Catalytic Reforming Donald M. Little« Table of Contents Pretace ie Acknowledgments xi Introduction x Nomenclature and Unite xvi Chapter 1 Catalytic Reforming in Refinery Processing 1 Braue ar tafrng Fectocie tr Rtgs re {eiavieRolgming foe Sromatie 2 Sommary 2 Chapter 2 How Cvtatvtie Reformers Work—Chemica! Fiiomang Renee 18 FeocnockCmarsctsaon 24 Summary 26 Chopterd How Cats Rlormers Wor—Pracess Design 20 Rewclors 3 Procet Recovery 32 Riser Saeeons 39 Beoylscomrasar 38 Late a a Summarys ik Cogs Cag in Pai Chapter 47he Catalyst 40 ExryGoveopment «0 bei Stoity "se‘napter 5 Chapter 6 Sononeics Goats 8 {itv Peso" ‘Process Variables and Unit Operation 73 Fence ropores 7 ‘Space Voociy 63 Roseton Poseurs Fyetogcortysroarbon Ratio 90 Chow Tyee 3 onitering elermer Ooaation 81 horde and War Con 108, Sroublssaoung 110 salam” a8 tots ot baa a Fetoring Crashes Noprtc 117 Regeruaton 42h arson Burm 123 ejevenuon al atest 136 nial i” Mereaam Reson Sete 19 Soimtany 138 Reset ee Equitbrlum Distebuion ot Aromaties. 143 {oberatory Anahi for Aromotie 159 ey Commercial Processes 153 ota neering 88 Magnattmng. 58 Uiratorning: 189 Chapter 8 Feed Preparation —Nephihe Hydrotesing 175 vil Glossary Index Seet eT ame we Se oy Somer ee ‘ctane Numbers of Seeces Hyocarions 195 Rasa ropa of important eee Wir Mesn Oparings US. Seve Sas) 202 TempermureConvrson Cha 203 aa carer Commer aah Rong Monutecuras of torming Caulyste 209 Hyarocu bone in Straight Bate Stoke 210 Hyracerons in McconinantRaphinas 214 Propaties of Naps in World Cree Oi 218 mmPreface the ier uolended guinea rea Catalytic vetorming 3 ey process in petolur reining cone process which ries hight Sy cThie ee une proces which converts, on econo, iho ‘hanging carbon manirs i the molecule, gotinesaling aege lw ‘cline hydrocarbons (othe high-octane aus components reuired to fuelanromoliler ied! wih els oorerters and ensaon ca {eas The pos som n 1995 cowl igh elninate kad Cram gun tot in the United siatt nal m Euevpe. Aktongh oxygenated bd ‘lin, for examps sls and ashy etal, he hci es finer depo estan erg hapiha to hightane gaeline. tn the T8970, recayp of relormers nal ivsere st ht ctayts eh ener to mice lea ‘wed The 1985 prope ecto! Yd o sl ga oF lee Il give impetus co strge of ne Tow-presarereonmen designs to Doduve relornmte of 100 ROX clara higher “The high-octane hydentons hc gaaine bling ange peluced in reforning, ae primary mamatc yor, suet Benzene, tlacne, orbosvone, metaxslene. parssine, and Cy” aro tate Vhe arnt ae to nly reminding socks For motor Tu but sonic ae ain devi ss petotenas eh whith wie ‘ange of plate lin und bers are proces oll a solvents and Balesives, In fac, sate reforming i the source of 5 to 90% of There sve ano fei Toning especie ces and operated 0 prec Bor flue an sen for the ches argc. Sich retort are geraly ee 17 an! ‘One other produc uf comequenre fea ctalte reforming is By sages, Aroonrner sporting wih average eacor prenute of 100 pa ‘sl produce from 1 DOD S00 staal bic Feet Get) ar hyrogee per bare of charge fon 201090 in (SIMs oF ydgen4 20,00 farses per srcam day(s) reformer Catt reforming thu supplies large volomes of hydrogen-este for defuretion fenirteaon, un olefin sasraton cual Bydroveauing ot mph thet fol. dee eh aol and esa. ‘Gra ise hey to the etal retorning process, Reforoing ex astisa marvin te design and ably’ to perform speeiealy desired ‘homea reac and to esentily exe undebe eacon Tisesnglesration seem, the etal perfor Ith dehyde ati a! tndrogeration, bateron: bree eye ‘Seluatn teatons wah Snerotibleeliency aod shy, When the ‘Salt hs bos fouled wih coke, ican be egenetaled,rerensted, Sh estore righ peforrane ver Sd Oto agai The athe are compried of various combinations of crysis of plain sen, idm, germaniuin, or other such neal They Src supported an sions und uevally an adie promoter sich seh Tien li Uhe ata ead hs fetta anal or tuft, Ixenie the meu the suppor. a the preter al ‘Sie then sensmere cata retora web steam iy AH, Dhaneds ol artale ae been wren devesbiag new developiect ‘efor caste sechookgy Tey wel Ue st ater ther imo sale publi the any varied anpecs of exe c TH am hs cw main proses, Fit 10 inroduee ene se forming te thone ws hav no prt knowicdige of the press These Person wl be ieseted in ow ete reforming es ito efinery Processing, i works, 9d i present state of developstet The ccd pure ashe book to give she reforming teenologs ane ‘rar of une neu techooogy in Operation, performance, nd tube Showing Thy snot test om the theory Of cata eeforming No me be ade so design ane til reformer from reading thi Dk The ‘eral preset cers on proces problems af eperaing come al aug reluniers There usually diversity of swe to Fe forming quest This book