/ i Ld, Computer System Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2. Basic Computer Organization 1.3. Mobile System Organization 1.4. Types of Software 1.1 INTRODUCTION Computers are the machines that have revolutionised the world around us. The way we used to live around 25-30 years ago is very different from how we live today. A modern age student cannot even imagine life, without email, Internet, print outs, playing music on computers or smartphones, photos just a click away in the form of smartphones and so on. In short, in every aspect of life around us, we see computers play a role directly or indirectly. Computers deliver so much, diligently and efficiently all thanks fo the wonderful combination of their hardware and software. © Hardware. The physical electronic components keyboard, CPU, monitor, printer etc. recorded instructions and progta program is a set of instructions to carry out a spec of a computer are called hardware, ¢.8., © Software, These are the ms that govern the working of a computer. Recall that a fie task or achieve a special work goal. ‘oad sense by discussing fe shall discuss computer's functioning in br aid in computer's overall In this chapter, w ow various types of software computer system organization and h performance. j Scanned with CamScanneraa 2 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON _ , | | 1.2 BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION | Computer organization refers to logical structure of a computer describing how its components are connected to one another ; how they affect one another's functioning, and contribute, overall performance of the computer. Computers, as you must be knowing, follow the ‘IPO’ principle ie, Input + Process ~> Output (a certain input is processed to generate specific output). So, the computer organization is also lik this — these are component(s) dedicated to obtain input in different forms, components) dedicated to perform processing part and component(s) to produce output in different forms, Thus basic computer organization is as shown in Figure 1.1. To see the interconnections ang basic working of computer (Computer Organization), scan this QR Code with SIPO app. To se Computer Organization [xo | | cru Raises] unit Output | Figure 1.1 Basic Computer Organization. | Let us talk about these functional components of a computer, [LOMAS AEE! one by one. A computer runs on electricity power. 1.2.1 Input Unit The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer. Examples of input devices and media are : keyboard, mouse, magnetic ink character reader (MICR), optical mark reader (OMR), optical character reader (OCR), joystick ete. - | The input unit is responsible for taking input and converting Nig EK itinto computer understandable form (the binary code), Since = An input unit takes the input and | a computer operates on electricity, it can understand only the _Arvnpatnitake the input and language of electricity ie, either ON or OFF or high voltage caticeanibe unlesbed ev te or low voltage. That means a computer can understand two computer. stages ON/OFF or High/Low voltage or the binary language that uses just two symbols : 1 for ON and 0 for OFF. All the inputs consisted of data (on which the action was to be performed) as well as the instruction (the action to be taken). On the same lines, the computer input also consists of data and instructions, For example, if the given input to the computer is Add 2 and 3 then data consists of 2 and 3 and instruction is Add. Similarly, if the given input is Print “Hello World” then data consists of “Hello World” and instruction is Print. ‘ Scanned with CamScanner| a Chapter 1: COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW 3 The input unit is comprised of different input devices that take the input in different forms and pass them in digital form to CPU for processing. Some common input devices are ( Keyboard. Keyboard is a typewriter like device which is used to type in the letters, digits and-commands. (ii) Mouse. Mouse is pointing device with either a roller on its base or some laser mechanism. Mouse controls movement of pointer (also called mouse pointer) on screen. (iii) Microphone (Mic). We can send sound input to computer through a special input device called microphone or mic in short. A mic converts the sound received into computer's format, which is called digitized sound or digital audio. ‘A mic can work if your computer has a special hardware known as sound card. 1.2.2 Output Unit The output unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer. The output coming from the CPU is in the form Output Unit converts the of electronic binary signals which needs conversion in some output in binary form to form which can be easily understood by human beings ic, human readable form. characters, graphical or audio visual form, This function of - conversion is performed by output units. Some popular output devices are = () Monitors. Monitor (or “screen’) is the most common form of output from a computer. It displays information in a similar way to that shown on a television screen. The picture on a monitor is made up of thousands of tiny coloured dots called pixels. (ii) Printers. Printers are the devices that deliver information by means of printed characters on paper. (ii) Speakers. Speakers receive the sound in form of electric current from the sound card and then convert it to sound format audible to user. 1.2.3 The CPU (Central Processing Unit) ‘The CPU or the Central Processing Unit is the main control centre and processing unit. Itis also called brain of the computer as it guides, directs, controls and governs the performance of a computer. The CPU has some sub-components that help in carrying out the