Introduction:

The current circumstances over the world for buildings use has changed. This
means buildings have to meet users and occupants needs, this important to achieve
high performance in different aspects. For that should be considered during design,
construction, and facilities management to deal with long term changes. The
relationship between human being and buildings impossible to be separated from each
other, because the building is a place where the majority of people spend their time
into it, whatever it is a place to spend working hours, refuge to it from noise of life
and spend most time in it to practice the normal life. For that reason individuals are
looking for a place which is flexible and adaptable with their needs, and provide
comfort conditions as much as possible to be suitable for living, and enhance human
efficiency and productivity in the working place. The changes occurring presently in
civilizations such as population increasing, climate change, technologies and
communications made a different between the past thinking and the recent thinking..
Therefore, designers, planners and builders have capability to generate wonder image
illustrate the interaction between environments and buildings and these image have
several consequences. The consumption of main sources for buildings materials uses,
water and energy. The productions of waste by several ways whether gases emissions
to environment or disposal of solid residues from the process of construction. Thus
these observations encouraged experts in architecture and environment fields finding
solutions to solve these problems considering the significance of high performance
and efficiency in operation. The remarkable suggested is a possibility to take benefit
from new technologies and merging it in buildings applications to defend the
environment and meet users needs in modern life approach, and intelligent building
(IB) process has ability to provide all these supplies. According to Croome (2004)
“IBs should be sustainable, healthy, technologically aware, meet the needs of
occupants and business and should be flexible and adaptable to deal with changes".
This assignment will identify the meaning of intelligent building, and argue IB's
perceptive and concept, then mentioning some of its generic properties. It will clarify
the idea of whole life value. Also, the Brundtland centre building will be the case
study to express the integration of higher technology and using passive energy in
building has enhanced the building performance with increase revenue to the owner,
and the productivity of users and occupants.
Intelligent buildings IB:
An intelligent buildings term has launched in the mid of 1980s from united
states towards Europe countries and some of far East countries. Experts in this field
believe IB has two stages, first stage started since inception in the mid eighties which
consented on buildings should have a new technologies regardless of buildings users
needs. The second stage of IB concept has developed to understand constructions
occupants needs, this means there are collaborate involving buildings occupiers and
merging new technologies. This perspective lead to create a new shape for building
functions, and provide adaptive atmosphere which is improving users productivity. A
brief history about IB leads to appreciate intelligence issue deeply.

Average Large Market

integration level Integration period
Intelligent 2005+
Areas / Cities Intelligent Organisational networks

Integrated portfolio New ways of working 2000

management organisational networks
accessible
Computer integrated building CIB After 1995
Remote mo- BA ICS Cellular Comms.
nitoring Building Integrated Voice/
Automation Communication Data
Integrated systems Systems Systems 1990 - 1995
Building Control & User IT &
Se- Monitoring Communications
Multifunction curity
systems Access HVAC & other Text &
Control plants Control Data Voice Image 1985 - 1990
Single function/
Electri- 1985 - 1990
city,
Dedicated Water,
Systems Lifts, etc. EDP & Telefax TV and
Access HVAC Control Data & text Voice Image
Safety Control Control Commun Commun Commun Commun Commun
Single apparatus Before 1980