stempts ost out goidlines to poi the sitios anh lorsolons There are many references NPRA QA ratucip here ae hers ton ile? Anjose wid 3 rele em nl ake we of the referenced sores Acknowledgments “This book coud be writen any Because many peuple Reed me long the way. Firm dere an the soggenion by GL Fara for the teed ofa bok on cata reforming. When the projec man begs, 1 received walle avsstance from Katheyne ie, Bren Bridger id tiers at PennWell Pang Co From ay 42 year refining expericce at Philip Petrteum Ca 1 cove grea deal wo whiny poopie: Aeknowedgenent met be ms to Gordon Allen, Dijon Lise nd Past Waid To ington and fidance during thine ety pent whem cai reforming ea ost Ergiming tothe potent More recent, George Conwtmtes.Fa ialayrma, Mack Poo, Lary Lew, Alavi Jolin sd Deu Son iomery were aly ling seas eer ehsogy Tanna overiah the Puls plant engines to will answered ‘my tamer repute data Hon wpe whe am grate to BRK Robina dor whut lin permiaion cu peruse data on Pilps onnereiaveforning ut he bck ou ail fa shor of ts objective. Herd rch atl Ray Who Texpren wy thachs forthe ob porwniy of serving thus many neu oa the NPRA QUA steering {omuiiee ad eerily co Herb for periisson to use de information {ror NPILA pulses. Tu sl Ube peope on the QEA screening cou ‘nice ho shared wil met capericices cle reform iv indead grateful Tain deluedw Fook Cita, Rober Dade, Vad Hace, Alex Oba, Manat Sti. el Waybe Warren for hori data fer ther 1950 ales" aed information Iter hae 1969" Any ere ‘rnin re incon, jealanIntroduction he fra cay tering unit went on seat November 19402 she Pan American Reine Corp, (dow Amero Ol Co) reine) at “Teens City. Texas! Hyefoeinny the nami ene techsogy 8 nebo eee unk wih wa eacons an regeneration amd to On process The cabs is alot Dw molybdenum oxide on acted ina granules or pelts To eens Ue tai roforing wae all outcome of eat aly developments in petoleum processing the 1980s. Teri racking of pith, gold rel dsiaced rebnazy Pro essing the ea 180 Huy cae cracking» Bed bed ena ‘ricing proceay, Coneived amd developed by Rue J oud) went Sin sear in 1987 4 the Sut OO Co. rfinery i Sle Pook Poss spbania? Pevroleum vehnalogas no doubt sav de pol for ee sine application ofetalytcprocesng ex replaernet Cr thermal eracking tinaphtha, The icenive was higheroxtane number geoiae aie remedies (AL the tine Mere was» push fOr higher ona Motor ony The ance on Toy italic cracking inicies Sun Oil was v= ‘expire. Howry process becsure Sun was one ae ew corpoie tung eral ead (TEL as ctanesmhber boone, a they were Conztrned about meeting etpeiton Ac the suse tie, «ote compa hes Toresw dat in ahe eve of wat, there would be» far greater “Ss for high-octane ation gazing then toma cracking o nap ‘a could produce "hk ier 6. The Conran of Fapene Hout othe Deepen fC Se tear Cd ce a eeHyrfeing waethe only catalyse forming processn we ding Work! Wor Thine uns wets bt Dloe the wi and Se mae were Konsrucad caring she mat Cashte reforming tae 2 iporiot Curation tN war elfor, producing taluene for sinivonluene (ENT, for exponves) and for otaion yale: Cyeovesion. > process {evelope by Mili Peaotewr Co about 1940, rate she ean her of srighers tapheka by derlfuraon over a bavete tly ‘ju 104 the unite mere mae le, to combine deasfueantion a fetocining. Reloraing wat tad, Octane number gain was general Tg rescue atm mbets (RON) clear 12-20 RON 1 9 mt Tih dena and there ware Year pened fllncng the war no ew eau rere na UWrtver the sonal nary dst mo ot ew pote ats sve dened ow higher-octane gaulin. Cats eforing as the bet sep sessing reBnerer. atfoning f combination of plain and reforeig) way a ssounced by Caine Ol Prefs Cn tom UOP Ine in Batch 1949, This proces nan the at commercial reforming teehology fo ure & stat contig Paforming echinology ws firs sed cannery in Qc 1249 ‘ona vesnmped thermal reformer ag Old Duc keting Co's Fetinety fe Ssontegon, Michigan" Three hows afer step the wl went dose beese of high reatrshell rien war s00n Solved a the nit mate ao = wine moar fs ic taroed ut, ctate refi was jt gelog god sr {ihn ve wears ofthe yrouinceren of the UOP proves ie te Catling proces were ire wo he petetcun it {a eros development af eaaytie reforming ts shown Tale “Tivo cunrais the desig and operation of ental reforms fof he 19505 wih thse Gf 1984. Calpe eforming hus come slog ace abe “Pe ring Sten ec” ngs Cenc yt boca etre Mages Sean Gstalytic reforming brocesses i i 3 Ieirning lummooucionsi evtmgouenon say Sine 1910. de Lg latrates the growl i Tasted US. re oem apc fom) 1955 10 1984, The nab secepinee a Lee fale cata sie their appearance bog (UTD, f ao mia iy Tae — ‘tsa = ‘he pce for new ext reforning developments has ao ck ced Sere co be