GREEK BASIC COURSE Grammar Analyses Volume I Lessons 2 - 60 March 1981 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE. FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTERThis book is expected to be convenient and useful for the student as an instant reference for any specific grammatical features. iiCONTENTS: VOLUME 1 Lesson 2 Neuter nouns in -I, -NA, and -9. Verb to be in all persons. Personal pronoun (when used). Agreement of subject and verb. Lesson 3 Verb to have in all persons. Verbs to unferstand and to speak. Masc. and fem. nouns denoting nationality. Idiom: Both he and I. Preposition From Adverb always. Lesson 4 eee Feminine nouns (inanimate) ending in -H and -A. Plural of neuter nouns of the type introduced in lesson 2. Agreement of adjectives with nouns (adjectives large, many, other, and Greek). Verbs to open, to close, to read. Adverb when? Lesson 5 How many? (feminine and neuter only). Agreement of adjective many with masculine and feminine nouns. Idiom: I_go by car. Lesson 6 .... on How many? (masculine). Plural ending -O1 of masculine nouns. Colors (adjectives) agreeing with Masc. nouns. Numerals one, three, and four agreeing with masc. fem. and neuter nouns. The three genders of the word all and its agreement with nouns. — Bonocooonpes fe) Lesson 7... Who and which in all three genders (the no- ““dinative case used exclusively with masc. nouns) .Lesson 8 508 16 The Passive case of the personal pronoun in all persons (singular and plural). VOLUME 11 Lessons ., : : 17 Tdlomatic way of saying, at 1:00 o'clock, at two, three, etc. — How Bany times a day? An hour? A minute? (Feminine and neuter articles used exclusively). The objective case of the feminine article (singular and plural). Lesson 10 ... 5 : - 1g Numerals 200-1200 used in 211 three genders (counting by 100's). Tdlomatic way of saying in winter, how man fines a year? (with masculine article} = plural ending -EL of masculine nouns. Irregular masc. noun the year (masculine singular, neuter plural}- Lesson 11 23 Possessive and objective cases of masculine nouns in -O5. Pogs- and obj. cases of the masculine article (only in the singular). Lesson 12... eer at Relative pronouns who, which, that (not the declinable form), 5 Objective case of the feminine nouns and the obj. case of the feminine article. Objective case of masculine nouns in -AE, Correct use of dog. Lesson 13 29 Former first declension of masculine nouns and ORs duality of their endings in the placal” Objective case, plural, Objective case piural of’ ti Agreement of adjectives wi 7 case endings. Question: “Whom do you want? ivLesson 14 ....... 33 Dates (the name of the month given in the possessive case). Possessive case singular and plural of the masculine and neuter articles and of masc. and neuter nouns in -os and -o. Accent shift in poss. case of these masc. and neuter nouns when accented on the 3rd syllable from the end. Poss. case (sing. and plural) of masculine nouns in -os (with no accent shifts). Lesson 15 39 Idiomatic way of asking a person's age using the possessive case. Ordinal numbers first, second, etc. (up to twelfth). Contracted form of verb to go (present tense only). Lesson 16 43 Objective case of the personal pronoun (long and short forms). Use of the objective case of the personal pronoun in connection with asking a person's nane. Verbs to love, to count, to study, to ask, and to_gree VOLUME IIT Lesson 17 .. Present tense of the verb A€yw in both full and contracted forms. Contracted form of the verb xnyacve in present tense, and simple Imperative. Long form of personal pronouns used after pre- positions. Indefinite pronouns xavévas and xdtt. How to add the word "half" to numerals (one and one half, three and one half, etc). Lesson 18 .... oe eeoo) Contracted form of the verb tpdyw in present tense. The long form of the personal pronoun in the possessive case and rules for using it in > that case. Idiomatic expressions uod épdoct, ood dpécer, WhLesson 14 33 Dates (the name of the month given in the possessive case). Possessive case singular and plural of the masculine and neuter articles and of nasc. and neuter nouns in -os and -o. Accent shift in poss. case of these masc. and neuter nouns when accented on the 3rd syllable from the end. Poss. case (sing. and plural) of masculine nouns in -os (with no accent shifts). Lesson 15 .... eee eee Idiomatic way of asking a person's age using the possessive case. Ordinal numbers first, second, ete. (up to twelfth). Contracted form of verb to go (present tense only). Lesson 16.........eeeeeeee ee ee Objective case of the personal pronoun (long and short forms). Use of the objective case of the personal pronoun in connection with asking a person's name. Verbs to love, to count, to study, to ask, and to greet VOLUME III Lesson 17. eo0000 a7 Present tense of the verb Aéyw in both full and contracted forms. Contracted form of the verb tnyacve in present tense, and simple Imperative. Long form of personal pronouns used after pre- positions. Indefinite pronouns xavévas and xdtt. How to add the word "als" to numerals (one and one half, three and one half, etc). Lesson 18 ..... eee 50 Contracted form of the verb tpdyw in present The long form of the personal pronoun in the possessive case and rules for using it in - that case. Idiomatic expressions yoo éedoer, coo dpécer, whe5 oo 55 Lesson 19 Past and future tenses of the verb eluav. Infinitive of the same verb. Uses of the present and simple past tenses. General review of numerals. 65 Lesson 20 Past and future tenses of the verb éxw. Simple future and simple infinitive of the verb myatve. Present tense of the verb uta conjugated according to both variants. Expressions xu Sovred, exw xavod, Exw TOAAG xpdvea vd... Lesson 21 ee 67 Simple past tense of standard verbs in -Na@ and -Z9 (stem ending changing to I). Past tense endings of standard active verbs. 72 Lesson 22 .... Simple past and simple future tenses of the verb Agyu. Simple imperative of same verb. Expressions éuxé¢ you, Sex wou, to a6 xfs 74 Lesson 23 ... Simple past and future tenses of the verb dtu. Simple imperative of same verb. Simple future tense of standard verbs in -vw and simple imperative of same verbs. Expressions ofueou td owe, ofucoa 1d ueonuéoe, wtaA. VOLUME IV : 7 Lesson 24 ...... Conjugation of the irregular verb to see BAEIG. Use of the subjunctive in asking permission, making requests, or giving orders. Lesson 25 .. 80 Conjugation of the irregular verb to find (BPIZKQ). vi82 Lesson 26... The irregular verb to give (AINa). Neuter nouns in -os (TO BAPOr. TO E702 Lesson 27 .. - 85 Distinction between active and passive verbs. (Stem changes and conjugation of standard verbs in -ZOMAI and -aNOMAI. (verb TAHPQKOMAI used as a model). Lesson 28 . eeees 90 Conjugation of irregular verbs to come EPXOMAT and to feel (AIZGANOMAI). =~ Comparative and superlative degrees of adjecti- ves using the word EI0, 0 10. Idiomatic expressions on foot, by train, etc. Lesson 29 .....00. oer : 93 Irregular comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives by the addition of the suffix -OTEPOE. Irregular comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives good (KAAOZ), bad (KAKOZ), big (MEPANOZ), and much (NOAYE). Lesson 30 ........ 96 Comparative and superlative degress of adjectives in -O£, -IA, -0 (EAA®POE). The three genders of the irregular adjective much (I0AYZ) and the declension. Absolute superlative with suffix -TATOZ. Irregular verb to stay (MENA). Lesson 31... eee eee 99 Irregular verbs to take (AIPN@) and to wash CIAENQ-AENOMAT), the reflexive verbs to shave (ZYPIZOMAI) and to get ready (ETOT- MAZOWAI) the deponent verb to use (METAXEI- PIZOMAI). Contracted verbs in -3, -cts, -et, with the verbs to drive (OSHTS) to be able to (mmOPa) and to-explain (E2HTQ) Used as examples. 102 Lesson 32 ..sseseeeeeeeeee Irregular verbs to eat (TPAarg) and to drink (TING). Verbs Eo-mean(ENNOG) and to agree (zyusaNo) are Conjugated like the verb OaHra. Declension of adjectives in -Y¥Z, -Ia, -¥ and the comparative and superlative degrees of these adjectives. viiVOLUME V + 105 Lesson 33 ....... Irregular verbs to go (NHTAIN®), and to undergo ); deponent verb to need (XPETAZONAT t use of the present perfect tense. Adverb to the right (a£21A) and adjectives right (GEZHE) and rightist (42=10z) Lesson 34.... ee 1109 The imperfect (continuous past) tense of verbs. Formation, and correct usage. Conjugation of standard verbs in the imperfect tense. Lesson 35 Soago09000000qe00000 12 Conjugation of irregular verbs to go (ANEBAING), to come down (KATEBAING), to enter (NWAING), and to go out (BrAINA) Thal] tenses and modes (except the conditional). Lesson 36... see eneee peppocuceo + la . Conjugation of both types of contracted verbs in all tenses and modes (except the present participle). Verbs to count (METP2), to be late (aPra), to mail (TAXYAPONA), to_live (Za), and’to notify (ETaonora). Lesson 37... peotond6 eet oo tt) Conjugation of of the irregular verb to be found (BPIZKONAI). Formation of the conditional. More contracted verbs of both classes listed. TEAQ, OI¥9, WEING, (Class 1) EPnATO, TParoyan (Class II). Neuter nouns in -OZ (AAZOZ, ETOZ, MEAOZ, MEPOE). Expressions a cup of coffee, a can of milk, etc. viiiLesson 38... eesy Contracted verbs of Class I adding syllable -Az instead of syllable -HE to basic stem to form stem of sinple tenses. Verbs to laugh (TEAM), to be thirsty (ar¥a), to be Hungry (TEING), to break rin), Eo-sposl trina); also verbs to forget (ZExwa) and to pass (nEPNQ). Present participles (active) in -onTAE and -ONTAE and their use. Commands given by the subjunctive. Negative commands. Lesson 39......... 