheltering on beaches. were ferried to the town of Western Port. On January 3, a farmer spotted a creepy devil face looming in the clouds. above a forest blaze - he said: "I'm not really into hokey pokey spooky stuff but there's a big devil face right in the § § The first day of the year saw Aussies face a "humanitarian crisis" as food, water and fuel began to run out while bushfires continued to spread. December 2019 In more devastating news, it was fire". On January 2 it was announced that the state of New South Wales declared a week-long state of emergency as high temperatures and strong winds are set for the following few days, fuelling the deadly blazes. revealed 30 per cent of koala habitat had been destroyed and experts warned the marsupials could become extinct, § On the same day two volunteer firefighters were tragically killed after a tree fell on their vehicle. What is a Bushfire? Bushfires and grassfires are common throughout Australia. Grassfires are fast moving, passing in five to ten seconds and smouldering for minutes. They have a low to medium intensity and primarily damage crops, livestock and farming infrastructure, such as fences. Bushfires are generally slower moving, but have a higher heat output. This means they pass in two to five minutes, but they can smoulder for days. Fire in the crown of the tree canopy can move rapidly. Bushfires are an intrinsic part of Australia's environment. Natural ecosystems have evolved with fire, and the landscape, along with its biological diversity, has been shaped by both historic and recent fires. Many of Australia's native plants are fire prone and very combustible, while numerous species depend on fire to regenerate. Indigenous Australians have long used fire as a land management tool and it continues to be used to clear land for agricultural purposes and to protect properties from intense, uncontrolled fires. Historically, bushfires have caused loss of life and significant damage to property. While naturally occurring bushfires cannot be averted, their consequences can be minimised by implementing mitigation strategies and reducing the potential impact to areas which are most vulnerable Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE for CSS Dr. Tajamal Dr. Tahir Shabbir Dr. Furqan Ali Khan. Dr. Faizan Ali Khan Dr. Aamina Rao wh Buy Online www.hsmpublishers.comWeekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 § UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com On December 19, five hero firefighters were injured when their tanker was overrun by fire. On December 11, the Rural Fire Service confirmed that 724 homes, 49 facilities and 1582 outbuildings had been destroyed in NSW. November 2019 § Throughout November, 1,228,050 acres of land was destroyed in a bushfire at a national park in NSW. The country saw terrifying apocalyptic scenes as families were trapped inside their homes and skies turned red in November. On 21 November, lightning strikes ignited a series of fires in Victoria. On November 20, a huge blaze broke out on Yorke peninsula, aircraft were scrambled to water bomb the blaze as it crept closer to two local towns. On November 19, Sydney was left “trapped” inside a thick cloud of smoke with dozens of people treated for asthma and breathing problems. And in a shocking rant, disgraced rugby star Israel Folau blamed the country's wildfires on same-sex marriage and abortion. On November 13, a terrifying 600 mile wide wall of flames swept across NSW. The following day, Sydney said they were braced for "catastrophe" and Russell Crowe's mansion came under threat. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | ENVIRONMENT § Andon thesame day in South Australia authorities warned of an "uncontrolled" blaze heading towards homesin the area, § In Queensland, 49,000 acres and six homes were destroyed on November lL October 2019 § October 30 brought heartbreaking news that hundreds of koalas were thought to have been burned alive as fires swept through an important koala breeding ground. § In south-east New South Wales, late October saw the start of a number of bushfires in remote woodland. § These blazes raged on, eventually becoming one massive inferno, dubbed the Wattle Creek Fire. § Several fires also broke out across Tasmania during the month. § Fire crews in Tuncurry attempt to bring a forest fire in the area under control September 2019 § On September 10, a heartbreaking image was circulated online showing a burnt koala shielding her tiny baby from harm. § Andonthe same day, The Sun revealed that I'm A Celebrity could be under threat from the raging wildfires, as they swept dangerously close to the £7million state-of-the-art studio. § On September 9, a blaze on the Sunshine Coast tore through homes. § OnSeptember 8, a historic lodge in the Gold Coast that had stood for 86 years was destroyed in the fires, which had previously razed several homes. § On September 7 a number of out of control blazes threatened townships across South Eastern and Northern Queensland, destroying several homes. § On September 6, northern areas in New South Wales began experiencing bushfires. The blaze carried through until October, tragically killing two. 37 For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com ENVIRONMENT | AUSTRALIA BUSHFIRES MAP Bushfires have torn through Australia, devastating much of the country TN vey oO PTT ae i: Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comEnvironmental We Science MCQs for CSS & all ther Relevant Exams Aamer Shahzad Nh Wali wld wh Buy Online www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1to7 CRIMINOLOGY M Bene aiiatiirey(oyey of White-Collar Giints White-collar crime is a “crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation”. White-collar crime is said to have three characteristics: it is non-violent; it is financially motivated; it is committed by “business and government professionals”. This notion was laid down for the first time in the field of criminology by Prof. Edwin Sutherland in 1941. He defined white collar crime as “crime committed by persons of respectability and high social status in course of their occupation”. Examples of it include fraudulent advertisements, infringement of patents, publication of falsified balance sheet of business, passing of goods, concealment of defects in the commodity for sale etc. These white collar crimes by nature are such that the injury or the damage caused as a consequence of them is so widely diffused in the large body of citizens that their enormity as regards personage victim is almost trifling. Hartung defines a white-collar offense as a violation of law regulating business, which is committed for a firm by the firm or its agents in the conduct of its business.” Followings are the types of White Collar Crime: This often includes but is not limited to health care fraud and tax fraud. An agreement between two parties to set prices for a certain product, thereby violating free market operations. The extortion of money by force or a pattern of criminal activity committed to further the interests of a criminal syndicate. Using a computer or technological devices to commit a crime. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times Jan CRIMINOLOGY Environmental Law Violations Bank Fraud To engage in an act or pattern of activity where the purpose is to defraud a bank of funds. Racketeering The operation of an illegal business for personal profit. Tax Evasion When a person commits fraud in filing or paying taxes. Bribery When money, goods, services, information or anything else of value is offered with intent to influence the actions, opinions, or decisions of the taker. You may be charged with bribery whether you offer the bribe or accept it. Cellular Phone Fraud The unauthorized use, tampering, or manipulation of a cellular phone or service. This can be accomplished by either use of a stolen phone, or where an actor signs up for service under false identification or where the actor clones a valid electronic serial number (ESN) by using an ESN reader and reprograms another cellular phone with a valid ESN number. Cyber Crime Where computer hackers steal information sources contained on computers such as: bank information, credit cards, and proprietary information. Insider Trading When a person uses inside, confidential, or advance information to trade in shares of publicly held corporations. Insurance Fraud To engage in an act or pattern of activity wherein one obtains proceeds from an insurance company through deception. Investment Schemes Where an unsuspecting victim is contacted by the actor who promises to provide a large return on a small investment. Kickback Occurs when a person who sells an item pays back a portion of the purchase price to the buyer. Larceny / Theft When a person wrongfully takes another person's money or property with the intent to appropriate, convert or steal it. Money Laundering The investment or transfer of money from racketeering, drug transactions or other embezzlement schemes so that it appears that its original source either cannot be traced or is legitimate. Telemarketing Fraud Actors operate out of boiler rooms and place telephone calls to residences and corporations where the actor requests a donation to an alleged charitable organization or where the actor requests money up front or a eredit card number up front, and does not use the donation for the stated purpose. Welfare Fraud ‘To engage in an act or acts where the purpose is to obtain benefits (i.e. Public Assistance, Food Stamps, or Medicaid) from the State or Federal Government. Weights and Measures The act of placing an item for sale at one price yet charging a higher price at the time of sale or short weighing an item when the label reflects a higher weight. Embezzlement ‘The taking of someone's property by a person with whom it is entrusted. Larceny Involves taking someone's property without paying for or returning it. Extortion Illegal use of one's official position or powers to obtain property, funds, or patronage; also known as blackmailing. Professor Edwin Sutherland, a sociologist who coined the term “White-Collar Crime”, while disagreeing with certain basic substantive and procedural principles of Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com_UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com criminal law, in his landmark book “White- Collar Crime” published in 1949, dismissed the traditional mens rea (criminal intent) requirement and the presumption of innocence. He suggested that the rule of criminal intent and presumption of innocence are not required in all prosecution in criminal courts and the number of exceptions authorised by statutes is increasing. Sutherland and others, who assume the guilt of much of the business world, believe that the ordinary protections of the law also need not apply to persons involved in business. Conscious of the on-going struggle to perish white collar crimes and eradicate consequent corruption in society, large number of countries persuaded the United Nations to cater to the need, which finally resulted in the U.N. Convention Against Corruption 2003, to which large number of countries, including Pakistan, are signatory to the U.N. Convention Against Corruption 2003. State parties shall consider assisting each other in investigations of and proceedings in civil and administrative matters relating to corruption; as well as affording to one another the widest measure of mutual legal assistance in investigations, prosecutions, and judicial proceedings in relation to the offences covered by the Convention. In Pakistan too, realisation came about the prosecution and punishment of white collar criminals, with the promulgation of National Accountability Bureau (NAB) Ordinance, 1999, Anti-Corruption laws and previously Ehtisab Act, 1997, which primarily catered to the white collar crimes, where the presumption of innocence has been done away with and the onus of proof placed on the accused. The conviction rate at the FIA is 6.6 percent. In 2017, a total of 26,551 complaints were filed with NAB, of which 456 complaints (two percent of the total) were taken to the ‘inquiry stage’. Of the 456 inquiries’, 215 were ‘investigated’. Of the 215 ‘investigations’, a total of 112 were convicted. Corruption Establishment used to take care of the Provincial subjects in their r provinces. National Accountability Bureau (NAB) being a Federal Agency with wide powers and laws having over riding effects was looking after whole of Pakistan. However in 2004 section 409 PPC was deleted from FIA Act and all cases pending Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 in special courts transferred to NAB. Till 2004, the primarily role was to investigate the cases of corruption and white collar crime. In 2004, government transferred Anti-Corruption and Economic Crime functions to the NAB. PAKISTAN PENAL CODE 1860 Section 161 to 165-A Pakistan Penal Code, 1860, Sec 5 of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and