intensifying Happens inevable that lend wl be {pen sutof gost To mec de reautng change for higher ote tmunlcrteforate, many ecingveforenes will eed beter cals Sime oder wuts willbe replaced th ne ee does Ge, pe? {hat revers worldwide tthe Late 1980s gd wo the 1980s wll be Feturring Uo what Sun Ol Co. acne nthe late 1880p wen they began Houdhy cual eracking, 10 make 2 gasoline unleaded. => Nomenclature and Units NOMENCLATURE ABD serge bulk demsty MOND ony eae gino APE Arena Perle a Teed : ‘ale MIRE oueraryniher “APL grsity = N'v2A_ iupthene pcswes ier tee hear omen, ‘peal ray viz asta, Nnetets Soper NiMe— gihe-molsenum Tenge aerite NERA Noa Petaloun Re rx betaene hire, ene ner? Asoc CCR condone regen: PNA paralin mphieeste gr spec ea PONA para, fin, oh Soto Galayapeeoun Gor Esajacorcitd ching GRA gusonand aver Tela Tange it erperaare Soe mee Saye REM (ech tne pm FPA Ensromena Ponerinae ener Yee font caching RON roan eta amber fake id cube’ BONO faa cae wonder faa etal (ea) Fae Gna ed poi Rep —-Rodapor retire HON —iydrodentriieden TER race HDS Ipdrovenfurimioa TAL Sanh ead Hin pdrogenbydroarben TAP \Smaipemane ee UOP te. Somer Bar 80 being pit rec ie 4 dhatacessaton heer WABT.—welghed merge bed Luigy gd boy sac s- “emperor "set WAIT weighted serge oe. YS tated percam eT emer MON Gtr osene mice Vinay eetsraoagrorsatr ars eanaacdr9ge4t4399e909F ens a BT AGE bee- par z NOMENCLATURE AND UMTS ton are pe day are per stex day Bush ermal fe censnee) want pin Fear Slap) Sowa hor poor) iver =“ pot mm a ae * van Me sion, ‘oe erect sr wee va erat ft fr malion founds pe gain us per ure ech eure sed cb fet seco Savane hang io temperature Solum percent Sei prert t To Leatriee, this book poste se encouragement ascane, and support madeHAPTER Catalytic Reforming in Refinery Processing onions ad selected cata to conver naphthenes an par stint avomiie and woparais, Hydemeatbon molecules are euotinaalyroeranged who altering chai af carbon sts Fre malceue asad i hope Cysoucrtes scselected operating PRODUCTS From REFORMING Only two restns jl aay reorming a petroleen refinery: to produce highoxtane bending sock for motor fed and to produce tigivraluearomace liydroarboussvchssbencene, toluene, nd senes (rss Hprogeni a valuable reforming produ nn mow tefineies, 80-1500 andar ce fect per bre Ge hyrogen yl he source of pat or al of the hydrogen used for hydroureating, bro: Cracking, or hyeroreining proces. Homever, craic reorsing of Taphia anno economy compte wih seammetane reforming She tari reforingst hyde so be he pray product Hydrogen is more cconomistly cade by tam reforog thn by ex Feforming. Although the valve of hsdgeh silly be inde in the economies, wo brow cata reformes has been sified ey Cor haagen produc, Hester, production of gavlive sad arms ‘Tater cat eformingaeronacllywnble proses, The remainder of this book defines ths proce “Areformer hats opericd 10 make highoctane blending ack a er fu forer Whes operate oe roa, s a BX fora. "The prmaty prod! frm reforming called fara Because fe> (Grmer feeds conan yarafinn 3 BTX refrter picks a tare sf aromas and paratny:frter proceaing such a racine ‘sary to recover aromas of marheable puri: Afcr removal of7.9000 mascot Formate the rernainder is alle mafia. In some Felner a aye referer tay operate part dime as motor fuel Unieand parttime asa TX wnt The positon of he caalye reforming Ui fr a refers 9 iypicl foes reiery processing schemes Shown Fig Io = i IL OY Lt Wie fw fe 5 “ [CATALYMC REFORMING I REFINERY PROCESSING 3 ccaute gun snd ilies are usualy the higher priced refinery products, relinery proven untae designed vo maxi conversion Sieh olothase pds Two ofthe igher emer bang) mresme from ere cate aright sigan (su) ph Sd bent asian ho stron) map. Ba hee stream are nthe rab boling range Guo 82-100. When the steam goes direct tO moor fue fi clled gus iether argon If he sresm hat FtheTeednoc charged oa proces ui generally called nope. in Fag Io the ght staghtrun (20-180 biting range) racson ‘shydrodeutrized and ened dicey gatoline “The pemanes and Heine ehh ting ange are wo converted w the dete sronatcs ia eat reformer betion they are no good ct reforming eedatock The bevy saight napliha s hydvodestreed and hen hanged tothe ea reformer The prods fo the eat efrier Mende with ‘Sher sfinry Mocks ake fished ctv Thus the feedstock wo thc reformer fom te crude unis gating baiting rage byob. buch were in de ae erode, These were sept on there iden faceaton. The sine {Gye scrum) usnel rey fm ve alo aes St nich low octane utnber Guta eter cannot exe mevor fae Thscther ener beng seks are ual na hg enough in exane stuner to ane the motor fel bles tote sequted ectane number ‘pecieaio, So the purpese of the ex