125 Irregular verb to become (rrxomar). Contracted verbs adding syllable -Az or HE to basic stem to form stem of simple tenses. Verbs to fly (1ETQ), to hold (BAzTQ), to pull (rpaga),’ to nudge (rKoynTa). fo jump (nHan). Pronoun myself, yourself ete. Lesson 40...........000. 128 Irregular verb to go (sEyra). Contracted verbs adding syllable -rz to basic stem to form stem of simple tenses. Verbs to last (azaPka), to call (KAAg), to be able to (unopa}, ~ fo be in pain “(nona), to wear (#02), to Fit into (xapa) to _requést CHAPAKAAS). Feminine nouns and feminine adjectives in -or. VOLUME VI BL Lesson 41.. Irregular verbs to learn (magarNa), to understand (KATAMABAINS), to Succeed CHETYXAING), and want (6EAg). How to locate places on a map. Lesson 42.......... 133 Irregular verbs to sleep (KOIMAMAI), to remember (6YNANAT), to_be sors For (AYMANAL), and to fear~(bOSANAT)™ - Also, the irregular verb to promise (YMOLXOMAI). ixLesson 43 136 Passive verbs in -IEMAI, -IEZAI: -IETAI (the passive counterpart of contracted verbs in -3, Gs, -a). Passive contracted verbs adding syllable -AZT to basic stem to form stem of simple tenses (the counterpart of verbs adding syllable -AE in active voice) as in verb to be fooled (rEATEMAI), Also passive contracted verbs adding syllable -E@ or -EET to basic stem (the counterpart of those adding syllable -EE in active voice), as in verb to be called (KAATEMAI) and to be worn (eoPIEMAT)~ Reciprocal verbs. Ordinal forms of numerals 20-100, 1000, 10000. How to réad decimals. Lesson 44. eee eer 140) Verbs to establish and to be established (ETKA- TALTAING - ETKATALTAINOMAI), and to know (ZEPQ). Passive (past) participles in -HMENOD. ee eee es Lesson 45. Passive verbs in -OYMAI, -EIZAI, -EITAI (the passive counterpart of contracted verbs in 5, -els, -et) Verbs to be notified (EIAONOIOYMAI), to be ov (TAIOIKOYHAI), to be informed Ennarosoporua!), to be culeivated (EAAATEProY- MAI), to take care of (MEPINOIOYMAI). Irregular verbs to feed (TPE#Q), to be fed (TPEOOMAI), and fo bring up, to be brought up (ANATPE$2 - ANATPESOMAT). Lesson 46......... Neuter nouns in -ON, -ONTA, -AE, -ATA, -Or -8TA (MAPON, MAPEAGON, MEAAON, UPOTON, KPEAT, ear). Irregular verbs to send and to be sent ITEANS - ETEANOMAT). Verbs in -IEMAI adding syllable -E@ to basic stem. Verbs to be bored (BAPIEMAT), te complain (CIAPATONTEVAT), to be upset (ZTENOXGPIEMAT), - to be worn (S0PIE HAI). Passive (past) participles in -EMENOZ.Lesson 47. Deponent verbs to receive (AEXOMAI), to appear (OAINOMAI), and to be glad (XAIPOMAT)~ List of verbs taking a predicate nominative. VOLUME VIT Lesson 48 Irregular verbs KAI9 -OMAI, and TESTA. Expression MOY ENEIE. Declension and correct use of the word. Lesson 49......... . 155 Verb family with stem endings in -x, oTT, =X, -xN. Conjugation of typical verb AIAAZK - AIAAKOMAT. The impersonal verb BPEXEI. Principal tenses of the irregular verb. er ree . 158 Verb family with stem endings in -n, -nT, -B, -¢, -6T. Conjugation of typical verb ANAKAAYITG ~ ANAKAAYITONAT. Irregular verb éTAIa. Ancient vocative case ending -A of masculine titles ending in -£ as used in formal address Nominative case following verb ONOMAZOMAT. 162 Lesson 51.. Conjugation of verb ETPE#2 - ITPESOMAT used a3_a model for derivatives ENIETPESR, KATALTPESA, ete. Augnent é- added before basic verb in the two past tenses of the active voice and not before the prefix. Conjugation of verbs ENIZKENTOMAI and YNOGETR.Lesson 52 Conjugation of irregular verbs ITEKOMAI, KAGOMAT and YTAPX9. Masculine nouns in -EL, -EAEZ, -Az, -AAEE, -HE- HOEL, -OYZ, -OYSEZ (xavarés, yapds, vavdens, xaxnovs). 169 Lesson 53... Verbs in -EYa@ -EYOMAI. Conjugation of typical verb MANTPEYS - MANTPEYOMAT. Irregular verbs NTPENOMAI, ENITPERQ - ENITPENOMAI, and KAAT® - KAAITOMAT. Feminine nouns in -A ~ ASEZ, and -OY -oYAEE (uaud, édexod). VOLUME VII Ee ae Verbs in -ryq -EYOMAI forming their simple past in Evra instead of -Eya. Conjugation of typical verb @EPAnEYa - ~@EPAREYOMAT. Irregular verb rrpowat. Masculine nouns in -EAL -EIZ (xovpdas, bexavéas, tepéas). . 01d genitive form rpaxdcns. Lesson 55. pepanqgoores0000000 176 Verbs in ~z9 forming their Simple Past in -2A. Conjugation of typical verb IEIPAZG EIPAZOMAI. Verbs KANO, NEN@ and its derivatives nEPIMENS and ELIMENA. 179 Lesson 56.... Verbs in -aIN@ -ANA. Conjugation of typical verb zerTarna - ZEETAINOMAT. Verb mEearNa. Masculine nouns in -RE -EIE (ovyyevis, evyeviis). Adjectives in -Hz -HAEE (euxéAns, teuréda, Teuréduxo).The adjective yéoos - youd ~ yépuno. Lesson 57. p05 182 Verb MNIT@ - mIroMar. Verbs with vowel stem endings AKOY@ - AKOYOMAT, TaPYQ - IAPYOMAT. Contracted form of verb AKOYa in present tense. Contracted verbs ¢Yro - ®YEIEMAI, MHAg, EKOYNTS ~ EKOYNTIEMAI, TPABQ - TPABIEMAI behaving like verbs with velar (K, T, X, IT, ete.) stem endings in the simple tenses. Verbs with -P stem endings IPOZ@EPR - NPOE@EPOMAZ, ENAIA@EPOMAI, all derivatives of verb oEP2 Augment placed before basic verb in past tenses of verbs having prefixes (YIEGEPA: SIEEPA, etc.) Lesson 58...... 186 Verbs having only one stem in active voice (TPEMQ, KPINO, etc.). Verbs in'-YNQ -YNA and -YNOMAI - YN@HKA (ALOMAKPYNQ -OWAT, ATEY@YNG - OMAT, AMYNOMAI, OEYNOMAT). Verbs KPEMOMAI and KPEM@ - KPEMIEMAI. Irregular verb AIAMAPTYPOMAI. Lesson 59...... . z . 189 Verbs with stem endings -TT or -Z2 (KHPYTTa -OMAI, TAHTTQ: MPATTQ). Verbs -29 acting like verbs with velar (K, Tr, X, ete,) stem endings. (AAAAZQ, AIATAZG, TaPaza) N@ and AMAPTANG, Feminine nouns in -THTA (TOIOTHTA, NOEOTHTA, TAYTOTHTA). Neuter nouns in -ON (MEAAON, KA@HKON, etc.). Lesson 60. fe eee pees 192 Verbs in -AING -YNA, -AIN@ -AZA and -AING -HEA (HAXAING, XOPTAING, APPQETAING). Verbal nouns in -1MO (NTYZIMO, MAI@IMO, etc.). Verbal nouns in -MA (MASHMA, KPYQMA, TEIPATMA, XAMAIWA, KAAMMA, etc.). xiiisule 2 (a) (>) 3 (a) 4 (a) 5 (a) LESSON 2 CRa}OUR ANALYSIS Tpapparexs Greek nouns belong to the masculine, feminine or neuter gender, and this classification applies to animate as well as to inanimate things, Gram matical gender can be detected by the article which usually precedes the noun. To an experienced observer the ending of a noun can also (but not always) be a clue. But since the article is the one stable element indicating grammatical gender it is recommended that a student learn each new noun along with its article as one mit, ‘This is also the way to pronounce correctly because to the hearer of the language the article and the noun are heard as one word and not as two separate units, Heuter nouns are preceded by the article 70 and usually end in 0, in I, or in MA. Baamples: x6 6BACo, 36 yon66t, 36 udinua, The preposition EE (in, on, to,at) combines with the article 10 to form the combination ET0. The meaning of this combination is in the, on the, to the, at the. Feminine nouns are preceded by the article H ond usually end in A or in H, occasionally in Examples: fj wple, Hyibooa, i Seoxoivls. Masculine nouns generally end in OF, in HE, or in aE. Exceptions will be taken up later, Hzamles: 8 x6pvos, § wadnefic, § xustpac. ‘The conjugation of the verb to be ~ elua - is given delow. The student should note that the Greeks use ‘the 2nd person singular of verbs very frequently the guideline being that if a person knows somecne well enough to call him by his given name he should use 1the singular form of the verb in the 2nd person, 411 formal conversation requires the 2nd person of the plural. In the Greek army an enlisted man always addresses an officer in the plural while an officer talks to an enlisted man in the singular. No one ever talks to a child in the 2nd person of the plural. ‘The verb to be is conjugated as follows: Present Tense . f 2 to Slee 3. elvar elves (>) Greek verbs are generally used without the person~ al pronoun because they nornally have different endings for each person in the singular and in the Plural and this makes the personal pronouns as distinguishing factors unnecessary. (c) The personal pronoun is not omitted always, hovever, Tt 4s used with the verb to indicate contrast or ouphasis. Examles: Lom an enlisted man; you are an officer. Who is Mr, Smith? I am Mr, Suith, "Ey6 elyar ocpatiéme, tects elore Ste Taide thous 3 x6p.05 Ey00; "By6 elpar 8 x6pios Mxpéouv, 6 (a) The Greek personal pronoun is as follows: Singular Plural 1 & =I 1. Euets - 2 is = you (thou) 2, tere ayn abtés - he abvel — they (msc) 3. abe§ - she 3. abvés - they (fem, ) abs - it itt — they (neut.)