Window On Humanity A Concise Introduction To General Anthropology 8th Edition Conrad Kottak - Test Bank

Window on Humanity A Concise
Introduction to General Anthropology 8th

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Sample Test
Chapter 03
Doing Anthropology

Multiple Choice Questions
1. The American Anthropological Association’s Code of

Ethics is
A.intendedto guide its members in making decisions.
B. designed to protect anthropologists who conduct
fieldwork in remote places.
C. applicable only to research in the United States.
D. disregarded by most researchers.
E. of little use to most anthropologists.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Identify biological anthropologists’ and
archaeologists’ ethical obligations to the people, species, and
materials they study.
Topic: The ethical obligations of anthropology
2. ________ is NOT an example of the multidisciplinary

approaches used in biologicalanthropology and
archaeology.
A.Remote sensing
B. Metaphysics
C. Bioarchaeology
D. Paleontology
E. Palynology

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the multidisciplinary nature of
biological anthropology and archaeology.
Topic: The multidisciplinary nature of biological anthropology
and archaeology
3. Anthropometry is the
A.measurement of human body parts and dimensions.
B. measurement of human linguistic variability.
C. use of remote sensing to measure the carrying
capacity of human populations in a given region.
D. study of ancient plants used by humans through pollen
samples collected from archaeological sites.
E. study of the ways in which cultural sediments
accumulate over time.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the primary areas of study in
biological anthropology.
Topic: Defining the primary areas of biological anthropology
4. Paleopathology it the study of

A.the biological and geological processes by which dead
animals become fossils.
B. ancient environments using samples of ancient pollen.
C. hominid evolution and human life as revealed by the
fossil record.
D. disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological
sites.
E. the evolution of linguistic communication through
ancient speech sounds and texts.

Bloom’s: Remember
5. Molecular anthropologists study

A.the relationships among ancient and contemporary
populations and among species.
B. human body size and dimensions.
C. the biological and geological processes by which dead
D. diffusion of languages between communities.
E. how prestige passes between generations.

Bloom’s: Remember
and archaeology
6. Paleoanthropology is the study of
A.the biological and geological processes by which dead
B. ancient environments using samples of ancient pollen.
C. hominid evolution and human life as revealed by the
fossil record.
D. disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological
sites.
E. the evolution of linguistic communication through
ancient speech sounds and texts.

Bloom’s: Remember
and archaeology
7. ________ are the major components of fieldwork in

archaeological anthropology.
A.The genealogical method and excavation
B. Excavation and participant observation
C. Systematic survey and excavation
D. Systematic survey and the emic perspective
E. Stratigraphy and taphonomy

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe archaeologists’ field methods of
survey and excavation as well as the kinds of archaeology in
which researchers may engage.
Topic: The field methods of survey and excavation used in
archaeology
8. Anthropological archaeologists use relative dating to
A.determine precise dates in numbers.
B. overlay various maps of a site, producing a composite
map.
C. superimpose motifs from one site onto designs found
at another site.
D. locate sites during a systematic survey.
E. create a relative chronology for the materials
uncovered during excavation.

archaeology
9. The principle of superposition dictates that

A.in a systematic survey, the location of a site is most
likely near a river.
B. in an undisturbed sequence of strata, the youngest
layer is on the bottom.
C. in an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer
is on the bottom.
D. a fossil that is superimposed over a rock that is being
dated by an absolute method is the same age as the rock.
E. certain radioactive isotopes decay at predictable rates
that allow archaeological sites to be dated based on the
amount of the isotope present.

Bloom’s: Remember
archaeology
10. Stratigraphy is useful for purposes of dating because

A.all environmental forces leave behind the same kind of
soil deposit.
B. the depth and order of undisturbed soil strata reflect
the age of their deposition.
C. higher strata are usually older than lower strata in
undisturbed soil.
D. soil strata are uncluttered by bones, stones, and
artifacts.
E. once in the soil, there are very few things that can
damage or disturb bones.

Bloom’s: Remember
archaeology
11. ________ refers to the study of the processes that

affect the remains of dead animals.
A.Necrology
B. Autopsy
C. Degradation
D. Osteology
E. Taphonomy

Bloom’s: Remember
archaeology

12. Survey research differs from ethnography in that

survey research
A.studies whole functioning communities.
B. is based on firsthand fieldwork.
C. is more personal.
D. focuses on a subset of a larger population.
E. traditionally is used to study small-scale, nonindustrial
societies.