Sec 9 of the National ‘Accountability Ordinance, 1999 are the main tools in the hands of enforcement agencies of anti corruption laws. The Provincial Anticorruption Establishment uses the first two sets of laws while the National Accountability Bureau uses the third set of laws. «Section 161 PPC: Public servant taking gratification other than legal remuneration in respect of an official act = Section 162 PPC: Taking gratification, in order, by corrupt or illegal means, to influence public servant + Section 163 PPC: Taking gratification, for exercise of personal influence with public servant + Section 164 PPC: Punishment for abetment by public servant of offences defined in Section 162 or 163 + Section 165 PPC Public servant obtaining valuable thing, without consideration from person concerned in proceeding or business transacted by such public servant + Section 165-A. Punishment for abetment of offences defined in Sections 161 and 165 National Accountability Ordinance (No. XVIII of 1999 ‘The promulgation of National Accountability Ordinance was a step forward to make efforts to eliminate corruption and corrupt practices, to provide effective measures to the society by setting up an institution of National Accountability Bureau. The National Accountability Ordinance repealed the Ehtesab Act 1997, and all the pending proceedings would be transferred to the NAB, from the date of promulgation of the Ordinance. The prevention of Corruption Act was the first legislation in an effort to control/eradicate corruption from the country. This Act is still in force but failed to achieve the objects. Then the Federal Government of Pakistan in November 1999 promulgated the National Accountability Ordinance. The Act was made applicable not only to public servants but its scope was extended to "holders of public office" and "persons" involved in corporate business. The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. (Act V of 1898), shall mutatis mutandis, apply to the proceedings under this Order. the provisions of Chapter XXIIA of the Code shall apply to trials under this Ordinance. Although the Accountability Court may, for reasons to be recorded, dispense with any provision of the Code and follow such procedure as it may deem fit in the circumstances of the case. Increase in industrialisation and manufacturing of almost all products through modern, technical, sophisticated process, inerease in international trade, E- commerce and E-banking resulted in wide range of white collar criminals in the business world, going unpunished, for want of compatible training in investigation and prosecution agencies, left many white-collar crimes without prosecution and punishment. Pakistan also has to consider seriously doing away with the age-old concept of criminal law “presumption of innocence” in the light of the development taking place in the legal systems in various countries and the recognition given by the courts to hold the influential and powerful accountable. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comHSM New: Arrival new [Tg Avy rer: CSS Past Papers CSSmca COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Solved MCQs with Explanation and latest Development ae A i if - Pe Aamer Shahzad h| ‘|: Z | \= i aN mb ee — ae Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore Phone: 042-373532510 www.hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 Acculturation The processes of change in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that resultfrom the contact of two or more cultures. The term is also used to refer to the results of such incorporation and directed change, may be distinguished on the basis of the conditions under which cultural contact and change take place.The learning of the ideas, values, conventions, and behavior that characterize a social group. ( See socialization.) Acculturation is also used to describe the results of contact between two or more different cultures; a new, composite culture emerges, in which one existing cultural Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | ANTHROPOLOGY features are combined, some are lost, and new features are generated. Linton, Redfield, Herskovits, and Hoizer have given many examples to define acculturation. According to Herskovits, when a child learns to obey its cultural traditions in the process of development, it is called acculturation. Enculturation We may define enculturation as the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable them to become functioning members of their societies. The dictionary defines enculturation as... "The process by which an individual becomes a part of his native culture." The process of enculturation begins at birth. "!"" For the most part this is a process that happens automatically and unconsciously. Yet everyone agrees that enculturation is a very powerful force, one that shapes the context of every individual's entire life, and lays a foundation that for good or bad influences our life choices in subtle and pervasive way. Anthropologists who have studied various cultures have For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com ANTHROPOLOGY 47 Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 t07 Anthropology: Definition, Meaning, Nature and Scope. Anthropology is the study of various elements of humans, including biology and culture, in order to understand human origin and the evolution of various beliefs and social customs. The term anthropology is a combination of two terms ‘anthropos’ and 'logus', the former meaning human and the later meaning discourse or science. Thus anthropology is the science or discourse of man. It is the science or discourse of human beings. Aristotle first used the term ‘Anthropologist. Definitions of Anthropology 1. The concise oxford dictionary: study of mankind especially of its societies and customs; study of structure and evolution of man as an animal”. 2. Kroeber: “Anthropology is the science of groups of men and their behaviour and production”. 3. Herskovits: “Anthropology may be defined as the measurement of human beings.” 