Figure 1 the development of an intelligent building systems integration

Essentially the intelligence is a intrinsic trend existing in nature in several

ways demonstrates that the differences between creature actions and reactions, this
intelligence is a cumulative experience. Hence the intelligence of human binges has
various functions. The most important point is creates a new ideas, and contribution to
collaborate with other individuals concepts. Other important point is human
intelligence used to provide comfortable situations and considerateness needs which is
guaranty humankind satisfaction (Croom, 2004). For instant, human intelligence is
diverse and varies from person to person, but each one had his own way in dealing
and exploitation of intelligence. Some of them have an ability to solve problems by
intelligent solutions, other group have an ability to create and innovate a new products
in different aspects whether in medicine, architecture or any other areas. As Croom
(2004) stats " intelligence is an innate general cognitive ability all processes of
conventional reasoning", foregoing discern the intelligence meaning and the
possibility to apply it in buildings.
Nowadays, it's has been clearly the meaning of an intelligent building which is
does not mean only the building which has the latest and high technologies
applications and multifarious systems might be that, but the intelligent building is the
building which is providing occupants needs and dealing with buildings supplies
(Chaipitakroat, 1998). For that it’s appear the different between the past thinking and
the recent thinking, the primitive man thinking were only to create a simple place to
live in due to limited possibility. Therefore, it seems clearly it's been using the
existing natural resources as are found in nature. For example, the people who are
living in the Arctic they used available materials in their environment to build their
homes 'igloo'. On the contrary, mankind in the present time the possibilities are helped
to design buildings according to the desire and demand, also have the ability to supply
buildings occupants needs and to meet the challenges in buildings construction. The
most important factors that facilitated this development are the advanced technologies
and modern discoveries in the construction world. From this point the concept of
intelligent buildings could be addressed as a correlation of satisfaction of building
users and building services obtained for owners, managers and occupants. Moreover,
intelligent buildings considerable the environment issues, therefore, it is have a huge
part concentrate to reduce factors have detrimental impact on the environment, such
as decrease CO2 emissions and reduction the waste amount produced of construction
process. Intelligent buildings have ability to create healthier environment for people
living in, this targets could be reached by successive steps in designing, constructing
and managing building (Croom, 2004). Obviously the speared of intelligent buildings
term made it have a number of meanings and definitions depend on various aspects,
the most popular definition is Intelligent Building Institute (1BI) has described a
definition of an intelligent building as:
 "An intelligent building is one that provides a productive and cost-
effective environment through optimization of its four basic elements-
structures, systems, services and management-and the interrelationships
between them. Intelligent buildings help building owners, property
managers and occupants realize their goals in the area of cost, energy
management, comfort, convenience, safety, long term flexibility and
marketability".

Caffrey (1985)

(Intelligent Building Institute, Washington DC)

On the other hand, the UK and European intelligent building group focus on
user demands and define an intelligent building as ''one that creates an environment
which maximizes the effectiveness of the building's occupants, while at the same time
enabling efficient management of resources with minimum life-time cost of hardware
and facilities '' ( Wong et al, 2005 )

Generic properties:

Intelligent Buildings includes under its umbrella a wide range of techniques

and modern methods which is contribute to find out solutions and solve problems in
construction, therefore, intelligent buildings interested in aspects of energy
conservation and provide solutions to find new images of alternative energy, in
addition, attempt to create new ways to reduce energy consumption, also adaptation
and flexibility, and achieve to an environment far away from pollution resource and
sustainability for next generations.

Intelligent buildings are considered to provide an environment enhance human

for creativity. Therefore, IBs could be clarified as the field that have ability to
generate innovation way dealing with developing technologies by proper methods
achieving to users and owners satisfaction.

The design has ability to contain changes in organisation is a essential

requirement of many situations. The flexibility of the place using is important need
allow for human beings and sections to move quickly and economically with
continuation of workflow activities. Therefore, the design facilitate changes in the
most successful building for use, because of this building has many features assist to
change the furniture shapes which many sectors needs for this element, and this
design involve movable partitions contribute to have a different and new interior
design. These points describes the capability of this concept to save time and costs
(Gann, 1992).

Reduce energy consumption:

Intelligent buildings are the modern approach of energy efficient buildings, and the
major target of IB is managing the energy consumption, improving the quality of
human beings comfort and conservation the energy. Therefore, incorporating
technologies in buildings have capability to reduce consuming the energy which is not
being used, consequently to achieve energy efficiency and decrease energy
consumption ought to follow several actions which are improvement outer shall
materials of buildings, activation the automation and system for energy conservation
(Chwieduk, 2003). Moreover, to reach high-quality manage for energy effectiveness
by making the greatest of the benefits from building intelligence (Zuojun et al,2002).
The system of energy reduction is protect the energy by managing and operating the
energy which is used rely on human beings needs to avoid untapped consumption.
The idea of energy preservation is depend on automatic system used to regulation turn
on / off of applications depending on the use of the vacuum. The new technologies
obtain numerous of tools helping to reduce energy wasted, sensors have ability to
investigate this significant point by spread it around the building to measure the
movements and if the place need energy, such as air circulation and lighting systems.
In addition, utilization of renewable energy such as solar panels, wind and hydro
energy which are use it as alternative for fossil fuel due to they do not produce
harmful emissions effect on the environment and mankind health. thus, applications
and systems of saving energy have significant role to reduce energy consumption,
preservation of the environment and continuity of energy for generations .