Learning Objective: Explain why the fossil record is not a
representative sample of animals and plants that have existed.
Learning Objective: Summarize the strengths and weaknesses
of the relative, absolute, and molecular dating methods used
by archaeologists and physical anthropologists.
Topic: The strengths and weaknesses of archaeological and
biological anthropology dating methods
13. In survey research, sampling is

A.the collection of a representative subset of a larger
population.
B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural
consultants.
C. participant observation.
D. the collection of life-histories of every member in a
community.
E. the recording of the emic perspective.
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the major ethnographic
techniques and in what circumstances they are used.
Topic: The major ethnographic techniques
14. The strategy of using ________ is unique to

anthropology.
A.comparison
B. a biological perspective
C. ethnography
D. an evolutionary perspective
E. skilled respondents

15. ________ is NOT a characteristic field technique used

by ethnographers.
A.The genealogical method
B. Participant observation
C. Conversation
D. Online surveys
E. Interview schedules

16. Archaeologists who use written records to

supplement or guide their fieldwork are ______
archaeologists.
A.cognitive
B. historical
C. experimental
D. underwater
E. literary

Bloom’s: Remember
17. An expert on a particular aspect of local life is a(n)

A.representative sample.
B. etic informant.
C. key cultural consultant.
D. biased informant.
E. life historian.

Bloom’s: Remember
18. ________ is NOT an absolute dating technique.

A.Carbon-14
B. Stratigraphy
C. Potassium-argon
D. Thermoluminescence
E. Uranium series

Topic: The fossil record
19. In survey research, a sample should

A.include the entire population in question.
B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the
researcher.
C. not be randomly selected.
D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the
larger population can be made.
E. be invariant.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize how ethnography and survey
research differ in terms of methods and goals, yet also how
these methods may be complementary.
Topic: The space and scale of culture in ethnography
20. What technique was developed specifically because

kinship and marriage relationships are so important in
nonindustrial societies?
A.life history
B. participant observation
C. genealogical method
D. interview schedule
E. network analysis

Bloom’s: Remember
21. An interview schedule’s advantage over a

questionnaire-based survey is that
A.interview schedules allow informants to talk about
whatever they feel is important.
B. interview schedules rely on very short responses and
therefore are more useful when there is less time to
conduct research.
C. questionnaires are completely unstructured, so
informants might deviate from the subject of interest.
D. interview schedules are better suited to complex,
urban societies.
E. questionnaires are emic, while interview schedules are
etic.

22. In survey research, ________ refers to the attributes

that differ among members of a population.
A.unknowns
B. questionnaires
C. interviews
D. variables
E. random samples

Bloom’s: Remember
23. ________ have traditionally studied small, non-Western
populations.
A.Ethnographers
B. Sociologists
C. Economists
D. Palynologists
E. Limnologists

Bloom’s: Remember
24. ________ refers to the study of an area or population

over time.
A.Team research
B. Etic research
C. Longitudinal research
D. Survey research
E. The genealogical method

Bloom’s: Remember
25. Taking part in the events one is witnessing and

describing those events is
A.longitudinal research.
B. emic research.
C. etic research.
D. informed consent.
E. participant observation.

Bloom’s: Remember
26. In problem-oriented ethnography, researchers

A.focus on all the problems within a community.
B. gather information on variables through third-party
sources.
C. often rely on long-term repeated visits to the area.
D. rely completely on genealogical evidence.
E. traditionally work with populations of the
industrialized West.

27. Which of the following would NOT be an ethical

concern of anthropologists studying terrorism?
A.Negotiating with several groups may interfere with the
obligation to do no harm.
B. It is difficult, in a war zone, for locals to give informed
consent.
C. Information supplied by anthropologists may be used
by the military.
D. In a war zone, anthropologists can too easily
distinguish themselves from military personnel.
E. Identification of researchers may indirectly affect the
results of the research and the personal safety of the
anthropologist.

28. The AAA disapproves of the Human Terrain System

because
A.the program, aimed at using land more effectively for
farming, does not consider the needs of the local
populations.
B. it forces archaeologists to excavate areas that are not
in danger of destruction and have no impact on current
research questions.
C. the AAA would like research to remain focused on
American subcultures.
D. the AAA believes the military should make decisions
about which research projects should be funded.
E. it places anthropologists in positions that would
violate the AAA code of ethics.

Bloom’s: Remember

Essay Questions
29. List the ethical obligations of anthropologists
working in foreign countries.
Answer: Answers will vary.

30. Describe the ways biologicalanthropology and

archaeology are multidisciplinary, and explain why this is
important.

and archaeology
31. Define different kinds of research that fall under

biologicalanthropology. Discuss how the various topics
and methods relate to each other.

and archaeology
32. Identify the two ways in which archaeologists collect

information in the field. Discuss the kinds of data each
technique collects and describe the limitations of each
technique.
archaeology
33. Describe the different kinds of archaeology.