reformer rae the octane ‘Ronbcr of gamle tos higher oete vam. “Asshows inchapter if nore high cane ccs are needed cate reforming can as he cctae number af gonlne fon aac eae in hyocrackers, cokers, nd heron eather, nell that wighrun gle from be erae un. Abough Fcdnecks Yo sat ‘efoner tree ihe give bing rage they are wally led ape tha, For example, hey situ golne (rom the erude ui bean straighter mpl eavcrcked gas caterached mophaha, (Sher gases caice np in-One rape cat Florine ar wique in refinery processing Gs cone ithe featoeh aswell the dered prot Ct aches, cera Sr thermal crackers sil pro yale. but the charge sok othe Ste higherbotingiydhocbons ach a resus gus ol (reine fraction of crude Weaver than kerosene). Alyson, polynetzaon, and bomerition uns alu prc guoliv. tthe process ower ‘Sling potu hydra uc as prope. bene, butane, en tans, ad hexane, Gat reformers se able unis bese they can produce 3 wide range of aan numterrelormate te proc rom teat corer,a9047 4 cary stroman and vety high ane number reformates Reformate af 105 research func number syleaded or higher (ce next secon) have been made ‘on commercial nite Catalyse reformers are used extensively te ‘eae octane number of isoline, one mearare of gaaine sly ‘Therefore. 4 view of octane number eave wo gasane gusty 15 oer To pprecine the sigiiconce of caayi reforming in cent ye trations the we of gone number standard of gasoline ual fue Belundersiood. Outyne ratings Been ae For yrs a9 menue the snknock performance of gurtine. The higher the oct number the eye tendency fora geoline to produce a hnockng nnd fan tombe engine Ti 1995, a sandad was extablshed for memati ecune number of guoline. "The sraighochain parafin whepsave wat fig an oe ‘ase numer uf sere. sad a bronched-cain raf, oot 2.2. Uinerhnipencne), ws signed an Gane murher of 100, Te oetane fume af 2 gasoline is determined by comparing is untbnerk engine Perle nth eatin bene af heane tnd wo-ctane under Seited laboratory conditions. Awoaosive engineers et COM pression ‘hk trp engine designs: Linge with higher compres tin require higherantgncanmbce fol than those wil ower rr. “Twa tet af deteynining motor Foe game mamber are now in 1) the much mod, ASME D-2699, 3 lnoratory simliion of ngine performance at low speed (reported ae RON, research tae number) 2) Thenmeur neh, ASTMD-27002nboratory snultion of engine fevformance a high speed (reported ag MON, maior cane Sumber oad testing + numberof fern autos under varying conditions sd geseines has shown that dhe average of be RON nd! MON, {= S0y9 given aceplale inborn rating gasoline Theater sss apeciinsion 0 gisoine sl 9 the eetane umber Ue CC 1 sot all sine cumin tae Beatin an octane beser Wie heaven of etalye converters ms 1575 Exvauyne ROVING I AETNRY PROCEEEING model US. cas in fl 19, wleaded gutoine appeared, flloned by [ead pseu iv kde piolines By 198. GDCTOR of she peolne oid fv ahe US. wa stead Hy 1990, 3 cxpested 6-90 of es ‘rl be une * ‘Tew exaipes of cose muanbers of inividualydrocarbans ad some slecte seitery mor fur Blend stocks ae shown 9 Tse 1 ‘Note dat Cx" vefnsne (panes snd her from a reformer che nly gusline sock tat vaya to eetane rence One the feeacks Ste fixed, atane nur avcracked gate aye dial to change by more ths Uno to four vin Reformate octane tuber fan be varied fom 14025 or wore suet, Tat Realy ha fvskes the ena relormer so useult'a petigloum reine ators Pool Octane Nmbary Catal reurners rine acta number. Bue che question each re finer sus anever Yow mich acane mstberd need” The bigher she octane number. the ower tre yale ied from reforaing. Uk Detare numbers of selected hydrocarbons end tfinery lend storks Feely ve atte ob it6 caTatrnec neromang nay, the ete number needed depends on the proportion ofthe trades of going co be sol ° ae ‘Most serie sons ole thee gasoline hoe: leaded regular om sang terete! esd cane Boose unleaded reel snd ured prem. Leaded premium har neatly Uappeared trom the mkt [eeause ene dzmanc! does net jury the cot of handing Leaded regular athe eric sation Yas an ete eating of 86-89 (8 4 M2 Jeanine upto grma per gallon gga o ad Undeded rear ara (R + Nie octane rating” Unesded. premium is S1-92 HGH M20 A few yaladed premuny say eve high, 96-38 + Sit eter. by sletivey bisning gabon socks (oF x lnpl, sing sucks with high feed respome in leaded reqs Iriimize he sctane namber of sefermae, Homeve, suc blenting it Complex ar basally done by computer Tolkate ety ef igi etineryprocesing, we wise refrey Wola pod octane suber Total pool eciane tumber ithe solumeti average ane number HON. NON, or (8 + Nh/2—of all eerygulne seams The proceed guoline grade ditibulion and refinery average cate ‘unleaded pool etane rags (R + MY, Uno 1990 are shown in Figs 92,173, ge I. Using data from thexe igus, Table Io hows Lente avr Fp. 1-2_Gtsotine gizce sbi ter Lande Hc and Sune ge : 2 P00 uneadad vere camber de Tater Land Matra Sth 7 2 Fg 1-4 How uneadee puesta wy© CATALYTIC REFORMING amg 1-2 Refinery gatoine pool projected avers oxtane number” 42 unleaded ___wraintas ssh desk Uo ‘tin 1985 the erage refinery pool ocane rating ie igly ove 88 1y 19D hs er wl ie to abou 89 Beene of eres wend saline prnducion “The Envitunmentl Provetion Agency (EPA) in 1984 announced ia tn se Teal cite Kat ior fl goa san 9 Biipipi ee Es popoxay should hecome manny. Me ane "ings fb ou ciney pl gain il iereae 03-1 above thane Ie'Fgh 1-3 an Tt ‘Chae the pool oan mamber ofthe refinery depiied in Fg ih and win reforming (Table [8 at 100,00 bd crude charge. 1 Fe apparen thar, without ale efurming, the octane umber ofthe frig gataine stocks iy low that te Feinety gant poo {ane rang of 74:2 Ine belay the 89 (B + AE Teuired or 1985 ‘eration i seve that refering the heavy seg rw 100 ON char (ROND) (93 sane ring) wil rie the pool oan rng 10 58. which wil otay the 1088 requirement but tthe 89 (R + M2 projecied for 1. In meting ots specication he einer has taken deere of 1.600 Win gasoline pradeton becwse 20% of the re terme charge naa contre 1 hyo thane the, prope, Tug, and soe in wisn oes Ton 17 wo 100 BOND. These cr nln privet aye ane auto refiner Hydrogen fused for ingesting, sel gs yeti, Bye Teton, demernbain, sn arose trac, eae ad ethane re el iy nl gat Propane sod una are wid fr liquid pee CATALYNERAFORUING I REFINERY PROCESSING 9 wa Fefinery gasoline pool without and with reforming rams 13Saar (0. caraurentronane lew ga LPC) Fare lbated. Buanes can be wsed in gasoline to aise sna Bs she year 1999 she pool ocane-aumber pejeaious ure corset, ‘our velit sts ely someting fo ineeaee the ete pool sseraHe flea otane auntie he US. to about 89 FE MYA Several past ‘aes yb costered Te Se igh straight rn gastie 2. Reform tight sign galing 3 Reform heat staighvrum gasoline to 100% octane aumber 4. Tromerve the prtanes a0 heranes in the Bight straight sone 5. clrus ce each gti ‘5, Produce methyleninetuyeter (TBE) highvoctine stock 4. Maree high-oetae stocks for Dleeing 2 tiseussbin ul al the above ana be covered hee; a of the ‘optins son choices 3 and 7 cull be aceon! ion sinyor expt iovement Reforming the Nery aalyhrn yale “insta sumiber higher ian 100 RONO fight be posse, but Teton seu would drop yapily a8 octane ineesmed Purchasing Ihghoiane-nuniber socks pus he einer competion yah oes ‘ehnoante sie stockead aes hm dependent on Oude sources ‘Demand fe neteauing for ight staighc-run nahi 2 feedstock 0 produce ethylene The einer igh oe paso of hi igh straight Fon gaotine snd realize a price af 80-S0% that af guoling. This cane le [tse ih strain pale ened fom {he potne pl Fk seria gmat 100 ROR re Refinery gasoline pool without ight straight run CATALYTIC mer HY EMERY ROCESSING 11 czy average pool lar octane rating of 8.8 wil aes dhe 1999 regi fal Litle capa inverter require, and cme wil be gui for Planning the nest move i in she fucure, «higher cetane number rege Blensog Oona Numbers [AL thie point inthe discussion, note that inv stocks do not sways blend to 4 fal product that i peoparionae to ter eve fumbers. That 3 50:30 mistute of a 100 ctne-nnber sock tad Sn 8docanenumier stock general) will Ot produce a D-ctane nu ber blend. Every refer knows ti, aod thoy ens han developed Fcing ote sy the a he ere hah se sg ff guoline alte! ri bleing eta ora wil vo the ftbortordewnnetsxtane rating "The Felling show the cl ‘std aetane nuitinrs sal beatory tavern Fe tate a alelate lenge “The actual bird mas lover than the caleulbed average By alos ‘one (B+ Ay2. The octane mabe of reformate that would ake the falelated blend equst oie etal bend canbe derived by algebra. For "xanpl, the RONO bending octane for reformate computed sf Dax + 05 (905) = 10013) In this cae, de cetne nuibers are 92.1 RONO.nd 20.2 MOND, which are the blending otane numbers of the relorate. In the sane a, bledlng acteurs ct by exalt fr the alate, Blending ‘ane wmber is cumontly amiga tthe sock tha the lowest percentage in the bien rointheprecaing example we might conjectare that the diference between auual wn cal! nutes cai be atributed to theo ferent compu othe we auske Ue ress contain ket 0% aromatic, wie the kyle may opal with mate Butin hissnine nady3 50:80 bend of shylateandsersigherun geolneier of whic contained atomic es Med of 08 higher cane rating tha the eakosted (R + A0V2, Fuhr 4 rather extensive na ely atone meso eis ete ul ete eer wuts (NERA) py tthe TMD a Incetiig” One consi wae that ge ilerene berwen bln Mlesandclane