4, Jocobs and Stern: “Anthropology is the scientific study of the physical, social and cultural development and behaviour of human beings since their appearance on this earth.” described a variety of ways that elements of culture are transmitted to individuals born into that culture. These include such things as the usage of language, participation in rituals, the telling of stories, the emotion conveyed in relationship to certain events, and all the day to day, moment by moment choices and behaviors with different skills, from different religions, professionalism and ethnic groups. Cultural integration leverages the existing differences to benefit an organization as a whole. Ruth Benedict believed in the integration of a culture by its content. She said, a culture is made up of many patterns Further, she had shown that the patterns of a culture are harmonious so that they could be bound together in some consistent way. According to her, the harmony gave the culture a particular style- a unique configuration. that one can observe in those around them. Cultural Integration The term cultural integration means the process of one culture gaining ideas, technologies and products of another and so this means that this culture will seem to be integrating into the other. Cultural integration refers to an interaction of people from a variety of cultures. This integration will include people Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com0% Pent. wes oh Wy WL oo”UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CsS Times INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 49 Pakistan's Strategic Culture and the Nuclear Factor Failing to find support from allies and international institutions, Pakistan determined that only by matching India's conventional and nuclear development could its security be ensured. Pakistan's quest for nuclear weapons began in 1972 after its defeat in the Bangladesh War. But India's 1974 “peaceful nuclear experiment” jostled Pakistan out of its nuclear ‘complacency. Coming so close after its defeat in East Pakistan and reeling under domestic pressures, Pakistan had a severe shock. Developed in secrecy and tested in defiance, Pakistan's nuclear weapons program has been a point of pride for Pakistanis, a worrisome portent for Indians, a source of profit for nuclear proliferators, and a security concern for US policymakers. While much is feared, little is really known, about Pakistan's nuclear program. Retired Brigadier General Feroz Khan's Eating Grass (the title comes from a 1965 statement by Pakistan's then Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto proclaiming that if India acquired the bomb, so would Pakistan, even if it had to “eat grass, or leaves or even go hungry") is important because it presents a complete account of Pakistan's quest for nuclear weapons, with close focus on the role played by culture, personality, domestic, regional, and global politics, and technical challenges in the development of the "Islamic Bomb." The book's author is a former Pakistan Army officer and senior official in the National (Command Authority. Khan was not only a key policymaker in Pakistan's nuclear command and control system, but played important roles in negotiations with American and Indian officials over the nuclear program, especially regarding Pakistan's force posture. There were two sets of responses in Pakistan. First, there was a firm belief that only nuclear response could neutralize a nuclear threat. Pakistan never countenanced seeking a poor man's equalizer through chemical and/or biological options. Second, nuclear weapons were seen as a force multiplier to deter aggression by conventional force. As nuclear capability developed, it compensated for Pakistan's limited resources and its strategic asymmetry with India. Nuclear weapons are critical to Pakistan and an assurance for national survival. There is no constituency in Pakistan that believes otherwise. The nuclear weapons factor might best explain cohesive Pakistani strategic culture perceptions: Pakistan firmly believes that for every proliferation act committed by India, Pakistan was (and would be) punished. Pakistan faced three major challenges in its pursuit of a nuclear Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times Jan deterrent, and takes great pride in being able to overcome all three. The first political-technical challenge for Pakistan was to develop a nuclear weapon despite the global nonproliferation regime. ‘The second challenge for Pakistan was to aequire and/or develop a means of delivery, again jumping over the hurdle of sanctions—and in particular the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). Third, Pakistan needed to validate its delivery means and its weapons designs through testing. Facing multiple layers of sanctions because of its nuclear weapons and missile programs, Pakistan could have only conducted tests if India obliged—and India did oblige. By the end of the century, the story of defiance and ingenuity through which Pakistan acquired its nuclear weapons capability had been passed on to three generations. The Pakistani public eulogized every innovative method applied by A. Q. Khan to acquire Pakistan's nuclear capability, and this norm-defiance was indeed a cultural trait, one that is so hard for the West to comprehend. When the ‘A.Q. Khan saga unfolded, the Pakistani nation saw ahero in AQ Khan—and the consequences of black market activity was not a matter of concern but rather a symbol of defiance of the West. But only when A. Q. Khan resisted efforts to come under authority did he become a source of concern, and was sacked. When his proliferation network took a life of its own, and was exposed, there was no choice but to take action. But the immediate political reaction in Pakistan was to search for a conspiracy, and then to accept the official explanation. Pakistani strategic culture will admit there were mistakes committed in the process of its acquiring nuclear capability, but the belief extends that in the quest to get its nuclear capability at all costs, such mistakes were unavoidable. Acquiring nuclear weapons did not imply that deterrence was automatic. Pakistan faced challenges of other sorts. The lessons of modern strategy are equally applicable in the region as well. Pakistan's fundamental security policy is to deter India from aggression, and therefore Pakistan must deny strategic space and raise the cost should India contemplate conventional force Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 5) Concept of Strategic Culture The concept of strategic culture refers to a nation's traditions, values, attitudes, patterns of behaviour, habits, symbols, achievements and particular ways of adapting to the environment and solving problems with respect to the threat or use of force. A strategic culture is persistent over time, but neither particular