Bloom’s: Remember
34. Explain how researchers date artifacts and fossils.

Discuss the limitations of each dating technique.

35. Identify differences between questionnaires and

interview schedules, and discuss why an ethnographer
may choose to use an interview schedule instead of a
questionnaire.
36. Explain participant observation, and contrast it with

other research techniques.

37. Define the genealogical method, and show why it is

important for anthropologists to gather genealogical data.


38. Identify the difference between emic and etic

perspectives, and discus why an anthropologist should
use both strategies when conducting ethnographic
fieldwork.


True / False Questions
39. Biologicalanthropology and archaeology both involve

multidisciplinary approaches to research.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
40. Palynology is the study of ancient animals through

fossil remains.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
and archaeology
41. Primatology is the study of primates in both zoos and

natural settings.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
42. Anthropometry is the study of human culture using

satellite imagery.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
43. Paleopathology is the study of disease and injury in

skeletons.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
44. Molecular anthropology studies evolutionary links

using genetic analysis.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
45. Experimental archaeologists try to replicate ancient

techniques under controlled conditions.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
46. Historical archaeologists use written records to

supplement the archaeological record.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
47. Classical archaeologists investigate archaeological

sites that are threatened by development.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
48. Taphonomy is the science that examines the ways in

which sediments accumulate in layers.
FALSE
Bloom’s: Remember
49. Absolute dating uses stratigraphy to establish a time

frame in relation to other strata.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember

50. Compared to questionnaires, interview schedules

tend to be more indirect and impersonal.
FALSE

51. Good key cultural consultants generally end up

recording most of the data needed to write an
ethnography.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
52. The emic perspective focuses on how local people

think.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
53. The distinction between emic and etic perspectives

does not apply to American culture.
FALSE

54. Traditionally, sociologists worked in large, industrial

Western nations, while anthropologists focused on
smaller, nonindustrial societies.
TRUE

55. Longitudinal ethnographic research is the long-term

study of a particular culture or society, frequently based
on repeated visits.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
56. Working in large-scale societies, anthropologists

have developed new ways of combining ethnography and
survey research.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
57. Ethnology is the holistic study of a single community.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
58. Systematic survey and excavation are basically

redundant methods that generate the same kinds of data.
FALSE

archaeology
59. The Human Terrain System is a GIS-based program

to map the location of all living communities on Earth.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember

Chapter 05
The Primates

Multiple Choice Questions
1. ________ indicate(s) a shift from smell to sight as the

primates’ most important means of obtaining information.
A.Bipedalism
B. Meat-eating
C. Larger females
D. Fingernails
E. Stereoscopic vision

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the scope and subject matter of
primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of
anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
2. The earliest known primate skeleton was found in

________, supporting the view that the first primates
evolved here.
A.Africa
B. Europe
C. the western continents
D. Asia
E. Australia

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and
the Oligocene proto-monkeys.
Topic: Defining the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene
proto-monkeys
3. A(n) ________ is NOT a hominoid.

A.gibbon
B. lemur
C. human
D. orangutan
E. siamang

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Classify the different types of apes.
Topic: Defining the apes
4. ________ is/are used as a basis for assigning organisms to

the same taxon.
A.Anthropometrics
B. Homologies
C. Similarities that evolved as a result of adaptation to
similar selective forces
D. Analogies
E. All phenotypic similarities

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe how the human relationship to
other primates is represented in zoological taxonomy.
Topic: Defining the human relationship to other primates in
taxonomy
5. Which of these provides an example of analogies?

A.the mammary glands of dogs and cats
B. similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and
humans
C. five-digited hands and feet among baboons and
macaques
D. porpoise fins and fish fins
E. bony eye sockets in chimps and gorillas
taxonomy
6. ________ are traits that organisms have inherited from a

common ancestor.
A.Analogies
B. Homologies
C. Phenotypes
D. Alleles
E. Meioses

Bloom’s: Remember
taxonomy
7. ________ is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids.

A.Stereoscopic vision
B. Enhanced sense of touch
C. Grasping hands and feet
D. Decreased sociality
E. Increased brain complexity

anthropology.
Topic: Primatology

8. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that

required longer and more attentive care, which selected
for
A.pair bonding.
B. a greater capacity for brachiation.
C. a diet focused on nuts and tubers.
D. increased reliance on arboreality (life in trees), which
protected offspring from predators.
E. support from a social group.

Bloom’s: Remember
anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
9. The classification of organisms based on their

relationships and resemblances is known as
A.taxonomy.
B. primatology.
C. chronology.
D. homology.
E. analogy.