‘a) There is an inversion of word order for all Ainterrogative sentences in Greek, When asking @ question in Greek the verb usually starts the question and the subject closes it, 4 state- ment,on the other hand, generally follows the lect-verbadirect ob, as an Englieh statement normally does. Ex, (Zebn has a book, ‘O Teéwuns Eyer BrBAlo). Whe: like yho? vhat? where? etc. starts a question then the verb is placed immediately after it, again the same vay as it would be in English, Examples: What is this? TC elves ass; This isa book, Abré elvar BLBAto. Is John an Biv. deuetinbs officer? & Tedvenc; John is an ‘0 Te€vvng elvar officer. Se vepatinbs, 8 (a) With the exception of the verb to have which is used as an auriliary verb in the perfect tenses (Ihave seon, he has written, etc.) the Greek language does not use auxiliary verbs. Therefore, when asking questions, you should be careful to invert your word order for all verbs, not only for the verb to be and the verbs cor— responding to the English euriliary verbs. Examples: Is John a student? wae paints Doce John have 1 a Dock °F Rees ‘book?9 (a) (o>) (e) (a) 10 (a) LESSON 3 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS PAMMATIKH Normally all proper nouns are preceded by the article in Greek. The only notable exception is when we call someone directly by name or title, Then the article is omitted, If the person we pddress is a man and his name ends in OF (x6puos, "Ayepuxevés, etc,), the ending changes into z, and the article is omitted. Hence, Tyee, Mxpfouv, for Mr, Smith, Mr, Brown (addres- sing them directly), or plain xgpve, Sir when you don't include their name, 411 other masculine nouns drop the final £ of their ending in the case of direct address which happens to te called the yocative case by grammar books. Bot {0 x6pr0s Meats Br Ope Ment! 10 x6pro¢ Manet xOpve Hawai! ‘0 Teévvng. . Tedvyn! Feminine nouns undergo no change at all in the Vocative case. They only drop the article. ore: i wwpta Ment BUr xupla Meat! SH xvple Dawei xupla Dane! “H Maple Maple! Yominine endings of nationality end in féa, Auepinavéta, “Eanvisa, etc. The indefinite article a, an is usually omitted in Greek unless qualifying the subject of a sentence. In that case ve use the numeral one (Eva), Thus, in Greer ve don't say: "I have a book". Ye say: "I bave book", However, if the word book is the subject of the sentence then we say: “One beck ison12 (a) ‘the table" meaning "a book is on the table." Please HOTE: T have a class. Do you have a book? Is Mr, Smith an American? Mre, Nelas is a “Exe pdt. “Exete BipAlo; Elva. "Auepsnavés & xbpros Euld; {H wupla Meat elvan Greek (woman), EAavlta, T have a class in "Exe pédqua ot6 oxo- school, rato, Bor A pencil is on the “Eve porspr slvar ord table. ‘cpentle. 4 school has an “Eva oxodeto Exe: office, ‘yeugeto. 411 Greek verbs, nouns, and some other parts of speech have a stem (which carries the basic meaning of the word) and endings which change to indicate changes in the basic meaning. Thus, all Greek verbs change endings from person to person and from tense to tense to indicate these variations in the basic meaning of the verb, The verb to have (Exe) can serve as a pattern for the conjugation of all active verbs in the presont tense, The verb introduced in this lesson, will be conjugated the same way. fo tell which part of a verb is the stex and which is the ending the student should cross ont the ending from the first person singular of the Present tense of a Greek active verb. So the stem of the verb Exw is Ey-, The stem of the verb xere- Aapalve is xevadefaty-. The vord Exp is conjugated as follows in the present tense.(o) (ec) Singular Plural 1. Exe Exope 2 Exes Exere, 3. Exes row The verb wiAB is conjugated in a slightly aif- ferent way because the stress falls on the last syllable while for yw the stress falls on the syllable before the last, The conjugation of the verb u1AS is given below, Singular Plural 2, weaS (peadw) wpe 2. plas peARre 3. weAM (peades) wealive In Greek there is only one present tense. So you have no choice but to use this only present tense whether you want to say I have or I gm having, Ispeak or I Len o Tam being, viz. Eyw, peas, respective dy12 (a) (o) () LESSON 4 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS TPAMMATIKH As stated in # I Greek nouns are usually preceded by an article. Neuter nouns are vreceded by the article 10, In the plural the article 10 changes into TA Wevter nouns change from the singular to the plural as follows: (1) Jf the neuter noun ends in I it adds the end~ eA, %x. poAGBe = worSsra, tpanétr— rounEEia. However the student should note, that this does not increase the number of syllables because the I then becomes a semi-vovel and causes the endine IA to become a rising diphthong and to be cronounced like ya. (2) If the neuter noun ends in 0 the 0 changes into A. Ax. BtBMlo ~ BiBdla, Aetind — AgEuxd. (3) Tf the neuter noun ends in MA it adés the syllable TA. yoduya ~ yoRupara. ctives are words which describe -- or qualify — nouns, In Greek adjectives appear in all three renders and must agree with the noun they qualify. In this arreement, it should be remembered, the renter of the noun determines the gender of the adjective and not the other way round, Adjectives belong to various classes, depending on their endings. The most common class of adjec- tives take the ending O£ in the masculine, A or H(ec) in the feminine and © in the plural, The femi~ nine endinr A or H is deternined by the final syllable of the stem. If the final syllable of the stem is a vowel, the feminine ending is A, If the final syllable of the stem is a consonant the feminine ending is H, The adjective yxptCoc- rxella = yxplto is an excention, The masca- line and feminine forms are not affected by the sten ending, Bx, peyéros - peyGrn - peytro KASS — Maat - mans * bpatos = ipata - dpato ‘The ending of the noun does not require that the adjective should have the same kind of ending, The rule merely means that if the noun is mascu- line the adjective agreeing with it should be in its masculine form, if the noun is feminine the adjective should be in its feminine form and if the noun is neuter the adjective should be in its neuter form, Zach adjective has its ovn set end ings no matter what the endings of the nouns they qualify are, MOTE: {0 narss podnrys O wards Gkruparinss {H xf} xupa “H anf Be BALoofrenUb (a) (oy (c) 15 (a) LESSON 5 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS TPAMMATIXH The plural form of the feminine article H is OL. Yeminine nouns ending in A or H- (and this is the great majority of feminine nouns in the Modern Spoken language) form their plural by changing the A or H ending into zp, Examples: 4 Egnueptsa = ot Egnnepttes 4 wople - ot xuptes A BLBAL OOF xn - of BLBALodfines xSpn = ol xépes 3 peyfdy BiBrrodiun = of peyhres BLBALosines ‘The word h Seonousts introduced in lesson 2 be~ comes of Seonowvéses in the plural, ‘The interrorative word x60a; (how many?) almost alvays qualifies a noun and as a result it behaves like an adjective in that it agrees in gender and in number with the noun it qualifies (case agree- ments will be discussed in the appropriate lesson). The word x6oa; becomes x6ce¢; in the feminine and xfsot; in the masculine. Examples: ie Bipla elvar poe Bsnte elves Beets id BA£mw $60 Eves Batxete 085; B83. 60a _yorssra "Eyw xonak eres woasBie. Tose. ntve "xu mots ete; xfves.“- (>) ‘The word many (moAAG) also qualifies nom and it - too - appears in the three forms solAd. BoA, moddol , depending on the gender of ieee te qualifies. Examples: "Eye xoaat ; seaptle BeNAEe teotaes. 