processing ofa task. These are : () Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) (i) Control Unit (CU) (ii) Registers (i) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) The ALU performs all the four arithmetic (+, -,*,/) and some logical («,>,=, <= ) operations. When two numbers are required to be added, these numbers are sent from memory tg ALU where addition takes place and the result is put back in the memory. In the same way, other arithmetic operations are performed (through ALU only). For logical operations also, the numbers to be compared are sent | from memory to ALU where the comparison takes place and ALU performs arithmetic , the result is returned to the memory. The result of a logical (t%,/) and logic operation is either TRUE or FALSE. These operations provide On the capability of decision-making to the computer. TEED ESEnEE Scanned with CamScannerY COMPUTER SCIENCE With, PYTHON 4 . ee a tion, flow and manipulation of alt dats sand guides the interpretation, ow and manipulation of all day, Intocmations The CU gens conta signals until the required ope lone prope ieee Another important function of CU is the program execution 4, cary, eee eee program, The CU gets program instructions fom me ST eee iting the instructions from memory in cl) and executes them one after the other. After getting net md instruction is decoded and interpreted ie, which operation E , tobe performed. Then the asked operation is caried out After the work of this instruction is completed, pono) uni sends signal to memory to send the next instruction in sequence to CU GU acts a a supervisor by controlling and gun) the operation taking placy” The control unit even controls the flow of data from input devices to memory and from memory to output devices. (i) Registers Registers or processor registers are small units of data holding places. The CPU uses registers io femporarily hold some important processing-information during the time the processing is taking place. CPU may store some part data or some memory address or some instruction x its processor registers. 1.2.4 The Memory [Main Memory/Primary Memory] ‘The memory of a computer is more like a predefined working place, information and data to facilitate its performance. Each memory loc: address. When the task is performed, it clears its mem where it temporarily keeps ation has a unique memory ‘ory and memory space is then available he power is switched off, everything stored in the memory gets erased and cannot be recalled, ‘The memory of a computer can be thought of down into smaller parts known as bits (se Fig, A number of bits together are used to store sia as ‘cells’. Each of these cells is further broken 12). A bit means a binary digit ie,, either 0 or 1 ta instructions by their combination . Cello Cell 1 |The memory of computer is often called main memory or Primary memory. Figure 1.2. Memory cells. ENT Agroup of 8 bits is called a byte and a group of 4 bits is called a . | nibble One byte is the smallest unit which can represent a data item ora character. Other units of memory are KB, MB, GB, TB, Every higher memory unit is equal to 2” A Dit isan elementary unit of the memory. Eight bits together form a byte. of its lower unit. Scanned with CamScannerae. ae Chopter 1 : COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW 5 Following Table 1.1 lists various memory units used. Table 11.1 Units of Computer Memory Measurements Unit nit Short Name Unit Short Name | FullName | 1 Bit Bit Binary Digit || 2" ie, 1024GB | 178 Terra Byte 8 Bits 1 Byte Byte 2" ie, 1024 TB 1PB Peta Byte 2" ie, 1024 Bytes 1KB Kilo Byte 2" ie, 1024 PB 1EB Exa Byte 2 ie,, 1024 KB 1 MB ‘Mega Byte 2!° ic, 1024 EB 1ZB Zeta Byte 2"° ie, 1024 MB 168 Giga Byte | Since computer's main memory (primary memory) is temporary, secondary memory space is needed to store data and information permanently for later use. Some most common secondary storage media are the hard disk, CD-RWs, pen drive ete. The secondary memory devices are also known as storage devices. 1.2.44. Parts of Main Memory/Primary Memory In the random-access memory (RAM), the memory cells can be accessed for information transfer from any desired random location. That is, the process of locating a word in memory is the same and requires an equal amount of memory, thus the name “random access”. The main drawback of RAM memory is that it is a volatilé memory. That is, when the power goes off, the contents of RAM get erased. The RAM chips in a computer can be of ftv basic types : () Dynamic RAM (DRAM), These are made up of transistors and capacitors. The amount of time taken to produce data required from memory, from the start of access until the availability of data is called memory access tine. Today's DRAM chips have access times ranging from below 20 to 70 nanoseconds. (i) Static RAM. These are made up of flip-flops* and offer faster access times (about 10 nanoseconds) than DRAMs. memory, from the start of Static RAMS are thus used in specialized applications _accessuntil the avatiablty of while dynamic RAMs are used in the primary storage dao, 1 cle Memory Access sections of most computers. Time. Read Only Memory (ROM) ‘As the name implies, a read-only memory (ROM) is a memory unit that performs the read operation only; it does not have a write capability. This implies that the binary information seored in a ROM is made permanent during the hardware production of the unit and cannot b Sitered by writing different words into it (hence non-volatile). Whereas a RAM is a gener purpose device whose contents can be altered during the computational process, a RO! vrstricted to reading words that are permanently stored within the unit. ROMs are us applications in which it is known that the information