elements nora particular culture as a whole are immutable. Nevertheless, those elements together or in part deserving to be called ‘cultural’ do tend to outlast all but major changes. in military technology, domestic arrangements or the international environment. The strategic culture of a nation derives from its history, geography and political culture, and it represents the aggregation of the attitudes and patterns of behaviour of the most influential voices; these may be, depending on the nation, the political elite, the military establishment and/or public opinion. A strategic culture defines a set of patterns of and for a nation's behaviour on war and peace issues. It helps shape but does not determine how a nation interacts with others in the security field. Other explanations (e.g., technological push) playa greater or lesser role in particular circumstances. Strategic culture helps shape behaviour on such issues as the use of force in international politics, sensitivity to external dangers, civil-military relations and strategic doctrine. As a result of continuities in these matters, it is legitimate to talk about a particular national ‘style! in the theory and practice of strategy. For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com_UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 5{ strategic space, occupy it, and “punish” Pakistan through coercive military policies and the use of force. This strategic construct has escalatory potential. Pakistan is compelled to match all levels of escalation and put the onus of escalation and risk on India to take the conflict to the next level. The risk in this game of chicken is high, and unacceptable when nuclear weapons are in the backdrop. Precisely because Pakistan denies India's ability of escalation control, it has been able to deter conventional conflict with India. Pakistan's major strategic centers are perilously close to the Indian border, and Pakistan must respond quickly if it is to ensure that these key centers of gravity are protected. This explains Pakistan's rejection of no-first-use which is “a natural refusal to lighten or simplify a stronger adversary's assessment of risk; it implies the retention of an option, not a positive policy of first use as a preferred course.” It is precisely for this reason that Pakistan has neither explained the red lines nor articulated a public nuclear doctrine. As U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower said to his vice president, Richard Nixon, in 1958, “You should never let the enemy know what you will not do.” ‘The use of weapons as a war- fighting tool is not a contemplated doctrine in Pakistani strategic thinking; however the command system believes that the integration of nuclear and conventional forces is necessary to create a credible deterrent. This does not ni mean that Pakistan is considering elaborate nuclear war-fighting scenarios. Instead, Pakistan's command system at the highest level should know what both the “conventional hand” and the “nuclear hand” are doing. Pakistan's civil and military leadership operates jointly at the Joint Services level under a unified military command system. Conclusions Ina mix of realism and strategic culture, Pakistan's behavior is predictable in many ways. It will not seek parity with India but will do its utmost to balance and retain initiative; it will seek external alliances with outside powers (the United States or China), but will not sacrifice its regional objectives. Pakistan will be cognizant of “emerging India‘ in partnership with the United States, but will never assume that this rise will be benign. The most rational path that might be suggested for Pakistan is to accept this reality, give up its claims, and bandwagon with emerging India. But realism and strategic culture will predict that Pakistan will never accept hegemony Strategic culture will explain that the Pakistanis will work night and day to develop responses and countervailing strategies to ensure that India has a high cost to pay for any adventur ‘This was ingrained in Pakistan's military since the very onset of Pakistan when its founder Jinnah stated: is now your responsibility. I want them to be the best soldiers in the world, so that no one can cast an evil eye on Pakistan, and if he does we shall fight him to the end until either he throws us into Arabian Sea or we drown in the Indian Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The person who spearheaded the idea of nuclear Pakistan was Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In Pakistan's early history there was no consensus about the desirability or utility of nuclear weapons. Only a few individuals, most notably Bhutto, believed that acquiring them was critical for Pakistan. However, following the devastating loss of East Pakistan in 1971 and the Indian nuclear test in 1974, opinions favoring nuclear weapons, held only bya minority, became national consensus—the necessity of nuclear weapons became a mainstream belief. This belief eventually determined the discourse of Pakistani nuclear thinking that evolved gradually—first into developing a nuclear weapon capability that took some twenty-five years, and later operationalizing itafter being forced to demonstrate that capability Today, there are three important strategic beliefs regarding nuclear weapons that were largely absent when Bhutto took power in 1971 but have since become dominant in Pakistani strategic thought. First, nuclear weaponsare the only guarantee of Pakistan's national survival in the face of both an inveterately hostile India that cannot be deterred conventionally and unreliable external allies that fail to deliver in extremis. Second, Pal n's nuclear program is unfairly singled out for international opposition because of its Muslim population. This feeling of victimization is accentuated by a belief that India consistently "gets away with” violating global nonproliferation norms. Third is the belief that India, Israel, or the United States might use military force to stop Pakistan's nuclear program. Today, these three beliefs—nuclear necessity for survival, international discrimination against Pakistan, and danger of disarming attacks—form the center of Pakistani strategic thinking about nuclear weapons. Collectively, these convictions have served to reinforce the determination of Pakistan's military, bureaucratic, and scientific establishment to pay any political, economic, or technical cost to reach their objective of a