16 (a) fo say in Greek that one goes by car, by air, on foot, etc, the preposition (with) is used, Literally one goes "with the car" in Greek, meaning one goes by car. Examples: ete abst topos Tnyatwe pes vo. 1017 (a) () (ce) LESSON 6 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS TPAMMATIXH The plural form of the masculine article 0 is OL, the same as the vlural of the feminine article. Masculine nouns, adjectives and pronouns ending in Og forn their plural by changing the ending Of “into or, Examples: 3 xGptos. of x6proe 8 totyo¢ ol totxou 8 xarss nGpros of xadol x6pro é Boxpos otros ot Bonpos soto, "ByG eluat "Apepinavés, "BueTe eluaote "Auept— absés év elvar. navot, abtol S€v elvar. Similarly Toor &Ewmpatixol xataraBatvouv EAnvind; Toor totxor elvar Konpot; Té00t tnatimatinot elvar 266; Colors are adjectives, They also have to agree with the noun they qualify in gender and number, The same thing happens to the word Sao. (all) with the exception that Bow - - 3aq When quali- fying nouns are imiediately followed by the article of the noun, This is important rule to remember, Exanvles: Yoror of cotyou eTwar xpforvor Jones ol xévec elvar padpec, “Ona v6 BipACa elwar drrnvink, 1118 (a) Numerals are also adjectives. Fortunately in Greek only numbers one, three, and four and those numerals ending iz one of these numbers indicate differences in gender, 11 other numerals -up to 199- do not change form to indicate gender, The three genders of numer~ als one, three, and four are as follows: Masc, Fen, Neut, [= | tpets tpets rote 4] xéocepers xtovepers | teccepa ‘Examples: “Ryus x6pios. Mea xupta, “Eva poAspe. Tpete xBprot. Toets xvptes. Tola pod6pra. ee by ‘podGBia. Occasionally the noun is omitted, tat vhen such a thing happens the masculine word meaning person (&v@pwneg) is understood. When this happens the adjective xfoot; ie usually in the masculine gender. Examples: Toor &Evupatixol elvar £55; TiS00t xaveAapatvouv EAdnve: Téa0u votxoe elvat xpforvor TScec onuates prfmete £50; Ubae¢ xuplec xaradafalvouy bddnvind; Tibaes xéptes Eyer 8 Suphtio; 12LESSON 7 GRAMMAR ANALYSTS TPAMMATIKE 19 (a) The interrogative word xotés; and its feminine and neuter forms noid; xou mean which? or what? if placed directly in front of a noun, They mean who? if replacing a noun, In that case they are immediately preceding a verb, ie Greek English Hobs watnehis elvar Which student is a oxmybs 5 captain? ToS péenua Which lesson are ve brapeCope; reading? Doré onpata elvar Which flag is white Eoxpn nal yorStra; and blue? Torts Egnueptsec Mbat papers do you read? Srapetere; Bor Tors elvar éxct; Who is there? Dorel Eyouv abro— Who have cars? xtvnta; Tord weak Sdanvinds Mho (fem,) talks Greek? Hoes elvar adrs Mho's thie boy? 36 xavbl; 1320 (a) (e) (e) 21 (a) The third person of the personal pronoun abté; = means he ~ she ~ it if it ‘place of a person's name, Its correct use has been explained in #4 (b), The samo word abt6s = abtf - adh preceding a noun is the demonstrative this, and it is invariably followed by the article of the noun it qualifies and then by the noun itself. again, there is a agreement in gender and number between the noun and its qualifier, Examples: Abrbs 8 xotyos elvat fist ol xotyou elvar Se AdeH A wwole eTvar Abvés of nuptes elvar Se ‘Bunveses. bsg 36 BupAlo el var abet st BeBAle elvar The words abré: - atch - abté unaccompanied by @ noun are used as follows: Absés elvar “Apepixavés. "EyG elwar “EAnvas. Abtol Eépouy Barnvend. “Rusts bév Cépope. Abr&s elvar ‘EAAnvises, *Baets xf close; The word xetwos ~ Exetvn - Exetvo, —mbaning that, follows exactly the same pattern as abtéc abr - abeé. Idioms. To say in Greek that something occurs so many times a day, a week, an hour, etc, the idio- matic form tfv huépa, fv EBbouéba, fv Spa are used. 14(b) Examples: "Bxope oxoheto xévee pfpec th EBSouhba, "Exoue padfuata Be. Les thv fufoa. The correct way to say in Greek that somecne goes by car, train, plane, or on foot is by using the preposition with ‘One travels with a car in Greek, and not by car, with the feet and not on foot, and so on. 15LESSON 8 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS TPAMMATICH 22 (a) The possessive (genitive) case of the personal pronoun is as follows: ae 2 3. Singular pou - ay sov = your tov his, its ™s her Plural 1. wos = our 2 cas = your 3. rovg - their (b) The possessive case of the personal pronoun fol- lows the word it refers to in Greok. It does not precede it as it is done in English, Examples: 76 BLBALO pov 6 nau8l m5 ‘yovalua tov Suouunttis was teen my book her child his wife our commandant (c) Except in the case of direct address, the noun is always preceded by ite article whenever one of those forms of the personal pronouns is used, Examples: Tic loa, gtre pov; Tod eloa, xarst Bou; 16 My trother is a student, His family is here. Their litrary has many books, How are you, my friend? Where are you, ay23 (a) (>) (c) 24 (a) LESSON 9 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS TPAMMATIKH The combination ETO ( in this, on the, to the, at_the ) referred to in Lesson 2, #2b, becomes ETH or ETHN for feminine nouns in the singular and ETI for feminine nouns in the plural. Examples: O wadntfis eTvar The student is in the otf BLBALOofxn. Library. oe “Eyw phonua orf ula, have a class at one. Bur Avapatoue orls We read in the BuBALosfixes. Libraries, “Eyw whore gets pets, I have a class at three. ‘The feminine form of the numerals is used when we tell time because they refer to the word (hour), which is a feminine noun, The combination ETH - ETIZ 1s used when the time is pinpointed as it would be in English when making such statements, at one o'clock, at three olclock, and so on. whenever a preposition is used in a question it is normally placed at the beginning of the question, ‘Example LE xéces Spec nyatver In how many hours does tpatve or6 Linéyo; the train go to Chicago? ‘An$ no0 clase; Where are you fron? ME ) In 3nglish the relationship between the verb, its subject and the direct object is indicated by a strict word order, If in the above example the tis eating a mouse the word order is reversed we get the sentence je is eating the cat and an entirely different relationship between the eater and its victim, In Greek this relationship is in dicated by a change in the ending of the word (which can be @ noun, an adjective or a pronoun and the article that normally accompanies the first tvo). (c) In the objective case the masculine article becomes TO or TON, 3 doxarés - 16 Aoxays 3 @tros - 36 plho R ete - . five onthic a baonef 5 dbergss - tov bees (2) 411 masculine nouns, adjectives and most pronome form their objective case by dropping the final of their nominative case. (See above cxamlee ye (e) The rule governing the retention or non-retention of the Nin the objective case of the masculine or with one of the voiceless sounds x, x, x (and their derivatives £ and ) the ‘Nis retained, Tt is dropped otherwise. Examploa: 8 Eve, - ‘t6v Eve, 8 bbedgds = the bball & xBpros. - xbv x6pio & xeptnatos - tév xeplate R xlvaxag - eee xv ‘tamartépyns - thy & wadS¢ otparmybs = t6v xad$ oxpatnys 25& @fros - +6 @lho 8 otpatiems - 6 otpariGen 3 brounntic - +8 beouxnth 3 weybdos xlvanas = 76 peyéro ntvana Mth 30 (2) Bxcept for very few prepositions, whenever a word is the object of a preposition in Modern Creek it is in the objective case, iwles: Medreri pl 16 @fro pov. Talpwe yelund End Ev BdehgS pov. 2631 (a) (o) (ec) LESSON 12 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS PPAMMATIKH The objective case of the feminine article H is TH or THN, (Retention or non-retention of the ‘Tinal N of the article TH-THN follows exactly the same phonetic rules as those governing the masculine article TO-TON). Examples: Nominative Objective 4 ovata th ruvatne fh Spa thy Spa 4 wvpta fv wupla i népca ty ators tmAcbpaon jv ™mAeSpaon 4 BUBALoefxn ‘th BUBALOSfixn Feminine nouns ending in e vowel do not undergo any ending’ changes in the objective case. The article alone indicates the case, (See above examples). In the plural the objective case of the feminine article TH(N) changes into TIX, Again, there is no ending change in the noun between the nomina- tive plural and the objective plural. ‘ly the article indicates the case change Example: Nominative (plural Objective (plural) of yuvatnes tts yovatues ol Spes tls bes ol xvptes xl wples ol xbptes tls xGptes ol BipALoetxes tls BuBAL oA NES 27(a) 32 (a) (o) 33 (a) (v) The objective case of the word 4 beonotvis ts th Beonorvtsa, All feminine nationality names if used in the old form in Iz (f”. A'magylg), and not in the Bodera Zorn Ch hee exaveoa, {‘EAAnvééa) form their objective Sesriem thevord } seoxouvts. In the plural there is no ent change ‘The possessive case ef the numeral EWA - ENAE ie ENOE (of one, of a). Examples: “Byg BuBato elvar TS xptua bvbq BipAtov be, elvat xpéict vo. “Bvag AoyaySs elvat 1S mAfnco Eve AoyayoU 3 elvar £85, The objective case of the masculine numeral ENAD is ENA(N). The neuter ENA does not change in the objective case. The feminine mmeral MIA is declined lke any feminine noun ending Tra The word xo6 (with an acute, not with a circum flex) 1s a relative pronoun meaning who, which, that It is not a declinable word. It always Keeps the sane shape, Examples: *0 xGptos nob braph- ‘The man who is reading Zee otf, BiBALoefxn in the library is a elvat @fros pov. friend of mine, TS BrpAlo x06 Exw The book (which) I have elvar xars. is good, The relative pronoun cannot be ommited in Creek es it ie in English., It is not correct to say the man I kmov in Greek. ‘The correct form is the man thas (whom) I know, 8 xéptos x06 Epa. 2834 (a) () LESSON 13 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS PAMMATIKE As stated in #25(e) the plural form of all nouns = except those ending in Of - is formed in the modern spoken language by changing the ending of the singular into the ending EZ, (In some special cases the syllable ARE is added to the stem but these special cases will be taken up at the ap- propriate time), Examples: H Evtpac ef Lied xetpovas ol xetuiives 8 vadens