never needs to be altered, for & monitor program controlling a machine. These, however, are slower than RAM. The amount of time taken to produce data required from ‘A flip-flop is a binary cell capable of storing one bit of information, Scanned with CamScannerWr ON COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH py 6 ION There are various types of ROM which are given below : / (i) PROM (programmable ROM). Also called OTP (One Time Programmable) PRO, i. user-programmable memory in which information is burnt using special Guipme called a ROM burner. (i) EPROM (erasable programmable ROM). In EPROM, one can program the Memon chip (through various mechanisms eg. UV radiation) and erase it many time" 2 needed. The UV-EPROM can take up to 20 minutes for erasing EPROM contents, (ii) EEPROM (clectrically erasable programmable ROM). In EEPROM, the EPROM. is crased electrically which is faster. Also, with EEPROM, selective bytes can be erased unlike UV-EPROM which erases fully. (2) Flash EEPROM. It is like EEPROM but is very fast comparatively (the erasure of the entire contents takes less than a second). Also, it erases fully: and not selectively, (©) Mask ROM. Mask ROM refers to a kind of ROM in which the Contents are programmed by the IC manufacturer. It is not a user-programmable ROM. 1.2.5. The Storage Unit Computers need to store and retrieve data for Processing. Since primary memory has a limited storage capacity and is not permanent, secondary storage devices are used to store large amount of data permanently. There are various types of secondary devices available these days To specify the storage capacity of storage devices, same Ronraconnnn units of memory are used, which are used for measuring Se St IKss primary memory. That is, we can Tepresent the storage Hard disks a] Magnetic Capacity of storage devices in terms of kilo bytes (KBs), mega Media bytes (MBs), giga bytes (GBs) and tera bytes (TBs) as we do for * CD ROMs Optical main memory. DVDs Media Let us now talk about some most common, storage devices, Flash Pen drive 1. Hard Disks 2. Compact Disks (CDs) The compact disks or CDs are optical media, The CDs are relatively cheap and have a storage capacity of upto 700 Mb. There are three main types of cbs? () CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory). This is used only to store information and cannot be used to Store data. It is mainly used for CD distribution Ca» encyclopedias, software, games, e-books oie () CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable). It is mai only once and disk can’t be erased. (i) CD-RW (Compact Disk-Rewritable), CD-RW ig an erasable disk you can write on multiple times. , Scanned with CamScannerhopler 1: COMPUTER. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 7 3, DVDs pvp ie ence storage device that looks the same as a compact disc but is able to hold about a rmation and transfer it to the computer about 20 times as fast as a CD-ROM. A DVD, also called a Suy ity di: , iper Density disk (SD), can hi i (i) DVD-ROM. This is read only DVDs ie., once recorde: @ oven tially, you cannot write on it. (i DVD-R (DVD-Recordable). DVD-R similar to CD-R’s allow users to write on the disc once but read it many times. (ii) DVD-RW (DVD-Rewritable). Most writable DVD drives are DVD-RW You can erase and read many times on them. 4, Flash Memory . A flash drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device with a ‘solid state’ memory i.e., ithas no moving parts unlike magnetic storage devices, nor does it make use of lasers — unlike optical drives, Instead, it works in a similar way to RAM. The key difference is that data is retained in Flash memory even when the power is switched off. They are now fairly inexpensive, costing from %250]- upwards. Typical sizes range from 256 Mbytes up to 128 GB and beyond. gst wera 1. (i) Storage of 1 KB means the following number of bytes : (@) 1000 (b) 964 (0) 1926 (a) 1066 (ii) One Megabyte is equivalent to (a) 210 bytes (B) 220 bytes (6) 230 bytes (a) none of the above 2. What are the functional components of a digital computer ? 3, What are the components of CPU ? What is its role ? What is the function ‘of control unit of CPU ? 4, What role does the input unit play in a computer ? 5, What is the function of ALU ? 6, What role does the output unit play in a computer ? 7. What is the function of main memory ? What are the measuring units of memory ? 8, What are different types of ROM ? 9, Name some fast storage devices, 10. Which storage device is considered a portable device ? 5, Blu Ray Disk Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. The disc has the same dimensions asa standard DVD or CD. While current optical disc techno- logies such as DVD, DVD +R, DVD + RW, and DVD-RAM rely on a red laser to read and write data, the new format uses a blue-violet laser instead, hence the name Blu-ray. The benefit of using a blue-violet laser (405 nm) is that ithas a shorter wavelength than a red laser (650 nm), which makes it possible to focus the laser spot with even greater precision. ‘This allows data to be packed more tightly and stored in less space, so it's possible to fit more data on the disc even though it’s the same size as a CD/DVD. Blu Ray disks of today are capable of storing upto 128 GB of data. 1.2.6 The System Bus The system bus (or the bus) is an electronic pathway composed of connecting cables and that connects the major components of a computer system. Through system bus, data and instructions are passed among the computer system components. © The data carrying part of system bus is called data bus. © The control instruction carrying part of system bus is call control bus. © The memory address carrying part of system bus is Address bus. © A