unter vais conaderably among iu rome eatse ut dhe complexity of being octane marr al Moding in dhs kunless there etl ete eee oloele were CATALYTIC REFORMING OR, AROMATICS Ahh eaatic reformers are mst wily 96d Yor inesing cine ober nats Feiner iad economia refers for sin Sremate horas hat can he sal epee, aly 2 it poe tn asl Tee raat 3 berinene eh igi south of maps, rogenated to aromas, and of paral= ns ehh ne ele to rome (erased n caper 7). Opa ‘dion elo inca tle yes datection couvetion onions 3 pracedae for sumac proton fev, The refit prose sere Of Tig [1 mat be caged prduce rmarkeuble ayumi A new BUX ean reformer would be dd, The talon of Iacono aod extraction Talis would bere arene duty bese ans anc pe Een gine sensi, Te feck tthe BUX refine ite uri he ee ogra ws bet shown in Fig I, Wa seo, ‘i of aroinae hydrous woul Be ab 480 bi benzene. 1200 id ouene, and OD ld xylene (Cy amv, aheae higivocte-mumier aromas are taken ov ofthe guoline ful Cable 1) he uverage Felnery pool actane mumibr wis Fee 888 BBS Toe relies could met the 1985 gasoline pol ont umber, but his pool cane tamer woul We aryl by 10. Catan reorning it hey process in 3 peeoeum reine. The ‘ante rlorver give ewig co meet ganine acne nme re Sirenens, eal made aromatic of high nuke wl, Some CATALYTIC REFORVANG W RERMIERY eROCESSING ‘ae Sve i etn on 8 md 81x enti eloring Fig 5. Renan lth motCaras relan ing adionaly Benes the refiner By supplying hy ‘Sige for hocyuratng, hdeocrehng, on cher hydrogetecnsuih- ing prices REFERENCES poe, oh “CS. Reiners Aung a Changing Regier” Oy 25 Jue To. 2 Lanier EA. Hebd and LA, Sh "Te AEE Solon: came, Ring ta cig Stay apr Abas promot ne How Catalytic Reformers Work— Chemical Reactions ashen: nl eomprestns rel yats of retorting Ips eatin fol wiv esas ure the bea the wnt Horan (csp dieiacwn repacet Lets it liste pie aaa ‘Sxpere wo perfor REFORMING REACTIONS Uni de advent of xa eforing, ining proceee wer nore sefectve (excep afew Uke aliyon, oberon, and lamer tna the fectsock inv maacnsrutly convened or cracked ‘sce etm to congo specie chemi Feats: Catal re forming eta snd operting condions are designe to promace ce tain resaons an wiht others. Reactions nou peal in calc ‘efonmingatedchydeogeratian seraton delydroeyelaaion, and Iyerueking. The inluence of cat conipeation, temperature Drestre ad apocevelay on enh Feat sre of major importance (dire in cpr 8) A penal reforning reno dla becase ic proces oma at have hgh Gene nur or ae valuable petrochemicalsPerea ye cxvaLyre neronMiNG seinen nae marten ise shat consetsion af mapitben wo an arene preaces 4 #5.8RONI incre, Abo note he deteae' wane ai the eee indensins rest vragen ore Thus tbe maximus veld of whe tora metisesoexane ie 83.2 v6l% This yes ebiom realized in srmeree pete cae thar i nie Frese peng east as cnet te papuhns sie, Shen w aphecne is converted 49 un aroma ot spelen linn ule. Some Teton Feotons intease oxae Sunes wer ie eange in volome: an exp someon ‘ot paras Praline ae homeried at reforming condos: HOW CATALYTIC REFORMERS WORK-CHEMCAL AEACTONS 7 tomerition of spurl vetrangesthe lace with exten no ‘angen sluene bt with aked ierese in otae umber In hls feanple, de yield of rehetare wat 10002 vol ofthe fed. The IRerene of 6 octane mummers woul bea wecone change te any rer ‘een ghee gasoline lel seas. etry mle el pool containing just ol xsne would gain about 13 KONO ‘OF L5(R + BI cet rating by omeriat Napheve iyeroctan8 tay lo serie in reforming resco ‘Wc is lappens,ey shnostimasedney undergo debycrogension| som aro” A eisai esanple of eaphthuste wonton iconter- Son of methyleydperee (MCP) 10 bens MCP is generally aknowiedged 10 isomerie fen we (raya not sown) lta: Beemterwel prefactianator ands racignate wi the Felormer rector ced made at the stor a one cree apo Fp. 3-2 Reformer fad pretracionstors ‘The resco fed bby far he great wae yl ff the preiat= sionator, With center alow all he wala mut be vaporized, “Thireuires much sore energy dh the scheme of ying. oF ming, {eacr harge of de boston ofthe prefracionaton ‘On the other hd, some refiners he to indude 2 Hight date, such a Kernen et uch nthe Tee to Ihe hydrorener (ar des OW CATALYTIC REFORMERS WORK-PROGESE BEBGN 31 Hesign proves macs ly rescor darge “The reformer reactr charge, praeated a frationated to pry et inal ad end ting poste, cantined with yas strym cree 180.50 ml % hydropen Also.» ehbrid ches representing és eight pars per inion (ppm wa af ahe remo charge w infested Feforming nomencate, reactor change mine mipiha feed. Yad feaclor charge ithe pine pute sleugee bovine “eth atresia TEMPERATURE CONTROL Row the reacior charge is realy fo reluenng xcept thats ie ake oe pope iemperatue ore telah ve ance shen