ol vatres As it has already been mentioned when the formation of the possessive case was discussed (#28e) there are some nouns ending in AE or HE vhich fellow the old pattern of noun declensions. These nouns take the ending AT instead of the ending EE to form their plural, They are the same nouns that form their possessive case according to the old pattern and are primarily the names or titles of human beings, Examples: uaontfis ot pasnrat & xadnynths ot xaenyntat i. Sonnets ot Srorenral Tayparépxns of taypatépyat 8 ovvrayyaripins of ovvrayperépyar 8 otparidens ol otpattarar * 8 doxfas ot Aoxfar * — fhe modern pattern of otpariines, of doxtes is the preferred version in the lanevage now. 29(c) 35 36 (a) (o) It is recommended that the relatively few nouns of this type taking the ancient declension endines de memorized. Otherwise, and when in doubt, use the ending EE to form the plural of masculine nouns in AE or HE because the AI plural ending is incorrect for several nouns of this class (Evrpas, ufivas, xfvaxac, etc, ) whereas the ending is not incorrect for nouns like & xa: Bic, & padnefg, etc. Tt is only a colloquial usage. The objective case of the masculine article (TON) decomes TOYE in the plural, Masculine nouns in Qf form their objective case in the plural by changing their ending into OYE, Examples: Obj, Case Obi, Case Plural ty GE capartind ro6e BE u obs 38 orparnré 3065 orpamnro6s +6 gfho robs plies Gorrect Us 1, BAgme t6v Gftupa~ 1, BAéme tobs Gf tupa- rund, tinobs. 2. Meherd yl 16 ofro 2. Meher pe robs ol pov. Aovs pov. 3. Mnvatwe or6v xtvn- 3, Inyatwa oro6s xtvn- paroypigo. baroy; Masculine nouns in HE form their objective case in the plural by changing their ending into sr, There is a more modern and rather colloquial — variant in EE but the former ending (in AE ) is still more widely used. Examples: Obj. Case Singular Qbi. Case Plural 76 paontf robs pmtnths (to6s padneés) 30(ec) tév xadnynth robs xadnyntis (toSs xadnyntés) 6 botanth to6s Brounntés (toGs srouxntés) Correct Use 1. BAéma 16 padnth 1. BAém to6s padntéc 2. Katadapatww tév xaSm- 2. KararaBalwe toGs xadn— mf. tas. 3. Sépw 16 Scounnrh 3. BEpw robs btouxntis. Masculine nouns in AE form their objective case in the plural by changing their ending intoEE. A few nouns of this class still favor the ancient case end~ ing AE but these are few and will be listed separate- ly. ‘Examples: Obj. Case Singular Obi, Case Plural 6 five t065 pfives x6v Evepa sob Evtpes 36 doxta cobs Apxtes* Correct 1, Mederi nod6 abr6 Mederd xor6 abtobs.. +6 five. tos pfives. 2. Abv tEpw abté rév 2. bév EEpw abrobs robs &vtpa. Evepes. 3. MIMS pe 6 Aoxta. 3. MbAd pl robs Aoxles. * This word can also be heard as robe Aoytac. Similarly the words § tapfag (a cashier), §& opn- ytas (an Air Force ‘sergeant) and a few others can aleo be heard both ways. 31(a) The student's attention should again be drawn to the fact that adjectives must agree with the noun they qualify in gender, number, and case, This agreement, however, does not mean that the case endings of the noun and of the adjective should be identical, It frequently happens that the noun ending and the adjective ending are the same, but this is not necessarily trus all the time. The noun takes its particular case ending and the adjec~ tive takes its own case ending according to its class. However, it must be in the same gender, number and case as the noun it qualifies, It should also be remembered that the noun determines the gender, number, and case of the adjective and not vice-versa. ' Examples: 1, BAénw tév Eonpo 1, BAémwa tobs donpous ozparéva, ovpattives, 2. BEpw t6v xaré 2. SEpw tobs xadois doxays. oxayobs. 3. ‘0 "Apeptxavég 3. OL "Apepexavot madnynttis » xaényntat. 32LESSON 14 GRAMMAR ANALYSTS TPAMMATIKH 37 The plural fora of the possessive case of all three articles is TON. It is the same for all three eenders. 38(a) All nouns, adjectives, and declinable pronouns end in QN in the possessive case of the plura: Examples: Poss, Case Singular Poss. Case Plural Masc. toB narod &bedpod thv xadiiv dbergiv Fen. this EdAnvexiis Egnuepldac tv EdAAnvendiv Egnpeplduv Went. toB prxpod Ackixod ‘sv puxplly Accuxty (>) Neuter nouns in I that add the syllable or in the possessive case singular add the syllable ON in the Possessive case of the plural. In general, if an ending is added (instead of being changed) in the Possessive case of the singular the ending QN is also added in the possessive case of the plural. Examples: Singular Plural t00 mm b.08 Ov navbuty 05 porvprod: Ev podupiav toO yaptiod xiv yaptity 39(a) Accent shifts in the po: ive case: Masculine nouns, adjectives and pronouns ending in QE drop their accent.one syllable down in the Possessive case of the singular, and of the plural, if their nominative case is accented on the third from the last syllable, Bxamplea: 33Singular Plural Nominative 8 x6pto¢g ol x6prot Possessive tod xupfov xv xuptav Nominative 6 nep{natoc ot neplnatot Possessive tod neptnétou hv nepinbtwy Nominative 8 tnootpétnyos ot bnootpimmyar Possessive tot bxootpatfyov tiv bxoorpathyev Nominative § "Iavouptos Possessive to ’Iavovaplov (b) The same rule applies in connection with neuter nous, adjectives and pronouns ending in and accented on the 3rd from the last syllable. The accent shifts one syllable down in the possessive case of the singular and the plural, | Examples: Singular Plural Nominative +6 napédupo 4 napéoupa Possessive rob napa8Gpov ‘Gv napasGpuv Nominative +6 bevtepSrento rh beutepSiexta Possessive tol devtepodémtou thiv SevtepoExtuv Nominative +6 tmAtgwvo 36 T™mAbguva Possessive 00 thAegbvou viv TpAceGvev (c) Neuter nouns in MA which add the ending TOL to form the pos: esive case of the singular add the ending TON to form the possessive case of the For thie class of nouns the accent shifts one syllable down in the possessive case of the plural. singular and two syllables down in the possessive case of the plural, (The basic case is usually assumed to be the nominative case of the singular), If the nominative case of the plural is taken as the basic case for the plural, then the accent 34shifte one syllable down, Various kinds of pho= netic reasons require this shift, the paramount Yeason being that in the Creek accentual system no word can be accented beyond the 3rd from the last syllable. Bxampleg: Singular Plural Nominative +8 p&éSnua 76 poSipera Fossessive tol) yaSfuatos tiv padqadruv Wominative +6 oGveayue +8 ovveéyuara Possessive to ovvetreros tiv ovvrayuérov Nominative +6 néswpa x6 natbyara, Possessive “xod natdyatos sv xotuérwv (4) Masculine nouns in HE which normally take the ending aI in the nominative case of the plural (see 346) retain their accent on the sane syllable in the possessive case of the singular but shift it all the way down to the last syllable in the Possessive case of the plural, Examples: Singular Plural Nominative § tayparépyns of taypatépyar Possessive tol tayyatépxou tiv teyuetapxiy Nominative § ouvrayarépyns ol ouvrayueréipyar Possessive sol ouvraynarépyov sv ouvraquarapyiv Nominative 8 orpatyGens ol otpeteira Possessive tof orpariéen tOv oxpatiutisy (vot otpariérov old form) (e) The following masculine nouns in AE behave exactly as the masculine nouns in HE referred to in (39a). MEMORIZE TEESS NOUNS, MEMORIZE THESS NOUNS, 35Singular Plural Nominative 8 roxas ot rAoxlar (of rAoxlec) Possessive rob Aoxta iv Aoxtav Nominative 8 &vtpas ol Evtpes Possessive to Gvtpa (roD tiv Avrpliv dvepés) Nominative 8 pfvas ol ufjves Possessive tol pfva (to tiv unviiv unvés) (f) ‘The noun S*EAAnvag shifts its accent only one syllable down in the possessive case of the plural. wom: = - ‘Singular Plural Nominative § “EAAnvac ot “BAAnves Possessive ro “ERAnva xGv ‘EAfivey 40 (a) When giving the name of a month in connection with dates it is given in the possessive case, Since the names of the months are all masculine nouns ending in O£ and, furthermore, their accent falls on the 3rd from the last syllable, there is an ai cent shift one syllable down in the po: ive case as would normally happen for all corresponding masculine nouns in OE, Note the following examples: Nominative case Possessive case 8 "Iavovdipros t08 "Iavovaplou 8 SeBpovdpros ‘t0B Sefpovaplou 8 CenrépBpros ‘to0 Lexvepsplou HENCE January 1 xplrn *Iavovaptov February 3 xpets SeBpovaplov September 14 bexatEocepers Lexteufiplov 36(b) 1. 2. (c) To state that sone event or occurence happens on a certain date the name of the month is used in the possessive case but it must be preceded by the word ZTIZ, Only if it havpens on the first of the month the objective case of the feminine article (TH or THN) is used to precede the name of the month, Ezamvle English Greek New Year's is on the 1, “H mpwroxpovid eTvar 1st of January, tiv xpGen "Iavovaplov. My birthday is on the 2, TE yev€@Aré pou eT vac 10th of June, ots béxa *TovvCou. The Creek national ‘H dAAnvexf, Eovens holiday is on the 25th foprf elvar orls exo of March, o xévte Mapttou. ‘The American national “H dpepumaverf, 2ovexf, holiday is on the 4ih Yyeoprf elvat orf: rE of July, Gepets *Iovalov. To state that some event happens on a certain day, or on a certain month (without giving the exact date) the objective case of the nane of the week or of the month are used with their article but without a preposition, Examples: English Greek My birthday is in TG yeveré pou elvar January, ty *Iavovkpto. BUT My birthday is on the = 7% vevéearé you elvar 3rd of January. grts tpets "Tavovaplov. 