nuclear-armed Pakistan Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was able to capture this all-encompassing narrative even before there was any national consensus on the nuclear matter. As far back as 1965, he famously told the Manchester Guardian: "If India makes an atom bomb, then even if we have to feed on grass and leaves—or even if we have to starve—we shall also produce an atom bomb as we would be left with no other alternative. The answer to an atom bomb can only be an atom bomb."1' He continued to push for nuclear developments as foreign minister in the 1960s and played a critical role during his period as national leader in the 1970s. By the time he was removed from power in 1977, his thinking on nuclear matters had_ been institutionalized throughout the establishment. Ample patrons in the military, bureaucracy, and scientific communities would ensure the nuclear program's success in the 1980s and 1990s. Today the national narrative around the need for nuclear weapons is intertwined with Pakistani nationalism toa level that itis almost treasonous to think otherwise. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comw Buy Online www.hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.com Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore Phone: 042-373532510CSS Times The founder of this nation once said: “No nation can ever be worthy of its existence that cannot take its women along with the men. No struggle can ever succeed without women participating side by side with men.” Seventy-two years later, Pakistan still has a long way to go when it comes to ensuring equal rights and opportunities for half its population. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2020, the country is one of the most inequitable societies for women to live in. Ranking 151 out of 153 countries, just above war-torn Yemen and Iraq, the country also had the lowest ranking in the entire South Asian region. In comparison, Bangladesh performed significantly better at 50; Nepal a 7 d Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com GENDER STUDIES stood at 101; followed by Sri Lanka at 102; and neighbouring India at 112. While many of the countries listed improved with time when it came to ensuring women's equal status — the authors of the report link this welcome progress to the higher participation of women in politics — Pakistan did not. In 2006, it was placed at 112 out of 115 countries. And last year, it was ranked 148 out of 149 countries. ‘The term “Women in Development” (WID) was brought into usage by the work of a network of women development experts based in Washington DC in the 1970s. The involvement of these women in overseas missions led them to start questioning the “trickle down” theories of development. They debated that modernization had a different impact on men and women. Instead of improving women's rights and status, the development process appeared to be contributing to a deterioration of their position. Here the work of Ester Boserup, a Danish Economist needs special mention within this WID based perspective. Ester Boserup's publication, ‘Women's Role in Economic Development (1970)'challenged the assumptions of the “welfare approach” For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 t07 GENDER STUDIES 55 highlighting women's importance to the agrarian economies. By the late 1970s, WID's narrow focus on. reducing inequality in education and paid work without paying attention to the overarching structural factors that supported such inequalities was being seriously questioned. In such an atmosphere, Marxist views gained importance that attributed women's inferior status to structures of production-a view shared by liberal feminists. Marxist theory holds that women's unpaid Labour within the household and reproductive services are critical for capitalist employers. They produce future generations of laborers and maintain the current ones on a daily basis for the capitalists free of cost thereby keeping costs down and profits up. In times of dire need they can also be useful as a reserve army of easily exploitable and cheap Labour. Marxism's concern with structural basis of exploitation endeared it to some feminists working in the development field. Background & Objectives ‘Talking about women brings to mind grave injustices perpetuated upon them throughout history. Even in the present so called modern times except for a few countries we live in a male dominated world. Women in general have been subjected to all kinds of sufferings, inequities, injustices, oppression and harassments. Though being more or less equal in number with men they always remained the weaker section of the society which is now identified with their sex and this continues for a great majority of women even in these modern times. Women reared the next generation of a population and no society could be healthy, progressive or at peace with itself which neglects this crucial half of its population lesser in dignity and in rights. Women play a critical but unacknowledged roll at every level of nation building and recognizing this contribution in a more visible and rewarding way is a prerequisite for a vibrant democratic culture and of respects of human rights. Islam and the Women Islam and the constitution both guarantee equality for all people including equality of sexes. Wide spread misconception and distortion exists not only in west but even among our intelligentsia about the high q a | Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com,UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com SM CSS Times place and status that Islam accords to women, including the rights to property, work, wages, choice of spouse, to divorce, to education and to participation in economic, social and political activities. Quaid-E-Azam and the Women Pakistan was created as a homeland for the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent freed of the discrimination and deprivation they have suffered in the past. The founding fathers including Quaid-e-Azam wished that all citizens especially women were not derived of their rightful status. The Quaid had unequivocally stated, “It is a crime against humanity that all women are confined within the four walls of their homes like prisoners. They should stand side by side with men as their companions and in all spheres of life”. ‘Women in Pakistan Situation with regard to women's concern is very bleak. They continue to suffer and face oppressive patriarchal