Bloom’s: Remember
taxonomy
10. The great apes include

A.baboons, gibbons, and chimpanzees.
B. gorillas, gibbons, and chimpanzees.
C. gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans.
D. macaques, baboons, and gibbons.
E. orangutans, siamangs, and gorillas.

Bloom’s: Remember
11. Lemurs live primarily in

A.Madagascar.
B. Indonesia.
C. Europe.
D. Japan.
E. Central America.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the difference between and the
separation of the Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini primate
suborders.
Topic: The primate suborders
12. Prehensile (grasping) tails are characteristic traits of

A.Old World monkeys.
B. New World monkeys.
C. pongids.
D. lemurs.
E. tarsiers.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the differences between New World
and Old World monkeys.
Topic: Understanding the differences between New World and
Old World monkeys
13. The Stepsirrhini primate suborder includes ancestors
of
A.lemurs, gibbons, and siamangs.
B. Old and New World monkeys.
C. lemurs and Old World monkeys.
D. lemursand lorises.
E. the lesser apes.

Bloom’s: Remember
suborders.
14. ________ do NOT have tails.

A.New World monkeys
B. Monkeys
C. Apes
D. Lemurs
E. Tarsiers

Bloom’s: Remember
15. Apes have longer arms than legs, which is adaptive

for
A.brachiation.
B. knuckle-walking.
C. foraging.
D. grooming.
E. physical defense.

Bloom’s: Remember
16. The largest (known) primate that ever lived is

A.Giganto erectus.
B. Toumai.
C. Gigantopithecus.
D. Orrorin tugenensis.
E. the gorilla.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the primary periods and epochs of
the Cenozoic era, and why the fossil record does not provide a
representative sample of extinct primates.
Topic: Defining the primary periods and epochs of the
Cenozoic era
17. Which of these statements best describes

terrestrial monkeys?
A.They are smaller than arboreal monkeys.
B. They have prehensile tails.
C. They do not have tails.
D. They have more sexual dimorphism than arboreal
monkeys.
E. The core social group is made up of males.

Bloom’s: Remember
Old World monkeys
18. ________ is the greatest threat to endangered
primates.
A.Uniformitarianism
B.Directional selection
C. Intragroup predation
D. Mutation
E. Deforestation

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the threats facing endangered
primates around the world.
Topic: Threats facing endangered primates
19. Which of these statements best describes the

situation of orangutans in Indonesian Borneo?
A.Their numbers have been increasing since widespread
conservation efforts started in the 1980s.
B. Their habitat has been reduced by more than 50
percent over the last 20 years.
C. Their primary threat is being hunted due to
interference with agricultural crops.
D. Their native habitat is savanna, so their numbers are
decreasing after they were transported to forested
Indonesian Borneo.
E. Due to the ease of studying them, since they are large,
many research projects have centered around them since
the 1980s.

Bloom’s: Remember

20. The earliest hominoid fossils date to just before the
_______ epoch.
A.Oligocene
B. Miocene
C. Pliocene
D. Pleistocene
E. Holocene

Bloom’s: Remember
proto-monkeys
21. The only primates that are NOT endangered, or soon

to be endangered, are
A.orangutans.
B. chimpanzees.
C. gorillas.
D. humans.
E. no primate species are currently endangered.

22. ________ coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia.

A.Afropithecus
B. Kenyapithecus
C. Gigantopithecus
D. Sivapithecus
E. Dryopithecus
Bloom’s: Remember
Cenozoic era
23. Which of these statements about bonobos is FALSE?

A.Bonobos are considerably smaller than common
chimpanzees.
B. Bonobos live in forested areas of the Democratic
Republic of Congo.
C. Bonobos live in female-centered groups.
D. Bonobos are notable for the frequency with which they
have sex.
E. Bonobos use sexual activity to avoid conflict.

24. Anthropologists are most interested in the ________

era.
A.Mesozoic
B. Cenozoic
C. Paleozoic
D. Archaean
E. Proterozoic

Bloom’s: Remember
proto-monkeys
25. The primate group ________ thrived in the Eocene.
A.apes
B. Old World monkeys
C. New World monkeys
D. humans
E. tasier-like haplorrhines

Bloom’s: Remember
suborders.
26. The ________ of Old World monkeys appears beginning

in Oligocene primates.
A.forward-facing eyes
B. prehensile tails
C. 2.1.2.3 dental pattern
D. larger brain-to-body size ratio
E. opposable thumbs

proto-monkeys
27. The Pierolapithecus catalaunicus is

A.the first bipedal hominin.
B. the first primate of the Paleocene.
C. a possible Oligocene common ancestor of New World
D. a possible Miocene common ancestor of humans,
chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
E. the first arboreal primate.
Bloom’s: Remember
Cenozoic era

Essay Questions
28. List the epochs in the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic

era. Describe the important aspects of primate evolution
that occurred in each of the first four epochs.