37Christmas is in December TG Xprorosyewva elvar rév SexéuBoro. BUT . Christmas is on the 25th Té Xprotosyewva elvar orf of Decenber. elxoor névte seneusotou. We have no classes on bev Exoue oxod|eto thy Ku— Sunday. praxf. We go to school in winter. Iinyalvope oxoXeTo +6 yet— a 38LESSON 15 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS TPAMMATIKH To ask a person how old he is the expressions NOZON ETON EIceE or MOza@(N) XPONA(N) EIZTE are used. Since these questions have their noun and its quali- fier in the possessive case of the plural the posses- sive is called for in giving the answer, iience, declinable numerals should be used in their posses- sive case when giving one's ave, or the age of any- thing animate or inanimate, Examples: English Greek How old are you? TSouv trav close; T am 24 years old. Eluat efxoot tecogpuv “ MSow(v) ypovis(v) elore; Elyat etxoct tecoépu(v) xp0ve(v) . Q. How old is your T6ow(v) xpovi(v) elvar 5 ehila? navbl cas; A, He 1s three years Elvat tpiii(v) xpovii(v). old. Q How old is your T6ow(v) xpovii(v) etvar brother? 8 &der@6s ous; A, He is 21 years old. Elvar etnoot évés xpovalv). Q. How ola is the DSow(v) ynvd(v) elvar +6 baby? 3 A. He is three months Elvat tped(v) pnva(v). ola. Q. How old is this Mbowv Exdv (xpoviiv) evar building? abeé +6 xelpi0; A. It is 200 years Elvat beaxootwy ExBv (xpo~ old, viv). 3942 (a) All ordinal numbers appear in all three genders in Greek, even the ordinal forms of numbers which are not affected by gender in their cardinal form, The ordinal forme of numbers 1-15 are given below: Gi is. Ordinals 1. Evas, pla, Eve xpitos, xpim, xpiiro 2, 860 Bebtepos, SeGtEpn, SeGrEp 3. tpets, tpets, tole xplros, tlm, tplto 4. téocepers, teocepers, téraptos, terdpm, térapto rEocepa 5. névte qlusros bag a xuxto s: Bee Exros, bep ey 7, bah . Bbouos, é686un, EBbou0 8. bxxG Bybd00s, by86n, Syd00 9. wea Evatos, evden) Evero 10. béxa SExatos, Sexéen, BExero VW, Evéexa tvbenatog, dvbenéen, tvbéxate 12, bbdexa bubénatos, dubexkm, bubExaro 13, bexatpets, Benatpets, —bExaros tptros, Senden tele, bexatpla Senavo telco 14, beuntéooepers, Senn —-SEwatog tEraptos, Sexéen Te récoepers, Sexarésoepa chpt, déxato 15, benanévee SExavos xEynros, beufétn xésxm, béxato xEyxto 42 (b) Since both cardinal and ordinal numbers are adjec- tives, when they are declined they undergo accent sbifte and ending changes like any other adjectives of their class. Examples: Sardingls Nominative ‘deanbovoe xevtan$ovoe 4o(c) Ordina debtepos beurépou rétaptos tetéptou béxatos bdexétou Ordinal numerals stressed on the 3rd from the last syllable may appear in the feminine either in their old form, viz. with the stress moved one syllable down, or in their modern form, with the stress remaining on the same syllable as it originally wae in the masculine, Examples: Masculine Feminine (traditional) (new form), be6tepos - beutépa be6tepn séaptos seréipr xérapm EBSop05 B88 un EBboun 43, The verb to go (mmyafwo) is generally used in ite contracted form in conversational Greek, The full form is used for more formal occasions, The contracted form of the verb to go is as foliows: Present Tense Verb MHTATD full form contracted form 1. xnyalwo 1, hao 2. mnyatvers 2. ais 3. enyatver 3. afee 1. xnyatvope 1, sue 2. mnyatvere 2. site 3. mnyalvouy 3. alive 4145, The word MOIO; MOXA; HOIO; standing in the place of a noun is the interrogative pronoun WHO? The same word preceding a noun becomes the interrogative adjective WHICH? Example Who is this man? Hor8s elvar abtés Evepumos Which student TouSe wadntis EEper yadrr— kmows French? xd; Which day are you Hore Epa elore &85; here? Which paper do you ow Egnpeptda brape- read? Tere; 4aLESSON 16 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS SPAMMATIKH 46 (a) The objective case of the personal pronoun is as follows: Singular Plural 1, ne me 1. pis us 2. of you 2. 08s you him thy bin robs then (mase,) 3. thy her 3. tls " (fem) 6° it th " (neut.) (b) The odjective case of the personal pronoun Precedes the verb, except in the imperative and the present participle, Examples: English Greek T see bin Toy PAEm We understand her Thy naraAapal vope He is reading it 76 srapéceu Tobs EEpope We know them Ths EEpope TE EEpope He loves her yy kyon She loves hin fd byundt They see us. Mis Bifxovv We see you Gs PAExowe (plural or formal) Ea EE pAtnoue (Gingwlar informa (c) To ask a person his name the idiomatic expression QE EAE AENE; or MOF XE ARNE; are generally ‘used. "Ths response to this question starts vith ME AENE and is folloved by the objective case of 43(a) (c) same manner, the objective case of the personal pronoun in the appropriate case is used to precede the word when inquiring indirectly about another person's name. ‘Examples: Mig ots (of) Ave; ME A€ve Tudvyn. Tig tév Aéve; Tév A€ve TEtpo. Titig tH Ave; ‘Th A€ve Mapla. Tliis tobs Aéve; Tobs A€ve Teéwn xal Kéora, There is another form == a long form — of the personal Pronoun in the objective case but this form is used only after a preposition or to indicate constrast or emphasis, When used after a preposition the initial vowel & ap~ pearing in sone persons of this form of the pronoun is usually dropped. The long form of the personal pronoun is as follows: Singular Plural 1. dnéva me 1. buts us 2. boéva you 2. boas you abtév him abrots them (masc.) 3. abtiv her 3. adbtés " (fem) abt it abré * (neut.) As stated earlier, the long form of the objective case of the personal pronoun is used after a preposition or whenever contrast or emphasis are to be indicated. When contrasting people's names the long form of the Pronoun precedes the idiomatic expression ME AENE, EE AENE, TON_AENE, etc. Examples: English Greek 1. My name is John, wo A€ve Prévvn. His name is Costas, we AEve Peal Her name is Maria. 2. vw) th Aéve Mapta, His name is Peter. bv tév AEve étpo. 4447, the long form used after a preposition English 1, This is for you, 2, Is this book for me? 3. I am doing it for her, i 1, The professor knows ne. He doesn't know you. 2. I am asking you, not hin. He knows us, not them, He loves her, not her sister, He understands only me. 3. 4, 5. Greek proper nouns are he long form used for contrast or e: Greek 1. Abt6 elvar yk ofc, - Elvar adeé v6 piprto 6 péva; 3. 78 ve ye abthivy sis 1. 0 xasnrnsfis £6 ya. Av E€per Cea is). 2. Puri Lotte (Lofva), Sy. 8y. : Eber, Bye abe Has bea! 3 GS BE AGA HS. 5. Mévov Exéva xertadepal— VEL. fe 3. 4a declinable following the declension pattern of nouns having the sane type endings, basic form, H Feminine Le: line Nom. 8 KGotas MaSpoc Poss. to Kéota Ma6pou Obj. tv Kéoza MaBpo Yoo. K6ora Matipo* Greet mascul: clinable unless they have or A and are not declinable ine surnames are also dee the ending OY in their surnames usually end in OF, — * Some masculine given names in ending E in the vocative case Some common names bebaving this way are: § “anuoc, § Tebpvos, § Metpos, consonant Z, OF do not take but simply lose 45BUT Nom. § Tatros Peupytov 4 “EAAn Pewpytov Poss. tot Madiov Peupyfov Tis “EAAns Tewpyfou ObJ. tv TaBAo Peupyfou thy “EAAn Peupytou Voc, Dadrc Tewpylou “EAAn Teupylou Nom. 8 Tiévvng DoAtens 4 Zogla Toate, Poss. tod Tuévvn Nottm THis Loglas ToACey Obj. +6 Teévvn Doaten ‘th Zogta HoAlen, Voc. TeGvvn WoAlen, Logla Noalty 48 (a) Conjugation of verbs ending in iG, 8. Most (bo) Greek verbs are accented on the next to the last syllable in their basic form, nd the basic form of a Greek verb is the first person singular of the present tense of the verb in the indicative mood. However, there are several Greek verbs accented on the past syllable in their basic form. 4 re- resentative verb of the main class of this kind of verbs is given below, It should be noted that one can hear many variants in the conjugation pat- tern of these verbs in the present tense. The more prevalent form as of this time of writing is given first, Variant forms are given next to the main form in parenthesis Present Tense Singular Plural Variant I, Variant II Variants I,II-Yeriant III 1. per = bw 1, porte - (perotpe) 2. puttis = 2. partite = (puntire) 3. pert = Gee 3. puvtive - (purodv) the verbs dxaveS (to answer), yatpetS (to greet, to salute), per, (to count, to measure), pederi (to sear), Eg (to love) are conjugated like the verb 46LESSON 17 GRAOUR ANALYSIS T'PAMMATIKH (a) ‘The verb AEyw (to tell, to say, ete.) has a contracted form which is also the preferred form in normal everyday conversation, The verb Réyo is contracted as fellews: Verb neyo fall form Sontracted form 1. Xéyw 1, Abo 2. Byers 2. dEc 3. Aéver 3. Rees 1. Aéyoue 1. Adve 2, A€yete 2. rte 3. A€youv 3. héve (b) Wotice that the 3rd person plural of the ceatracted form of this verb (Aéve) is the verb used in the Adlomatic expression xc od¢ AEve (what's your nese)? 