structures, rigid orthodox, nonflexible and stifling social culture customs and traditions. Gender disparities in Pakistan are severe and pervasive. Pakistan ranks the lowest in relation to gender related development index and gender empowerment measures. Deeply rooted culture and institutional constraints prevent Pakistani Women from playing an active role in the development of their society and further restrictions is made under the guise of cultural and GENDER STUDIES 56 religious values. Institutionalized violence against women allows crime of ‘passion’ and ' honor ' to go and unpunished while gender discriminatory legislation violates the human rights of Pakistani women. Excluded from decision-making at national, provincial, community and household level they are less educated than man and their access to employment and income generating activities is limited. With constant motherhood their nutrition and health standards are lower than their male counterparts with lower life expectancy and higher maternal mortality rates. Development and Women "Development’, qualifies primarily processes of social or economic change, if that change is considered positive it can be described as development, otherwise not. Development is about much more than the rise and fall of national income. It is about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potentials and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations. Development shares a common vision with human rights, mutually reinforcing, helping to serve the well-being and dignity of all people, building self-respect and respect for others. Sustained national development and progress will only occur if serious thought is given to major women issues including the Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 GENDER STUDIES 57 provision of equity and non-discrimination in all expects of women life. Focus has to be made to effectively target low income ‘women to economic independence. Women is the motherhood of the nation and as such should be strong, aware and alert. ‘Women contribute to half of the country's population and it is abundantly clear that can be no development unless their needs and the interests are fully taken into account. It is a role and responsibility of the state and the society to give due intension and priority to the needs and aspirations of the women of Pakistan and take up critical challenges in a positive manners. Major Issues Women concerns needing urgent attention include: + An integrated approach including improvement of their educational and health needs. «Removing gender discrimination. + Providing opportunities for training in new technologies and market based needs. + Improving and extending nutrition, hygiene and sanitation to the poor urban and rural women. + Provision of reproductive and maternal health care facilities. + Increasing awareness about family planning by media including incentives for small families. «Provision of low cost housing and day care centers for low income working women. + Public transport and public toilets to facilitate working women. = Lastly efforts towards enhancements of employment opportunities for women in general. ‘To measure inequality, the survey examines the difference between men and women in their participation and access to health, education, the economy and politics. When it comes to economic participation, Pakistan is all the way down at 150. For health and survival indicators, it is just as poor at 149; for education, the country is placed at 143; and finally, when it comes to political empowerment, Pakistan performs slightly better at 93. Some of the findings are a bit surprising, given Pakistani women's role in the running of a largely agrarian economy, but this may be due to the informal status of the sector and the fact that a lot of women's labour goes unrecognised. What cuts through and links all these disparate fields is the perpetuation of a patriarchal culture and the lower status of women in society. It seems that despite more awareness and mobilisation for women's rights — and despite the passage of many progressive laws, thanks to the Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1107 efforts of women parliamentarians over the years — the large majority of women do not see the change in their lives. As rightfully noted in the report, and by the nation's founder all those years ago, the equal status of women is inseparable from a country's economic and social progress. Conclusion The quality of social progress of a society or a nation should be judged by absence of grinding and wide spread poverty, elimination of violence and conflict associated with injustice and deep inequity and are not limited only to literacy, education, health or expenditure on social services alone. Economic growth while important, no longer guarantees poverty elevation or employment generation. The success and failure of individuals of and nation's depends on whether they can wisely develop their human resources. Efforts to promote gender equality, equity, and empowerment as part of people nal centered sustainable development with equality between men and women in fundamental rights will lead to social justice and human development which will be further sustained through participation and partnership between both women and the men in all spheres including particular economic and social life at all levels. No community or nation is an Island anymore and Pakistan cannot remain unwashed by these rising global currents. Its need to address its domestic women issues in ways that are in some harmonies with the international perceptive and. universally accepted norms. If it does not do it now, it will compel to do it later, after much damage. Nations which of to drag their feet in bringing critical issues onto the national agenda do they repairable damage to nation building. It is a time to take action and give women their long due and well deserved priority. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | 58 For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comDee ae a - y Gender Studies. Dam Chapterwise Solved Question from SENDER ges a een ea) ea Stuttg Gender Studies Which Rank was Secured by (A) 146 (B) 159 (C) 164 (D) 167 Guess Your ousmer yr 4 @hsmpublishers.com Pakistan at Newly Released Women, Peace, and Security | F Index 2019? I 4 . |UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 EXPLAINED 60 Why in News? Researchers have shown that red bri¢tle star, which are relatives of starfish, can see even though it does not have eyes. The red brittle star (Ophiocoma wendtii lives in the coral reefs of the Caribbean Sea, becomes only the second creature, after a sea urchin spec known to have this ability (barring freak cases in other species). For the first time, researchers have shown tha species of brittle stars, which are relatives of starfish, can see even though it does not have eyes. The red brittle star (Ophiocoma wendtii), which lives in the coral reefs of the Caribbean Sea, becomes only the second creature, after a sea urchin species, known to have this ability (barring freak cases in other species). 's known as extraocular vision, Previous researchers have defined it as the ability to resolve scenes without discrete eyes. In 1966 Dr L Chertok of the Cochin Hospital wrote about the case of one Rosa Koulechova in Soviet Union who was able to “see” colours with her fingers. Chertok wrote that many thought the explanation for extraocular vision was to be found in the photo- sensitivity of the skin. In sea urchins and brittle stars, researchers suspect that extraocular vision is facilitated by the photoreceptor cells found on their bodies. Scientists from the University of Oxford, who have published their findings in Current Biology, placed brittle stars in a circular arena in the laboratory. The brittle stars moved toward walls that were white with a black bar, suggestive of a daytime hiding place. When grey walls were included, they still moved towards the black stripe, which was centred on a white stripe. The researchers suggest that a brittle star sees with the help of light-sensing cells that cover its entire body. These light-sensing cells give the brittle star visual stimuli, allowing it to recognise coarse structures such as rocks, the research sugges Another peculiar feature of the red brittle star is 's signature colour change. While the creature is deep red during the day, it changes its colour to beige at night. The researchers think that there may be a link between their extraocular vision and colour changing abilities since the responses they saw in the creatures tested during the day, disappeared in those that were tested at night. “It's a very exciting discovery. It had been suggested 30 years ago that changing colour might hold the key to light-sensitivity in Ophiocoma, so we're very happy to be able to fill in some of the gaps that remained and describe this new mechanism,” Lauren Sumner- Rooney, a research fellow at Oxford University Museum of Natural History who studies unusual visual systems, said in a statement released by the university. Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.comHSM New Arrival ecg e e ] Buy Online 1 ic PUBLISHERSUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com HSM CSS Times. GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY 62 URRENT AFFAIRS Solved MCQs 1st January to 7 January 2020 Fausta, a female black rhino, believed to be the world's oldest rhino, had recently died in Tanzanian conservation area. What is the IUCN status of the black rhinos? Least concern Endangered Critically Endangered Near threatened Answer: (c) Colombo Declaration is related to? Anti-drug trafficking Economic interests Infrastructure development Marine security Answer: (a) Whi leology did Castro follow and executed in Cuba? Leninist Marxist Marxist-Leninist Maoist Answer: (c) Which article of the Lisbon Treaty deals with exit of a nation from the EU? 45 101 50 30 Answer: (c) The agreement on the prohibition of attack against nuclear installations and facilities was signed in 1988 between which two countries? Japan and China US and North Korea India and Pakistan US and Vietnam Answer: (c) Who will launch the “Earthshot Prize® to ivate new solution to tackle climate cri Duke of Sussex 2 (bo) h nation has recently banned the 'reef toxic! sunsereen? New Zealand Palau Australia aura Answer: (b) Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com2 NEW SSS Intelligence Tests ABOUT BOOK The book for Competitive Exams has 2 parts - Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning. ‘Each chapter of this book contains theory with Solved Examples. The exercise in the book contains previous year's questions of the various exams. ‘The book for Competitive Exams has been designed in such a way so that an aspirant not only clears the concept but can also tackle any kind of question that they come across, be it from the previous years or recent years. @®hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Weekly HSM CSS Times January 1 to7 GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY §4 The US was receoely p praised by the UAE for its role in the Global Coalition against Daesh. What is the other name for Daesh? Houthis Hezbollah ISIS Al Qaeda Answer: (c) Which is the world’s first major city to celebrate the start of the 2020 New Year and new decade? Auckland Christehureh Wellington Sydney Answer: (a) David Stern who passed away recently was the Commissioner of which famous Sports league? Major League Baseball Formula | National Basketball Association National Hockey League Answer: (c) Umaro Sissoco Embalo was recently elected as the President of which country? Guinea Mal Guinea-Bissau Answer: (d) When is the World Braille day celebrated every year? January 2 January 3 January 4 January 5 Answer: (c) Qassim Soleimani ,who was killed in the US air strike was the Iranian Military Commander began his military career at the start of the Iran-Iraq War during the 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Answer: (c) Which of the following is a component of soap? Sodium nitrate Sodium chloride Sodium stearate Sodium Sulphate Answer: (c) Which Country's Top military chief was killed in a helicopter crash on 2nd Jan 2020? Romania Myanmar Taiwan Estonia Answer: (c) The United Nations General Assembly has declared 2020 as the. International Year of Fruits and Vegetables International Year of Plant Health International Year of Indigenous Languages None of these Answer: (b) Iranian General Shaheed Qasim Sulemani was Born in 1955, 1957 1960 1962 Answer: (b) Forbes eee errno powerful women for honouring thoze in top leadership Perea cuca erst Weekly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | JAN, 1-7,2020 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com,\ if Government Vacancy 3) You regret the things you did’nt do when you had the chance. Now! it is your chance. Grab it! 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