Content

•General introduction
•Cement definition
•Cement ingredients
•Chemical constituents of Portland cement
•Types of cement
•Cement hydration
•Structural properties of cement
•Exercise
Learning outcome

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

•Gain basic knowledge of cement viz. ingredient of cement, chemical
constituent of cement, types of cement, structural properties of
cement.
General Introduction
What is cement?

Cement is the main ingredient of concrete. It act as a binder.

Without knowledge of cement, concrete properties cannot be
enhanced.

Cementwas first of all introduced in the year 1824 by Joseph

Aspdin, a bricklayerer of Leeds, England. He called it Portland
cement, because after hardening it resembled in colour to the
stone quarried near Portland in England.
Cement definition
•Cement may be defined asan adhesive
“ substances capable
of uniting fragments or masses of solid matter to a compact
whole”.
•Cementmay also bedefined as “a hydraulic binder, which,
whenmixed with water, forms a paste which setsand
hardens by means of hydration reactions and processes and
which, after hardening
, retainsits strength and stability
evenunder water”.
Cement Ingredients
•The basic ingredients of an Ordinary Portland Cement are
Lime in the form ofcalcium oxideandalumina.
•The following two raw materials are required for the
manufacture of cement: -
1. Calcareous materials - The materials which contains
calcium or lime as their major constituent are called
calcareous materials such lime
as stone, chalk or shells
etc.
2. Argillaceous materials - The materials which contains
alumina as their major constituent are called argillaceous
materials such as shale, laterite etc.
Review questions
•What is cement ?
•What are the main ingredients of cement ?
 Chemical constituents of Portland
Cement
S. No. Ingredients Approx. Common
Proportion proportion
1. Lime (CaO) 60 to 67% 63%
2. Silica (SiO
2) 17 to 25% 22%
3. Alumina (Al2O2 ) 3 to 8% 6%
4. Iron oxide (Fe
2O3) 0.5 to 6% 3%
5. Magnesiumoxide (MgO) 0.1 to 4% 2.5%
6. Sulphur trioxide (SO
3) 1 to 3% 1.75%
7. Insoluble residue Not more than 0.25%
1.5%
8. Loss of ignition Not more than 4% 1.5%
Cement manufacturing (General view)
Chemical constituents of Portland
Cement
•Lime- This is the main ingredient of cement, its percentage
being about 60 per cent of the total
ingredients. Deficiency
of lime causes decrease in the strength of cement and
excess free lime causes unnecessary expansion and
disintegration of the cement.
•Silica- During the manufacturing of cement, silica undergoes
chemical reaction with calcium to form dicalcium and
tricalcium silicates which are responsible for imparting
strength to the cement.Excess of silica adds strength to the
cement but its setting time is prolonged.
Chemical constituents of Portland
Cement
•Alumina- Alumina forms complex compounds with silica and
calcium to impart setting property to the cement. Larger
quantity of alumina quickens setting but weakens the
cement.
•Iron oxide- This ingredient is mainly responsible to impart
colour to the cement. It also helps in adding strength and
hardness to the cement to a certain extent.
Chemical constituents of Portland
Cement
•Magnesium oxide - This ingredient is mainly responsible to
impart colour to the cement. It also helps in adding strength
and hardness to the cement to a certain extent .
•Sulphur trioxide- It makes cement sound if present in very
small quantity. Excess quantity of sulphur trioxide also
makescement unsound .
Chemical constituents of Portland
Cement
•Alkalies- Large quantity of alkalies (sodium and potassium
oxides) are carried away by flue gases during clinkering.
However, a small quantity is left behind, excess of which
causes efflorescence.
•Gypsum- During the grinding process a small quantity of
gypsum is added. The presence of gypsum retards the
setting time of cement so that there is time for transporting
and placing concrete/mortar for which the cement is used.
Review questions
•What are the main chemical constituents of cement ?
•What is the role of gypsum in cement ?
•Which constituent in cement is mainly responsible for the strength?
Types of cement

Main types of cement are

-
1. OPC
2. Rapid hardening cement
3. Sulphate resisting cement
4. Oil well cement
5. Portland blast furnace slag cement
6. Portland pozzolana cement
7. White cement
Types of cement
•Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): Also referred to as grey
cement or OPC, it is of much use in ordinary concrete
construction. In the production of this type of cement in India,
Iron (Fe2O3), Magnesium MgO),
( Silica (SiO
2), Alumina (Al
2O3),
and Sulphur trioxide (SO 3) components are used.
•Rapid Hardening Portland Cement: The texture of this cement
type is quite similar to that of OPC. But, it is bit more fine than
OPC and possesses immense compressible strength, which
makes casting work easy.
•Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC): As it prevents cracks, it is
useful in the casting work of huge volumes of concrete. The rate
of hydration heat is lower in this cement type. Fly ash, coal waste
or burnt clay is used in the production of this category of cement.
It can be availed at low cost in comparison to OPC.
Types of cement

•Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement: This cement is

beneficial in the areas where concrete has an exposure to
seacoast or sea water or soil or ground water. Under any
such instances, the concrete is vulnerable to sulphates
attack in large amounts and can cause damage to the
structure. Hence, by using this cement one can reduce the
impact of damage to the structure. This cement has high
demand in India.
•Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFSC): The rate of
hydration heat is found lower in this cement type in
comparison to PPC. It is most useful in massive construction
projects, for example- dams.
Types of cement

•White cement:It is a kind of Ordinary Portland Cement. The

content of iron oxide is maintained below 0.4% to secure
whiteness. White cement is largely used to increase the
aesthetic value of a construction. It is preferred for tiles and
flooring works. This cement costs more than grey cement .
•Oil Well Cement:Made of iron, coke, limestone and iron
scrap, Oil Well Cement is used in constructing or fixing oil
wells. This is applied on both the -shore
off and on-shore of
the wells.
Review questions

•List various types of cement ?

•In what condition, they used as a main binder ?
Cement hydration

When water is added to cement, what happens?

• Dissolution of cement grai
• Growing ionic concentratio
• Formation of compounds in
(C3S), dicalcium silicate 2(C
S), tricalcium aluminate
(C3A),
tetracalcium aluminium ferrite (C 4AF) etc.
• After reaching a saturatio
precipitate out as solids (“
Cement hydration
Cement hydration

•Aluminates, being highly soluble in plain water, react

immediately and rapidly deposition of calcium aluminate
crystals takes place.
•This rapid deposition of calcium aluminate crystals is
responsible for initial setting of cement.
•Whereas, C 3S (Tri
-calcium silicate) reacts slower than3AC
(tri-calcium aluminates) , but faster than C
2S (Di
-calcium
silicate) and is responsible for first 28 days strength.
•C2S (Di-calcium silicate) reacts slowly and it continues for
two to three years and contributes to the development of
later strength.
Review questions

•What do you understand by ‘cemen

•Name the compounds those forms during cement hydration process
and what is their role for gain in strength in cement ?
Exercise

Explain structural properties of cement.