Bloom’s: Remember
proto-monkeys
29. Discuss the major trends in primate evolution.

Identify some traits that are most characteristic of
primates. Explore whether the primate suborders differ in
terms of adaptive trends.

Bloom’s: Apply
suborders.
proto-monkeys
30. Discuss the various forces that are endangering

primates around the world. List specific steps that could
protect primate species.

31. Define and give examples of homologies and

analogies. Identify whether homologies or analogies are
important for taxonomy and why.

taxonomy
32. List the similarities and differences among the five

types of apes. Include such traits as locomotion, social
organization, and sexual dimorphism.

Bloom’s: Remember
33. Identify the general trends in hominoid evolution

during the Miocene. List the important hominoid traits
that appeared during this epoch.
Cenozoic era

True / False Questions
34. Homologies are similarities between two species

that were inherited from a common ancestor.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
taxonomy
35. Analogies are similarities that are shared by

organisms belonging to the same genus.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
taxonomy
36. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted
to terrestrial life.
FALSE

anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
37. A high level of parental investment characterizes

primates because most primates give birth to a single
offspring.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
38. The earliest primates represented in the fossil record

were similar to New World monkeys.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
Old World monkeys
39. The catarrhines include Old World monkeys, apes,

and humans.
TRUE
Bloom’s: Remember
Old World monkeys

40. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in

terrestrial primate species.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
Old World monkeys
41. Orangutans are found mostly in Madagascar.

FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
42. Chimpanzee social networks involve complex

dominance relationships.
TRUE
Bloom’s: Remember
43. As a result of conservation efforts, few primate

species are endangered today.
FALSE

44. Like apes, most monkeys have longer arms than

legs.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
Old World monkeys
45. Gorillas typically live in social groups, each headed

by a silverback male.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
46. A primary trend in primate evolution involves a shift
from sight to smell as the most important means of
obtaining information.
FALSE

anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
47. Most primatesareexclusively carnivorous (meat-

eating).
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
48. Primates evolved to have stereoscopic vision, which

allowed them to see in depth.
TRUE

anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
49. The process by which analogies are produced is
known as convergent evolution.
FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
anthropology.
Topic: Primatology
50. Because they are nocturnal, tarsiers do not directly

compete with anthropoids which are diurnal.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
suborders.
51. Proto-monkeysbecame the most numerous primates

during the Oligocene epoch.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
proto-monkeys
52. The U.S. Congress has continued to reauthorize the

Great Apes Conservation Fund, which goes toward
preservation of the diversity of apes in the wild.
FALSE
53. Proconsul had apelike teeth and an apelike body.

FALSE

Bloom’s: Remember
Cenozoic era
54. Anthropologists use primatology to make inferences

about the early social organization of hominids.
TRUE

Bloom’s: Remember
anthropology.
Topic: Primatology

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1. The American Anthropological Association’s Code of

2. ________ is NOT an example of the multidisciplinary

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4. Paleopathology it the study of

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5. Molecular anthropologists study

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7. ________ are the major components of fieldwork in

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9. The principle of superposition dictates that

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10. Stratigraphy is useful for purposes of dating because

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11. ________ refers to the study of the processes that

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12. Survey research differs from ethnography in that

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13. In survey research, sampling is

14. The strategy of using ________ is unique to

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15. ________ is NOT a characteristic field technique used

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16. Archaeologists who use written records to

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17. An expert on a particular aspect of local life is a(n)

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18. ________ is NOT an absolute dating technique.

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19. In survey research, a sample should

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20. What technique was developed specifically because

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21. An interview schedule’s advantage over a

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22. In survey research, ________ refers to the attributes

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24. ________ refers to the study of an area or population

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25. Taking part in the events one is witnessing and

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26. In problem-oriented ethnography, researchers

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27. Which of the following would NOT be an ethical

28. The AAA disapproves of the Human Terrain System

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Answer: Answers will vary.

30. Describe the ways biologicalanthropology and

Answer: Answers will vary.

31. Define different kinds of research that fall under

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32. Identify the two ways in which archaeologists collect

33. Describe the different kinds of archaeology.

Answer: Answers will vary.

34. Explain how researchers date artifacts and fossils.

Answer: Answers will vary.

35. Identify differences between questionnaires and

36. Explain participant observation, and contrast it with