Integration and communication system:

 Using the integration system, controlling and communication system to
provide for occupants and users appropriate place which is characterise as
comfortable, secure, flexible and effective, this mean in other words integration of
systems aiming to achieve critical point which is provide better services for users and
investors and make an effort to minimise the cost (Gann, 1992). Nowadays, new
technologies have diversity of applications makes merge system possible such as
computers, this works to reduce costs. for that reason, intelligent buildings be able to
offer a huge network of communication is controlled through automate building
system, as a result the building operator have ability to manage several systems
through single control panel (CABA, 2002).
In addition, the experts in intelligent buildings filed demand requires
integration of “building” and “information communication system” concepts involve
most aspects regarding design and make decision to choice the system of engineering
and workflow, from inception and planning through design, engineering,
commissioning, and maintenance, furthermore, should be consideration owners needs
and investors requirements (Azegami et al, 1993).
Whole-life value:

Whole-life value could be described as analysis demonstrates the life cycle

cost and afterwards users satisfaction. This means the targets should be achieved are
increasing the value of occupants and reducing the life cycle cost, and considering the
quality. For that reason the actual building services value is correlation with
sustainable development and provide fitting human needs. furthermore, whole life
value might be used to change the concept of new buildings, and offer a good model
facing sustainable development in building process by considering their impacts
(Croome et al, 2006). Therefore intelligent buildings have essential role to provide
and supply the workplace or living place help the human beings for productivity, and
minimise holistic cost for investors and owners in the entire construction stages. The
tangible explanation of whole life value could be a method of project economic
evaluation in which all costs arising, and benefits accrued from installing, owning,
operating, maintaining, and ultimately disposing of a project are considered to be
potentially important to that decision. (BSRIA, 2010). Accordingly, to attain this peak
in performance have to appreciative aim and concept of the quality. The experts
believe the importance of understanding users needs, to deal with fitness of purpose
by different ways in several aspects. In addition, the main criteria to assess quality
term in construction lies in several areas, such as excellence; value; correspondence to
the brief to the condition; or the comprehension of consumer expectations. Croome et
al.(2006) state that "the best definition of quality is that a combination of fitness for
purpose, meeting the brief and the specification, and exceeding consumer
expectations".

Minimisation of whole life cost:

Whole life cost is the vital point concerns the owners of the building on long
term. The starting point to calculate the whole life costing is find out alternative
solutions for building materials, systems, construction methods and diversity of
productions quality, followed by make decision which one of these options have
ability to reach the desiring of owners or investors. However, should be taken into
account to be given advantage from productions quality and services to the benefits of
owners and users. Thus, the first cost, the test discount rate, the frequency and cost of
maintenance including disruption and the purposed life of the service system are
required sequentially to realise whole life costing. Besides that consideration have to
be taken to the cost of disposal after the completion of construction phases.

The performance optimisation:

The optimal performance is essential to have a wide picture that shown the
real way of building runs. This involves the energy needs for the building that lead to
know the energy spending over long term run, take into consideration costs of the
frequency maintenance and post occupancy evaluation procedure. Achieving to the
optimum performance of system by commissioning it before installation and after that
maintaining and finally evaluating it after uses of occupancy. Moreover,
specifications of performance are rely on aspirations and needs of human beings to
acquire their objectives, benchmarks and criteria. This means facilitate the methods to
provide more alternatives and choices of materials, equipments, installation methods
and variety of techniques which is encourage maker decision to have more space to
create and innovate a enormous products, furthermore could be generate a good value
to owners and investors.

The Brundtland centre: (Case study by intelligent skins, 2002)

 The main idea for the Brundtland centre is attempting to decrease the
consumption of the energy spending between 30% and 50%, this point has an
important role to reducing the impacts of pollution caused by energy on the
environment. The motivation of this idea was to achieve to the recommendations of
the UN commission's which is made in Brundtland report "Our common future".
Originally, the designing purpose of Brundtland centre was for exhibition,
administrative and promotion centre that serves the Brundtland town, then it has been
changed to centre for exhibition and place to organise the activities of education
which is have relationship with energy issues.

This building could be addressing as a good model for the efficiency of energy
use. The techniques has been used in this construction describes the exploitation of
the natural resource surrounding location for the benefits of the building, and
possibility of deploying it to serves the structure. Therefore, windows are shaped to
penetrate daylight isolated the glow through reflective interpane blinds. The control of
artificial lighting is directly response to the level of daylight. The system of
ventilation are activated by movement sensors, and the openings in the roof supply
natural attitude of ventilation for the atrium. Solar panels on the roof of atrium used to
generate power.

Design considerations and construction:

The concept of this project rely on to take advantage from the site and
elements surrounding it as much as possible. Therefore, functions were distributed
according to the importance of place it needs from passive energy whether in lighting,
heating or ventilation. The northern and western sides are appropriate for conference
facilities and classroom because it has a capacity of high occupancy gains, and the
main space of exhibition hall and offices located into southern side of building due to
this said significantly exposed to take benefit of passive gain. The main entrance and
complementary area for the surrounding most important functions serves through the
atrium.