the cng sama tetas ‘heats we sd aly rol up tate NO Vicar ess tb hare heater. (Event wu sapor Mowing wit ota ao tensor “The rear eflven-io feed endanger tee et remanent satin ta catlye reformer. he geasor vines. bth aya fempertutes as high # 950-1 000°, ma be sled to 90-185 for flash separation-—separation of rapa kid witha of hydrogen Irom she elormste The rstioreluemofeed exchanger is wninetines elle the co tine fed exchanger ‘hin exchanger canis rewine eligent a wt se time al heat the seaming trl eestor urge. Tetons ‘otkin the 1950s 150s, thi bea eels vou esses nbs ohea exchangers oral fr gral fom. Sever ww eAcrORS, rections Gataytic reforaning ise voporphase proves Aer passing th» the reir eluent feed exeanget a l or charge ls 10 spp ore sense 8 te contact the reforming ela. The fom heme (Pg. 3-1) shows thtee rescione. Referrers hase len Ut wth four oF five reactors ng Figs} Bes ae shows all reactors the ae see eoctore ate rife es in rit, it the sea seacar the No. | pwn andthe ft the ist rectors Some unis oiginly bie with doce rears have been ves byadingone or more actors. Thesddional eats nerease ena€ a 0 cTAYTEREFORUNG Aer passing Sver she Co-Mo or Ni-Mo eat, the naphin goes tw a upper oF frtionstor that roves the hydrogen sade, toni whe, and light hydrocarbons ornel in Ue pdrnreater re at The feed ripe (Seoul eon eae of the Ijgroteser or en the fron end ofthe zefrmet nthe low Scene (Fg. Sl, the reformer saphuhe charge i rac tioned tothe covret end poi, probate erade unit Oly he ‘al boing points udjsed in the feed sper "Auumberof cay reformers were designed wih 3 cenerwell in she pecans 0 bt i eiing ot aden ling pon were fade o specification n one vessel Fag 3-2 (trays not shown) strates tecriencelpreiractonstor and Tationator wih therefore rear feed ode of the Fp. 2-2 Retormer fend prefractonatore he recon fee it by fo he great volume yl ff dhe prefrae outa With ercewc so al herp st be mpc. This eqivs mc mre ery thane chee of ig, oF aN, {eat charge te boom ofthe prefacionst ‘the mer land, ame reinrs ket neue a gh le, suchas hesnene ot fl te ee the ydareter for desu ow CATALYTIC REFORMERS WDNKMOCESS DESIGN 31 forizaton, alg with the eefurner Fed that case the central design provides men uf searatng the dulte Toe the Flore? tensor charge. The slater rexir charge, ptrested ind fracionaed to proper Inala end boing oan, combined wih a gs srean containing 50-90 mols hydrogen. Alo, + chlacde chemist sepresenting 05-30 ‘weight part pee muion (ph wt) ofthe rextor charge i iyerted. 1a Feforming nomenclature, reactor charge weavs ce naplna fed. Tol resctor charge ithe napluha feed plas the bydogenteating reqee fsaeam Now the reacor charge i ready or sefoming except tha bberued to che proper temperature forthe rl ‘mhen the eharge contact e ‘Charge hese ott Ly ence ith sen fron the at eae Sand & finally Drug up wo the No.1 reas inlet temperate the ‘durge heuer. (Event i otal vapor Blowing ow of the last reactor) “Te reactor eluent fed exchanger ise key to energy conser- sation in eal Felormer ‘The teator elven, wie may rn 3 temperatures as hig a4 950-000", mua ae cooled 10 80-126" for Hash separation separation of por and guid without fractionaion= of hydrogen from the reforate “The reactor effentio-eed exchange it sometimes called the com ined fod changer. Ths exchanger cols razor effluent andy at the same time, ad eat othe incoming total reactor charge. In reformers [Sin the 1950s ne! 19605 th heat exchange ost averl bark othe exchangers, arranged fr parle lon Newer una se onelarge ingle pe wert exchange. REACTORS Casi reforming cevapor pase proces Alter passing through the reacrellluntiorleed exchanger and the charge heaters the tol _tencor duge's 1008 vapor: isupiereacion empetsase apd eres) to conta the reforming exalt The low scheme (Fig. $1) shows thee reactor Reformers have ‘een bull with four oe ve rexeorsAlthorgh ahe Fig, St ow sheet shows ll acre the same sae, reasors ae differen seein many Uni wh the ale reat nthe Ne pskion and he lnget ab the i rear eZ i ‘Some unis oxigily bil wih uve rears have been revamped byadding oe o more reasors The addioal reactors increase coato selume, which perasneresed sie Between eta regeneration, pated ange ses or higher ocane-umber Feformate- Engineer ee hr tot modus o ently reforming requrly Sty Bs canany escors® Why notte on ge secre of es crea anal ones The anamer feria the ntore ofthe reforming ‘acione (duce ince 2) Se eet ventions roc a tehrogenaon re endotbeenc and see et sesh eames apd dere an Seely te temperature inte Ceactor drops 30 ov that Pee ua becomes tn fo for comercial wpeation 1 is not deere So reactor to have lomperaute decreas beret ee oer of RDLERO"E. For his