50, (a) The particle yé placed before a verb in « suberdinate clause changes it into what correspeads to the izfinitive in Eaglish, Examples: 8€d0 - I wish va 0820 ~ to vish Agyw - I say va byw - to way xavo - I do VG xavo - to do (>) the particle vais used in such expressions as tf vi xGvw; (what aball I de? or what can I do?) ) (e) €ra - Erte are the imperative forms of the verb Epyoucs (to come). nape = napte are the imperative forms of the verb naipvw (to take, to get). The full conjugation of the verb Epyoucs will be given in subsequent lessons, The question word tinote; (anything?) requires the anewer xGti (something) if the reply is affirmative, It requires the answer tinote (nothing) if the reply is negative. The word Timote is not declinsble, Examples: Qusstinn «=—«- Affirmative Answer = Hegative Anmror 1. Bhénece Nat, PAEnw xots. “Ox1, 6& Brena tixote; | xinote. 2. BE pere Nai, Eépw xacs "Ox, 6& Epo OTE; xinote Similarly, the question word xavévar or xaveic¢ (anyone, anybody), requires the answer XGKO‘OC (someone, somebody) if the reply is affirmative. It requires the anever xavévac OF xaveic (no o1 none, nobody) if the reply is negative. Sxamples: Suestion Affirmative Answer Begative Agsver, 1. Elva: Nat, xamorog eivar “Oys, xgveic Sev xavet. exet. etvas exet. exets 2. Baéxete Nai, PAémw xémorov.”Ox1, 6& BAEKW xavéva; xaveva. ‘The pronouns xaveic or (xavévac) = xau1G ~ xavéva are declined like the mmerals Evac = pia - Eva , (Seo #328, b) ~ The po jive case of xaveic or (xavévac) and xavéva is xavevoc. The objective case of the masculine form xavevac is xavéva(v), In the osuter form xavéva Objective case is the same as the 48(a) nominative. The feminine form is declined , like any feminine noun in Aor Z. xa - xautac, xaua. The pairs tinote - xGtt, xGmo1oc-xaveic cam precede a noun and function as adjectives, In that case the word tinote means any and xGTI means Some; the word xG%0to¢ means the indefinite a cra certain and xavEvag means any in interrogative sentences and go in negative sentences, Examples: Sraak- ‘Boclish 1. Baézesc timote yapttd 1, Do you see éxet; papers there 2. Bepete xgvéva xaonyn- 2, De you know aay Th othy “Aghia; prefessor in Athens? 3. Sépw xGnorov xaonynth. 3, T kmow « (a certain) Brefessor. 4. bev Eépw xavéva &, T don't know aay xaOnYNTHe , professor. 5. TExete tinote @idove 5, Do you have aay, exetj friends there? 6. Nai, exo xéts otrove 6, Yen, I hawe game exe. friends there, Ag52. 53 (a) LESSON 18 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS PPAMMATIKH The verb cody (to ent) has a contracted form which Ae umuallj-proferred in nornal every day converantions The contracted form of the verb tpa(y)w is conju gated as follows: zone Yerd_toiyo tall form sontracted form 1. tpbyo 1. tpdly)o 2. tpbyerc 2. tpde 3. tpGyer 3. tpaer 1. tpdyope 1. tome 2. tpovere 2. tpire 3. tpayouv 3. tpive Bronoun has already been given in #22(a), lesson 8, However, there is « long form which is used to indicate contrast or emphasis as is the long fora of the objective case used. Whenever the long form of the possessive ease of the personal pronoun is used both the long and the short forms are declined as follovs: pov nod cov 508 tou 08 me wie tov 08 501s bude wac wae 2. bgae oac ous 3+ aveiv tous toe (>) Whereas a distinction of gender is made in the 3rd Person of the singular of the possessive case of the personal prououn no distinction of gender is. made in any person of the plural, (See above table), (c) Tae possessive case of the personal pronoun, besides indicating possession, is also used to indicate the rect object in Modern Greek. And it should be Peentarod Gane the tntirest object is the word or “words in a sentence for vhom or to vhom the action of the verb is directed. In English the indirect object ie spotted by asking the question to whomfor for yhoa? efter the verb. Examples: English Tam telling here = 1. Tig AEyw psa lotopia. story. 2. He gives ap his book. 2.Mod Siver to BIpAlo tov. 3. She writes him every 3. ToO ypiger xa0e wépa. Gyopazer tic ypapares pov. aay. 4, My wife buys me ay 4, ‘H t 5 - ypvaixa pov pod (4) When s pronoun is used as an indirect object it ie umally pleced before the verb unless the verb is in the imperative or preseat participle (a detailed expla~ nation will be gives about this whea the imperative and participle are introduced), Examples: She tells me the news, He gives her a book. (o) Te short forms of the personal pronoun — both in the possessive and in the objective cases — are alvays accented if they precede the word they refer to. They are unaccented if they follow the word they refer to. When the accented fora of these pronouns i used in a 51sentence (invariably preceding the word it refers to) When the unaccented form is used it in uttered as a unit along with the preceding word. This is a basic rule of Greek word linkege and should be thoroughly Practiced, The hearer hears a word with an extra sylla- Dle added to it either before or after the asin vord, depending on whether the pronoun precedes it (end is accented) or follows it (and is unaccented), The same phenomenon of strong linkage between vords occurs Detween the noun and ite article. They are pronounced agua. fo the hearer, a word and ite article sound Like one word in Greek. (f£) Whenever two short forms of the personel pronoun are used together to denote the direct as well as the in- @irect object the indirect object is placed befare the direct. They both precede the verb except in the imperative ani participle. In the following examples each sentence in first given with a noun object first and then the noun object is replaced by « pronoua, Bm: English Sreck 1, He reads the newspaper 1. Mod S1apa%er tiv éqn- to me. pepioa. Be reade it to me. MoS chy Srapé%er. 2, He tolle the neve to 2, Aées ta véa ord Tedvun John and Mary, xat oth Mapia. He tells it to them, Tove ta rE. 3. She buys him the 3. Fo8 ayopazes tov lighter. avaxtpa, She buys it for hin. To® tov ayopazer. 5h. (o) Iddommtic way of saying “I like* — MOY APEZEI in Greek, In Greek the standard way to say I like is ‘by using the idiomatic expression MOY APEZEI which ‘Literally means "it's pleasing to me", In this kind of an expression the subject is placed at the tail end of the sentence and — deing the subject — it determines 52whether the verb will be in the singular or in the plural ( APEZEI or APEZOYN). The subject is also invariably preceded by the nominative case of the The following examples should make the pattern clear: English Sresk 1. Like this book. 1. Mo8 Gpéce1 abté to BiBajo, 2. She Likes coff 2. Be gotoer 6 xapég. 3. He likes his.vatch. 3. Tot aptoe: to poddi Tov. 4, They like school. 4, Tobe apécer +6 ,OXOAETOS 5. We like our teacher, 5. a Gpécer & Sacxarde 6, I like books. 6. Noo § grtcouy we BipAia, 2. We like books. a gpfoovv ta BiBAia. 8, She likes magazines, 8. TYig apégouv ta, REPIOO IKE. 9. They like Greek. 9. Tove, dpésovv 7a, EAAnvixd. 10. Do you like English? 10. 11. Do you like to read? 11. 2a 12, Do they like to eat 12. here? () In sentences like 2ae Gobo +4 GryArxd ag apéger va Siaparere; Tobe Gpéces va tplive £65; Marz likes coffee, ete., when a noun precedes the expression Zpfoe1, coB kpfcer, and,t0 ony the noun se plese Seite ob batoes, on yo Sptaes and is in the Posscssive case, It 10 prs is also in the possessive case, Brample 1, Mary likes coffee, 1. 2. Phe teacher likes 2. ooks. 3. My wife likes Athens. 3. h, The child likes to 4. Play. 53 ite article which Flic Mapiac thc aptoer © xapec. To8 Sacxddov to aptcouw za BiBria. Pig vovgixac pov cic apgoe y Adhva., ToS xg18108 to8 apices va naizn.(c) If the noan preceding the exprersion pol aoécer happens to be in the plural, to avoid an awkverd Greek construction, the verd Gyan can be used instead of the expression yo apeoer Then the sentence follows the conventional Greek word order. Examples: Of Séoxadoy Gyanody +4 BipAtc. Ta naid1G ayanobty va & fyeate 55. (a) The expression it's becoming to you ZOY MIAEI follows the same pattern as the expression MOY APESEI The subject follows the verb, it 1s prece: te article, and it determines whether the singular form THTAINEL (TAEI), or the plural form MHPAINOYN CUANE) should be used. Examples: 1. This the te becoming 1. Adth A yoapata oe to you, fact. . 2. Ta usiforn 1s bee 2+ ‘H otoah cob xéet. Og ew 3. White te becoming 3+ Ta Goxpa* che nave. () Again, when the subject of such an expression is a noun ani not a pronoun the noun is in the possessive case and precedes or follovs the expression ZOY IIAEI, MOY TIAET, etc. Bxamples: Green is becoming to Thc Mapiac tic nave Maria, 7G Xpaciva. T& xpaciva tic nave wfic Mapiac. * The neuter form of colors is used in the plural to state that a certain color is becoming to someone, 5h56. 