Essentially, the building structure based on structural system depend on

columns, the main role for concrete columns is support concrete slabs and resistance
load of bearing walls. The material used in building walls is insulated clay brickwork
to reduce the amount of heat transmit. finishes involve diversity substances for floors
used wooden tiles, and for ceilings used acoustic tiles made from metal. The facade
has been provided varieties of materials combined between aluminium and glass. On
the front of the entrance atrium there is a shutters made from lightweight aluminium.
The exhibition and offices part has windows divided into three sections, first part
which is positioned in the upper provide natural lighting windows have blinds reflect,
and second section in the middle devoted his windows for views outside, and the last
part of the facades has unique elements integrated with it solar collector and solar
panels.

Heating, cooling and ventilation:

Using the passive energy which is provided by solar panels and solar
collectors through windows and the atrium reduced the heating load. The ability of
ceiling concrete slabs to accumulates great amount of heat from the sun, equipment
and users. Other source to obtain heating is suspended ceiling panels are made from
aluminium plates perforating to sustain air quality and movement around the slabs.
Moreover, the atrium has a significant role to collect solar heat and decrease the
amount of heat lost from surrounding facilities. Spaces of office which is located on
the south east side are ventilated and heated by decentralisation of heat exchangers,
supported this process by fans. Organization and operation of this process is
movement sensors, so if the office is in used the system will operate services required.
Furthermore, distribution of heating depend on special system has ability to measure
needs of heating in the building. The mechanism used is rely on natural gas boiler, as
well provide additional heating. The technique used in this building for heating is
underfloor heating, the route of the distribution for hot water starting from ground
floor to other floors through radiator path, this indicates hot water will return through
the same radiator path to the main boiler. As a result the boiler has ability to estimate
the required temperature which is set up during installation it. The central controlled
is response to the heating required and temperature of air flow by movement sensors.

For cooling process depend on semi passive cooling at the night by ventilation
system and thermal mass of the building, resulting of these vital factors the cooling
needs reduced. The atrium roof have capability to be opened at the night time for
ventilation and renewal the movement of air and replace it with fresh air, also the air
system of exhaust can be applied to attract the cool and fresh air and covering a huge
part spaces of the building.

Through two columns (wind capture) of ventilation in the main atrium the
fresh air enters to the building. In addition, the incoming air is pass through the
exchanger of heat, and this air is delivered to all facilities by using difference level of
pressure, assisted to success of this method is using exhaust air system. The expulsion
of air from the rooms is forwarded to the central heat exchanger which is located in
the main atrium. Moreover, take advantage from glazed roof to ventilate the building
and minimised using energy, and operated the role of movement detectors.

The ventilation system has been used for offices are located at the south east
side is decentralised heat exchanger and fans. The function is managed the ventilation
circuit through movement sensors. As mentioned above in windows details, the lower
part of windows be able to be opened to provide adequate fresh air for ventilation.

Controls:

The high standards of technology has been used to build the Brundtland centre
make team work based on the BMS. The BMS allows the computer programming to
be realised high performance, preservation energy consuming and offering
alternatives solutions and respond to the impacts affecting performance of the
building, such as weather, the occupation of place and lighting intensity. Therefore,
the BMS can manage blinds of the windows during the day, and measure needs of
artificial lighting by sensors movement technology. Additionally, users have ability to
determine the level of lighting and controlling the windows blinds physically.

Performance:

the total reduction in energy consumption is 72% this refer to the prediction of
computer simulation was calculate it during develop the concept and design of the
project. Where it is supposed to be the energy consumption during the year is 38
Wh/m for ventilation, lighting and heating.

Conclusion:
 Intelligent buildings is comprehensive terms dealing with various aspects in
buildings and construction fields. Therefore, the main issue regarding IB's is
preservation surrounding environment form harmful substances by several methods.
For example, using natural and local basic materials, generating and exploring new
materials have recycle features and deployment new technologies to reduce CO 2
emissions and wasting materials. The other important point is achieving to satisfy of
users through provide them comfortable and secure workplace encouraging them to
be more productivity. Moreover, meet the owners and investors needs to attain their
aims in varieties practical approach. One of the significance tool to reach this aims is
realising post occupancy evaluation for occupiers and users, resulting for that owners,
managers and investors will be successful in their business.

Considerable considerations has been taken in the Brundtland centre

addressing the incorporate between technologies and using passive energy (natural
sources). This integration is represents the idea of intelligent buildings, where it
maintains the environment by reducing the damage it, and provide users requirements.
Thus intelligent buildings is the superlative solution to create an integrated and
harmonious framework between people and environment, and response to needs of
each one of them.