separate type of bus called 1/0 Bus connects Output and other external devices to the syster Scanned with CamScannerON 8 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH Pig, -4 1.3. MOBILE‘SYSTEM ORGANIZATION Moder mobile system are tiny computers in your hand. Although they have less comp Power compared to their bigger versions, they handle diverse type of applications making calls through radio signals, offering camera utilities, handling touch sensitiy, display audio/video/graphical content but having little battery based power etc. ing Such ag ste, Display Subsystem Touch sensitive interface T T [reesa]* [oanaysace i 7 a RF Transceiver | a ‘APU Appteaion. |! I | | COMMUNICATIONS Processing Uni) || | Storage sim | || PROCESSOR ! i | | Radosigna | || ital Sigal ae Management Processor) GPU (Graphic : ademal || = H Processing Unity ‘|! || Storage Power Management Lo =] Battery ||_[~ Batiery | ack |—] management SOEs =a] [oa 1 r j |_| 78] [e] || sen Audio Subsystem t q Mic Speaker Figure 1.3 Mobile System Organization Thus, the system organization of a mobile system has components to handle all these. The block diagram of a mobile system is as shown here, Let us talk about these functional components of a mobile system one by one. Amobile system's CPU handles diverse types of applications but has alittle power compared to computers as mobile systems run on battery power. 1, Mobile Processor (Mobile CPU) This is the brain of a smartphone, The CPU receives commands, makes instant calculations, Plays audio/video, stores information and sends signals throughout the device. The CPU of a mobile system has majorly two sub-processor® types : () Communications Processing Unit (ii) Applications Processing Unit (APU) 2, In fact, major subsystems are like processors in themselves e.g., Radio Signal Management system can be termed as Radio signal processor. Scanned with CamScannerLan Chopter 1 : COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW 9 () Communications Processing Unit. [Mobile System 1/O Unit] This subsystem is responsible for making and receiving phone calls on a mobile handset. It has a digital signal processor that helps it work with RF Transceiver and the Audio subsystem. © Radio Signal Management Unit is responsible for connecting SIM (which provides a type of modem) to the base stations through radio ; These days major components signals. (3G/LTEAG based cellular networks). tf a mobile system are ii) Applications Processit it . integrated on a single chip called (i) App! sing Unit (APU). This subsystem Sytem on 2 Chip (S00) The SOC is responsible for governing, controlling all types of hips consume less power operations taking place on a mobile system by running compared to other alternatives. various types of mobile applications (apps). 2. Display Subsystem This subsystem is responsible for providing display facilities, touch sensitive interface and touch sensitive keyboards 3. Camera Subsystem ‘This subunit is designed to deliver a tightly bound image processing package and enable an improved overall picture and video experience. It has an integrated Image Signal Processor ensures things like instant image capture, high-resolution support, image stabilization, and other image enhancements. 4. Mobile System Memory Tike its other counterparts, a mobile system also needs memory to work. A mobile system's memory is comprised of following two types of memories () RAM (Random Access Memory). It is the work memory of your mobile system. The installed mobile apps, when run, are first loaded in the RAM and then executed. These apps remain in the RAM after you are no longer using them and then they are shifted to background. ‘The more RAM you have on a smartphone, the better the performance and faster the Phone will generally be. RAM does not store information once the device is turned off. (ji) ROM (Read Only memory). The ROM or Read Only - oy Memory is a part of mobile system’s internal storage and it oer is not accessible for users to write on and is thus referred to 1. as Read Only Memory. The ROM is basically Flash memory or technically EEPROM (electrically erasable and program- mable read only memory), 1. What are major functional components of a mobile system ? 2, What i the vole of Communication This ROM part of a mobile system internal storage is where processor of a mobile system ? operating system resides. It also has some preinstalled apps 4, How does a mobile system manage and in this memory sections which cannot be deleted on users’ draw power ? end either, Thisis the reason why you don’t get full internal 44. What is the role of display management memory as advertised on the a unit of a mobile system ? Box, because a part of it has 5. How does memory of mobile function? _ een used to house operating 6. How does the CPU of a mobile system system and other _pre- eee installed apps. the device. Scanned with CamScanner—~ 10 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON _ oH {| 5. Storage The external storage of a mobile system is also called expandable storage. It comes in the form of SD cards, or micro SD cards ete. It is the storage which can be removed easily by you and can be used for storing pictures, music, videos and the likes. To an extent, even the cloud storage can also be categorized as external storage. 