58, LESSON 19 GRAMMAR ANALYSIS T'PAMMATIKH The past tense of the verb to be (efyas ) is conju- gated as follows: Greok Raglish 1. fyouv 1. Ives 2. foovy 2. you vere 3. ftav- 3. he, she, it vas 1. fuacte (fyaotav) 1. we were 2. foacte (Roactav) 2. you were 3. fray Crave) 3. they vere The future tense of the verb to be is conjugated as follows: Seeek English 6% efpas 1, Iwill te 04 ejoar 2. you vill be 6a etvar 3. he, she, it will be 1, 04 ejpaote 1, we will be 2. 04 ejote 2. you will be 3. 0@ eivar 3. they will be ‘The infinitive of the verb to be is future except that the perticle y: particle Oa precedes the verb," 59. (a) Not all Greek tenses correspond exactly vith English tenses. The Greek present tense covers a wach wider area than the English simple present because it in- cludes — in addition to factual wed habitual action ~~ action going on in the present time (expressed) 5560, ‘ty the English present progressive ‘ense) as vell as action started in past time and still going on in the present (expressed by the English present perfect), The following examples, illustrating thie last usage of the Greek present tense should make ite function clear, Examples: Seek lish 1. TScov xaipé tov 1. How long have you know geperes him? 2. Tigoov 4a1ps 2. How long have you been elote e6a5 bere? 3. Mévope oabté 3. We've been living in this «6, Onitt ROAAG house for many years, POVEGe 4. "Epo tpia xpdvia% I've been bere (for) three 26. years. ‘Tho simple past tense of Gresk verbs covers some areas not covered by the simple past tense in English, Very frequently the past tense is used in Greek the way the present perfect is used in English if the time when ‘the action occurred in the past is indefinite, Bxpuples: English Greek 1. Ihave never deen a 1. Aév fpovy xoté teacher, Saoxanoc. 2. Have you ever beep an 2, "Hogore xoté GE 1 officer? BGTEKOC 5 3. My relatives have elways 3. gt ovyyeveT¢ pov Been good people. hrav_xavta xadoi Gvepanor. MAE'S THE DATE TODAY? One can ask for the date in Greek in two ways: One way is by using the expression Toce¢ to8 unvig Exoue ofpepa; The other way is 56dy using the expression ti tepounvia tyoue gMepa; Whether ve use cub “exprtuten-cP the-other to ask for, the date our response is the same, We say? ofweoa civas and then the date follovs in the same Pattern as explained in detei] #40(a), Examples: Greek English 1. Téoe¢ tod unvog 1. What's the date today? EYOuE ofuepa; It is May 3. Bywepa txope 3 (tpete) Katou. 2. Técec 08 unvéc 2, vnat's the date tenerrovt Exoue aopio; — Avpto Exoue téo— Tomorrow the date is geperc (4) AnpiXiov. aprta &, 3. Ti_hwepounvia tyo- 3, what's the date today? PE OTHEPG; a It is duly 1. froue xpom (In Tovatov. 61, (a) The correct use of numerals ep to and inclating 1900 has been explained in lesso 10 ($27a), hen dealing with numerals from 1900 om the fellowing 1, From 1900 on to 1999 the musber is reed in the Usual way, viz, the aumeral 1000 (yfA101 -e¢ -a) as well as the numeral 900 has to agree with the noun it qualifies in gender and case. 2, From 2,000 om up to but not including 1,000,000 the fominine form is used for the digit indicating ‘the thousands, 411 the other digits follow their own form as previously explained, 573. 5. Wen ve reach the 1,000,000 mark everything is in the neuter because the word Exatow) wipro standing for one million is a neuter noun. Wumerals 1, 3, 4, or 200, 300, etc. referring to the vord "million" are in the neuter gender, It should be remembered that all ouserals affected by gender — whether used only in the neuter form or only in the feminine fora or in all three forms — ere declinable, ‘this means that they will indicate case changes by changing their ending accordingly. ‘The following tables summarizing the rules governing the correct use of numerals should clarify the students’ questions: xiata fyviaxgora xirta gvvsaxgora xidva Evvsaxdora xiv gvvsaxgora Xi Ava evvsaxdora éva, . xPsa évviaxéora névte a xidta Evvsaxdora 300 a xidva tvvsaxdora téooepg a yidpa evvsaxdora evvéa AryTend foyy enow ony 50 0p? 043 44 pe300z37 582,000,0€0,C00 2,000 000,000 2000 S60 x1A1G5e¢ 3000 tpete xsArabec, 4000 téoceperc yiArabec SEE 5000 névte xsArabec Soe 21,000 eixooimia xrAra6e¢ Fes 34,900 tprayta téooeperc xskra5e¢ ene 93,000 Evevavea tpete xiAradec ges 100,000 gxatd xrArase¢ E ge 101,000 gxatov pia xsArd5ec gee 113,000 -exatdv Bexatpete xiardbec Ec 200,000 Sraxéqueg xer1d5e¢ o sf 300,000 tpraxdgrec xtAra5e¢ gee 400,000 tetpaxdorec ytArabec Ege 500,000 gevtaxdorec xidra5ee Ban 600,000 gEaxoguec xtAraBee ss 700,000 g9taxdorec xidrabee a 300,000 9xtaxdgrec xrAsabec 900,000 Evviaxdorec xsdrasec 1,000,000 va gxatoupdpro HG 2,000,000 860 Exatouydpra gé 3,000,000 tpia Exagoppvpia WO 4,000,000 téocepa exatoupdpia B Eva bicexatoupdpro 860 Sicexatoupopra 59(b) It should be remenbered that in rote comnting decline able numerals are given in their neuter iorm, when giving chronology (the year vhen a certain event occurred) the correct way is to read the year as though one is doing rote counting, (c) The expression nécec toB _unvdg Eyouc Sf pena or réoceg toh umvcg Etvar onpeoa s the date today) has the word eat av oe in the possessive case, It therefore requires that the name of the month in the answer be also given in the pos- sessive case, For the first of the month the ordinal Xpom (Ist) is used. For the other days of the month the plain numerale are used, Those numerals affected by gender are in the feminine forn, Examples: English Seek 1. May 21, 1962 1. Eixoos uia Matou xiava evviaxéora tEhyta 6b0. 2, September 1, 1939 2, Tarn Zenteppptov xia tvviexéora tpravea Evvéa, 3. July &, 1776 3. Téooeperc {Iovaiou xara entaxdora eBSouhvea et. 4, March 25, 1821 4. Fixooy névte Maptiov xiasa oxtaxdc1a eixoor Eva, 5. December 6, 1941 5 FEEL Aexepipioy xtra Evviaxéc1a capavta Eva. 6. July 14, 1789 6. dexatgocepere “Touhiou xia extaKxoora oy6éveta evvéa. 60How to Read Numbers Correctly 4 0 (a) O wunbers enclosed in circles are alvays affected by gender when they appear in the units end bund~ Teds column. A\ worbers exciosed in a triangle are always in the feainine, aepues £q pey00zz7 "SBYIRRES 6162 ad opm? £q poq00357euyuyaes Uy LNOVEYO) NOMEN) ls {5 | 631,000,000 2,000,000 13,000,000 64LESSON 20 GRAWUE ANALYSIS T'PAMMATIKH 62, The _past tense of the verb to have (Zyu) ie conjugated as follows: Greek Taclish x. 1. ejxa 1. Thea 2. ehrec 2. you bed 3. etxe 3. be hed 1. eixape 1. we hed 2. efyate 2, you haa 3. elxav 3. they bea 63. ‘The past tense of the expressica not apices -- pod Sptcouv, ete. is poh Gpece — poB apecgy, etce 64. (a) The future tense of the verb iva is formed fy preceding the short Yoru of tas WarD (nga etc) by the particle 04. The future tense therefore, conjugated as follows: Grek Eaclish xa I witl go nic you will go xan be vill go naye 1. we will go nate 2, you vill go xéve 3. thay wilt go () ‘xceptica that the particle y@ is used instead of the particle More on this Bode of the verb later, 6565. (a) The expressions yw Sovdera, yevw xaipd, (e) &xw Sixio,and Eyw nokka (eva, 600 toia) XodVia VG nGw xGROU mean fo be busy, to vaste time, end I haven't been in a certsin Piece for many (one, tvo, three, etc.) years Tespectively. Their usage has been illustrated in the dialogues and the exercis The word & Ensoxéntng is declined like the word © otpatiGrmne. The verbsyidd, nt, etc. 1s conjugated according to two variants either one of which is correct, The first one is the older form, The second one is the more modera variant, Hote: Verb older form = endings modern form endings 1. pias -8 1. pid (uskao Bor ao 2, wireTe -eT¢ 2. wade 3. pikeT eT «= 3. td Cusrder Gor Gee 1. pirdoSpe -obpe pirdue Ge 2. wireTte -eTte padre ae 3. prhody -odv pirave ave 66LESSON 21 RuMMAR ANALYSTS T'PAMMATIKH 67 (a) How to form ¢! all @ (e) wto form the past tense of Greek verbs: ‘andard Greek verbs (and by standard we mean verbs accented on the syllable before the last in the first person singular of the present tense of the active voice) take the same past tense endings as those of the verb yw in the past tense. (The verb ciya, the past tense form ef Ex@, has been given in $62, lesson 20), The past tense of the verb EX° and the past tense endings are as follows: Zhe Simple Past Tense Yer Stem gnd Endings Endings 1. ejxa EIX-a@ So 2. ehxec EIX - e¢ =e 3. etye EIX-e -¢€ 1. etyaue EIX - ape ~ ape 2. ejxate EIX = ate = ote 3. elxav EIX - av =a 411 Greek verbs consist of two parts, he stem, which carries the basic meaning of the verb, and » is taking place in the present, or is going to take place in the future, Yor reasons of convenience we are going to designate 2 stems to each Greek verb. Ve shall call the stem of the verb, as appearing in the present tense, stem of the present. We shall call the slightly different form of the stea as appearing in the simple past tense the stem of the simple past. 67