6. Power Management Subsystem (Battery) This subsystem is responsible for providing power to a mobile system. The mobile systems work on limited power provided through an attached battery unit. This subsystem has a battery Management system that works with a battery charger and a battery unit, and provides power to the mobile system in required form. 1.4 TYPES OF SOFTWARE A computer system consists of hardware and software for its proper functioning, Hrskoare represents the physical and tangible components of the computer ie, the components that can be seen and touched. Input devices, output devices, CPU, hard disk, printer eta. we examples of computer hardware, Seftware represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. Software can be classified broadly into two categories, 1. System Software 2. Application Software . Following sections discuss system software and application software in details, 1.4.1 System Software A computer is mere a machine that knows nothing of itself. Rather it requires instructions for each and everything it performs. These instructions are provided to it through software. The software that controls internal computer operations (viz. reading data from input devices, Hansmitting processed information to the output devices, checking system components, converting data/instructions to computer understandable form ete, is known as system software. The system software can further be classified into two Ba categories : The software that controls 1. Operating System 2. Language Processor, internal computer operations is bs ae enon si called System Software. Let us discuss each one of these individually, 1.4.1A Operating System The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the computer system convenient to use and secondary goal is to use computer hardware in an efficient manner. An operating system is an important component of a computer system which controls all other components of the computer system, Major components of a computer system are : 1. The Hardware 2. The Operating System An Operating system is @ 3, The Application program routines (compiler, linkers, ee a interface between a user an database management systems, utility programs) the hardware (ie all computer 4, The Humanware (users) resources), Scanned with CamScannera cones COMPUTER, SYSTEM OVERVIEW where herons provides the basic computing resources, the application program routines define the ways in which these resources are used to solve the computing problems ofthe users and the Operating System controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users [An operating system's major role is to execute a program. How an operating system executes 2 program, is covered in chapter 4 There are different types of operating systems available today to cater to varied type of requirements. These are : Single user OS, Multiuser OS, Time sharing OS, Real time 0s, Multiprocessing OS, Distributed OS etc. We are not discussing these operating systems types here as it is beyond the scope of the syllabus. 1,4.1B Language Processors ‘A language processor is a special type of a computer software that can translate the source code into an object code or machine code. Here you should know the meaning of the terms source code or object code, © A source code refers to the program-code written by a programmer in a high level programming language (HLL) such as in C, Java, C+ ete. «© An object code refers to a code usually in machine language or binary code, @ language that computer can understand easily and run on hardware So, you can safely say that language processors are software that convert source codes into object codes. ‘There are three types of language processors : assembler, compiler and interpreter. (i) Assembler. This language processor converts the program written in assembly language into machine language. (id) Interpreter. An interpreter is a type of system software that translates and executes instructions written in a computer program line-by-line, unit by unit etc. (ii) Compiler. A Compiler is another type of system software that translates and executes instructions written in a computer program in one go. Chapter 4 (section 4.3) discusses the working of compilers and interpreters in details. 1.4.2. Application Software This type of software pertains to one specific application. For instance, software that can perform railway reservation functions cannot prepare result for a school. These are the programs written by programmers to enable computer to perform a specific task such as processing words, inventory control, handling calculations and figures, medical accounting, financial accounting, result preparation, railway reservation, Pilling etc. Application software can further be subdivided into four AERA = categories : ‘An Application Software is the 1, Packages 2, Utilities set of programs necessary to 3, Customised Software 4, Developer Tools carry ut operations for 8 specified application. Scanned with CamScanneroN COMPUTER SCIENCE wiry, Pr (On 12 > 1.4.24 Packages Fi fe Only system software does not sufficé for efficient se of computers bec _ software exists mostly for the benefit of the computer. i i ka , fe, the Pligg are required to make the computer useful for people. Application software has zi from word processing to selecting USE the software written to do almost every task imaginable, attend. sti As applications may be numerous (from thousands to millions of them), iis not feasible ty esi, Software for each one of them. Rather some general software are designed that may be Used b individual users in the manner it suits their needs and requirements. Such Beneral-appricais” software are known as packages, Some major and most common categories of Benera, application software (packages) are : () Word Processing Software (iti) Database Management Systems (2) Graphics, multimedia, and presentation applications. 2 cole (ii) Spreadsheets (iv) Desktop Publishing Software 1.4.2B Utilities Utilities are those helpful programs that ensure the smooth functioning of the computer. Utility programs or Utilities are those application simply Utilities are meant to assist your computer. Some brorams that asst the cont utilities help you backup data, some help remove performing housekeeping ces Outdated files or recover data that has been accidentally like backing up disk or scanning / | erased. Some make it easier to find and arrange the cleaning viruses or arranging information you need. And some help you avoid virus Information etc. attacks or clean viruses, if any. In other words, the utility ‘Programs perform house-keeping functions. Itis an established truth that everything comes with certain Pros and cons. Software also are not an exception to it. Utlities bridge the gaps by helping to solve the problems and maximize your computer's potential. Some important utilities are being discussed below, 1. Text Editor. This utility program is used for creating, editing text files. 2, Backup Utility. This utility program facilitates the backing-up of disk, Back-up means duplicating the disk information so that in case of any damage or data-loss, this backed up data may be used. 3. Compression Utility. This utility program facilitates compression of files. Large files can be compressed so that they take less storage area, 4, Disk Defragmentor. A file is fragmented when it becomes too large for your computer to store in a single location on a disk. When this happens, your computer splits the file up and stores it in pieces. You can use fragmented files, but it takes your computer longer to access them, Scanned with CamScannerer on COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW 5, Antivirus Software. This ut ¥y program ensures virus-free work environment. A computer ‘Virus is a malicious computer program that disrupts normal functioning of a computer. ‘An antivirus software scans your disk for viruses and removes them, if any virus is found. Moreover, some antivirus software remains present in memory all the time s0 that they can detect the viruses (as soon as they occur) and counterattack them. Application Software Word processors [Sersadetents ‘System Software Databases ‘ Hardware software S¥S"™ CPU, disks, mouse, software printer et. Language Device processors drivers Figure 1.4 Working hierarchy in a computer. 1.4.2C Business Software This type of software is specifically created software according 19 > business requirements. This type of software is developed to meet the general requirements of a business. For instance, @ company wants to computerize its ‘Accounts’ department and getsa software that can serve its heeds, Such a software is business software. There are many readymade business software. troge can cater to a variety of business needs. Examples of these software are Inventory Management System (for managing inventory details ‘of a company), Payroll system (for handling payroll of a company’s employees), Financial ‘Accounting, Hotel Management and Reservation System etc. Although there are standard business software available in market, yet some companies prefer getting customized (tailor-made) software as per their specific , oe V3 11. How can computer software be classified ? 2. What are two categories of system software ? 3, What is an operating system ? What is its role ? 4, What is application software ? What are the three categories of application software ? 5, Differentiate between a compiler and interpreter. 6. What is utility software ? 7. What ate software Ubraries? How are they useful to programmers ? canned with CamScanner requirements. However, such softwares cannot be directly jnstalled at any other user’s workplace as the requirements of the second user may differ from the first and the software ray not fit in the requirements of the new user. 1.4.3 Software Libraries When programmers develop software and programs, they have a prewritten set of code/functions, classes, scripts ete: jvailable to do a variety of tasks, which they can use directly in their code. These predefined sets of codes are called coftware libraries. A software library is a predefined sind available to use, suite of data and programming code in the form of prewritten code/ functions/scripts/classes etc. that can be used in the development of new software programs and applications.— COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON — 4, The software libraries combine codes/ functions / scripts / classes etc. on the basis of thei, common domain. In order to use the rewritten functionality, a programmer needs to add tha, libraries to its code. For instance, if your software requires some heavy mathematical work then you need not write the functions/code etc. for —_preeyyessaryeree complex mathematical functions. Rather what you tf ne a ‘A software library is a predefined ang need to do is that to include/import an available sphart, AIT 2 redelnad ang math based software library in your program. Then programming code inthe form of prewrition you can use all the available functions and features code / functions | scripts / classes ete. that of this library in your code without having to can be used in the development of new software programs and applications rewrite them. You can use a software library in a variety of projects. For example, Python comes equipped with many software libraries. Some of these are : 1, NumPy (Numerical Python). It provides an abundance of useful features and functions for operations on numeric arrays and matrices in Python. 2. SciPy (Scientific Python). SciPy contains modules for linear algebra, optimization, integration, and statistics. Panda Library. Pandas is a Python package designed to do work with “labeled” and 3 “relational” data. It is designed for quick and easy data manipulation, aggregation, and visualization. With this we have come to the end of this chapter. Let us quickly revise what we have learnt so far. LeT Us REVISE ‘% Computers can deliver performance because of an efficient combination of hardware and software. % While hardware refers to physical electronic components of a computer, software represent the recorded instructions/software that govern its operation. “2 Computer organization refers to logical structure of a computer describing their interconnections and work dependency. % The functional components of a computer include : input unit, CPU, Memory, Storage Unit, Output Unit. “% The Input unie is responsible for obtaining input from user and converting it to digital form. ‘% The GPU (Central Processing Unit) processes the receiver input as pera set of instructions and produces output. “The CPU has these sub-components : ALU, Control Unit and Registers, ‘t TheALU (Arithmetic of Logie Unit) is responsible for carrying out arithmetic operations and logic operations (e). comparing two values). “% The Control Unit controls or supervises the processing taking place. “% Registers are small data holding areas within CPU that hold data, instructions and memory address during the processing. ‘% The main memory or memory holds the data and programs forthe processing, “% Main memory can either be ROM or RAM. % ROM is read only memory that stores some prewritten instructions, Scanned with CamScannerrr COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW copier! 15 _pAMis Random access memory that can be read and written and is used for monipulating data during processing. ‘The primary memory (RAM) is volatile in nature as all contents are erased as soon as power goes off ‘re storage unit stores the contents permanently. Major storage devices are hard disks, CD, DVD, flash drive and Blue-Ray discs, ‘A mobile system handles complex types of operations including input, output and processing. eee eee Major functional components of a mobile system are Radio Signal Management subsystem, Display subsystem, power management subsystem, CPU, Memory and storage subsystems. Sofeware represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. ‘The software that controls internal computer operations is called system software. “An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. eee @ ‘There are different types of OSs available ~single program OS, multiprogram OS, time-sharing OS, real-time OS, multiprocessing OS etc. @ ‘A language processor converts @ program writen in high level language to machine language. There are tre language processors: () assembler which converts assembly language cade to machine code, (i) com ‘and (ii) interpreter which convert high level language code to machine code ‘& Application sofware is a set of programs necessary to carry out operations fora specified application ‘es There are three categories of aplication software : () packages (i) uilities and (i) customised sofware ‘Utility programs assist the computer in maineaning its performance. Some ofthe uti utilities, compression utilities, disk defragmentors, and antivirus software. lies are : text editors, backup ‘e Customised software is tailor made software according to user's requirements. ‘& Sofware libraries are sets of prewritten code/funetions/lasses et. available fo programmers for use in the development of new code. Solved Problems ccc cia aaa RnR 1. State the basic units ofthe computer. Name the subunit that makeup the CPU, and ive the function of enc of the units. Solution. The basic units of a computer are 1. Input unit 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3. Output Unit & Memory. “The CPU has two subunits : the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) ‘The control unit controls the entire operation being carried out. ‘The ALU performs the arithmetic and logical operations. 2. What is the function of memory ? What ar its measuring units ? Solution, The memory temporarily holds the data and information during processing. ‘The smallest unit of memory isa byte (8 bits). A byte can store one character in binary form. Other measuring units are kilobyte (KB) equal to 1024 (2°) bytes, Megabyte (MB) equal to 1024 KB, Gigabyte (GB) equal to 1024 MB and Terabyte (TB) equal to 1024 CB. 3, Give examples foreach of system softoare and application softtonre. Explain the function of ech type. Solution. Examples of system software are : () Operating system (i) Language Processor (ii) Application Software Scanned with CamScanner— COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON — 5, Examples of Operation System are : Single user OS, multiuser OS, batch processing OS, multiprocessing OS ete. Asthe names users. The hatch proce ‘multiprocessing OS is capable of handling multiple CPUs at the same time. The examples of language processors are : (i) Interpreter (ii) Compiler (iii) Assembler An interpreter converts and executes an HLL program into object program line by line whereas a compiler converts an HLL program into object program in one go and once the program is error free, itcan be executed later. An assembler converts an assembly language program into object program, uggest, single user OS supports single user whereas multiuser OS can support multiple inng OS processes the batches (groups) of jobs (processes given to it) ang Examples of application software are : (j) Customised Software (ii) General software. The customised software pertains to the requirements of a specific user for whom the software has been developed. General software is developed keeping in mind general specifications of a problem. Why is primary memory termed as ‘destructive write’ memory but ‘non-destructive read’ memory ? Solution. When a memory location is read from in the primary memory, the contents of the memory word remain the same ; they are not altered. Therefore, a primary memory is termed as ‘non- destructive read’ memory since the read operation does not destruct the contents of a memory word, When a write operation takes place, the previous contents of the memory word are overwritten. Thus, the primary memory is termed as ‘destructive write’ memory as the write operation destructs the contents of a memory word. What is the difference between RAM and ROM ? Solution. RAM refers to random access memory where both read and write operations can take place. But the RAM is a volatile memory ; its contents are lost when power is turned off. ROM refers to read only memory where only read operation can take place. The ROM is a non-volatile memory. Both RAM and ROM are parts of the primary memory. What is the role of CPU of a mobile system ? Solution. A mobile system has to cater to a variety of operations and applications and its CPU has to ‘manage all these. Thus the CPU of a mobile system has many sub-processors that help it control and ‘manage diverse applications. The CPU of a mobile manages all these types of applications and operations © Manages communications while connecting to radio transceivers and SIM. © Manages audio through ADC (analog to digital converter) and DAC (digital to analog converter). © Manages display and touch sensitive sensors and interface. © Works in tandem with memory and storage. What are various categories of software ? Solution. There are broadly ttvo categories of software 1, System Software. This type of software controls internal computer operations. The system software can further be classified in f1vo categories : (i) Operating System. An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a uset and the hardware. (ii) Language Processor. This program is responsible for converting an HLL code (High Level Language code) into machine understandable code. 2. Application Software. An application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application. Scanned with CamScanner=< XI 10. COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW 7 Chapter sg. What the diference betoven an interpreter and a compiter? olution. An interpreter converts an HLL program into. machi i i = achine language line by line and simultaneously executes the converted line, Also, an interpreter must always be present in the memory along with the program for its execution. If an error occurs in a line, the line is displayed and interpreter does not proceed unless the error is rectified. ‘A compiler converts an HLL program in machine language in one go. If there are errors in the program, it gives the error list along with the line numbers. Once the errors are removed, error-free Ebject code is made available and after this compiler is no more needed in the memory. What is application software ? Why is it required ? Solution. Application software is a software that pertains to one application. “Application software is required because system software cannot carry out the routine jobs performed by the user which application software can easily do. ‘To perform various kinds of activities, the application software comes in various categories : ( Packages (i) Utilities ii) Business Software (jo) Developer Tools. Five statements about interpreters and compilers are given below. Study ench statement and determine which af them hold true for a compiler or for an interpreter. (i) takes one statement at a time and executes it (i) generates an error report at the end of translation of the whole program. (iil) stops the translation process as soon as the first error is encountered. (iv) slows speed of execution of program loops. (0) translates the entire program in one go. Solution, Interpreter : (i, (ii, (iv); Compiler: (ii), (®~) GLOSSARY A binary digit A group of eight bits. ‘Arithmetic Logic Unit that carries out arithmetic and logical operations. Softwore pertaining to the operations of o specified application. Progrom that converts HLL program into machine language in one go and report all he erorsclong with their line numbers Program which acts o$ an interface between @ user and the hardware Central Processing Unit thot carries out the given process and supervises the enfire operation, of cells used to store dato and programs in a computer. ‘An organized collection © device thot is uliaviolet-erosable ond electrically Erasable ‘programmable read-only memory, reprogrammable. Programmable read-only memory. With © PROM programmer, you can bum in your own programs and dol. Scanned with CamScannerCOMPUTER SCIENC E 8 Random-access memory. It is also called a read-write mem Ho Oy : 4 ory Because yoy cay read of « memory location or write new contents into i the «o “Row Reod-only memory. ROM Rymes with Mom) Ths device provides Pomel toy | fond data. You can access any memory location by supplying is address Be of ota, | Software Set of programs thot govern the operation of a computer system, 1 guage Procritor Sofware tht comers high lee longuage code ints Tachne undersondabl fog ((riem Seftwere Sclvare thot conto nemal computer operations. ‘Uslity Software ‘software thot ossits the computer by perlorming housekeeping functions, 6. iB 8 9, 10, un. 2. 1B. 4. 15, 16. V7, 18, 19, 21 22. 24, Distinguish between CPU and ALU. What is the function of output unit “A, Computer system ? Give examples of so What role does memory play in the functioning of computer system ? Define each ofthe following : (@) byte) kilobyte What is the meaning of Problems of volatility 2 me output devices (6) megabyte © Bigabyte (terabyte, the term volatile Primary memory ? What can be done to overcome the How are software libraries useful ? Name What is the utility of these software? (i disk fragmentor (i) backup software, some software libraries of Python, 4 canned with CamScanner