ese. ctalte reformers are ‘tpn i he reactor and ih et Be eo Ekin veaeton terperates au operable ee i a nncor dnge pies ebvough the rexcor tran wee OF runtreacnnstrsres fog) the estionsbecore kta essen ee perro efereral gerne Feats rene. 1 Shei seston muy show rere ender oF fe Some cases sal temperature nce Pee sn of Fig 3-1 shows separate sar fr each ret. aoe en ie thciesayranged this way but ther ae ali aoe aes tac hen colp ion large ewer. Te ie aE aa iad betce bps enidgeval arrangement. A bridge iSireuck eimeen eat el pnoDucr RECOVERY Tefen ro she wat reat tempeeres re 60-1 O0"F, ie eee ethge wit the eat charge, abe fursber old by air and water exchanges to 100-125". ‘Phe thcam then enter he separator vese (called de produ or rat chs Hs eparation 9 Ryder and some of the hh hydro ae es nanly aon and ene takes place, he fated vo caer tcabsng 62.50 mol hydrogen, pases 0 a contpresorand tes Fae ibe naphina charge (rom the feed sipper. The by STORRS sesh tune napa harge cl dog rene, Exes Tree pont the separa i yllded [uel gar oF to hydrogen” roar asin the rebery. for example, hydrates eee es iid, complied mostly of the Jsitedceormate prod oun conning hinrogen metiane, bane, propane, 20d Fann ee oie eformate nabiize a ractonator eformate erthe bom tne gee eno rage for ysstine Mending sefiners operate the {meet Reld vapor precue yp) spcaions ten taking guine tends : nee : REFORMER CLASSIFICATIONS “The low gray of Fig 2-1 prpoay smplied. This reformer cau be dated a one of four ope of rermers general ied inte Deivlcin indy. ‘The four vlormer esses Wacued a ape ae allows 1 Eemingrwrte, Ts mens the reformer pocees eee fora {ie then sts ono vet sed enero a ‘Saat The ne ncen regeneration le soc and rowed a ona (A eee sommes pote bro fed ber pou of ey) Cyc vary fa dice mon once ens ‘Xe maybe titel fr 2 ao te a com pa price, up 3 a Felormate yt ss og eatin emperatet apprasie tng ihe makin stowate for restr ape eontacion, The regenera prose, wiih moder rgurenao, stoves te eto evens’ coo The reformer at em Tegovertne un ll fave fox coneston oc shown fa B31 {oF rgencraion purpose Thc connections she addon St nd nbrogen or org on.trogeninkcon of ydrogen conde Insrumentation neslihan tbe cree ce chap ter The eatin semeeprerae ui expected to re is wfc over tlie rpereson ood to Bove 90 Wale leaf 7 yas orange 2. Newegnomte Son rare: do Oo cece capt bene {he get ilong engl Frais efor oj eacng—totend ot Seng the the tn Fi ha ey pert nei anes 2. Gye The unigue enue os ei reforme that has a spec thing andl sytem 3 ny ear can be ened aed re [ete xa whl heer eas ae refering, cons LS selene efome, ch ees hw oe coite unl epeerue carpe acy ued an cosine persis ‘vet long periads bewwcen aholdouns. Nexe, however, that a cjelie Un on epee ars onropenerane referer “Sic heel reson fo oenertn tt burn off xrbon hat tas oules theta ec wn carlo alone rear ad Tighe scent et seegeveraine unt eet shop rp co Ieb era The ec wishing tesco see wl) oe en2 few hours v9 weeks oF months. Although the reacor cat be ope Sra in say sequence. the lg recor is sully the one ten Sierra 4, Mong ded orton aah mgreig, Testa the nance ‘topiy perm the ena} to be owed contnucly dough Ue Seo toe mal fromthe bs et, ob cegeneratd n ‘generation verona oe returned to the Bt rao fed) ‘Ghic Compared to iid cracking nit the rat of east fw iva ceformer very slo. Wherem FOX catalyst creulation i Inensured in tons per our, reforming exalt ruin 9 fe Rundved ora few thousnd pounds per hoot The muviagbed retornes oper ina somiregeneraive mode tyyshuting down the Fegeneraion secon, In fact x numberof new tha are designed to operate nial a seiregenerave, wi the rovon that regeneration secon ca be added lar. "Toe recor is movingicd cforr are radial How (ee Fi 443) ad ane hile capared en he semirggenetative Ut OF Sacked oncabmve heather The moving bed unioperavsat tower presure and ghcr temperature (Nigher sevethy) then amie ow eATALYTE REFORMERS WORK—PROCESS DESIGN 35. ‘generaive nits Uecaoe italy cim be removed and regenerated before woke up seriovly acts atays performance Gurren weal toavevelonners ii as Type at Unt ene ‘The above are bie description of reformer pes The selection of ype depends on the specie eds of each refiner and deserves it ‘epatatdy. Chopter 7 Heviens the fester of comet sly eens reforming process REACTOR DESIGN The reform Feit mi ie desi 0 prone ot He ‘buon shrough the staljt bd tht, talon wal Year Teed to ‘hanne! thugs ue w bypass a porion ot eal. The Fencor sul Sho be designe tallowalow pesucehoupacrosthe reactor However, ‘minimum pressure differenti ie neceears for good love dab ech leensor har sa own reacor design, the details of which are broprieary Tr genera, dere are two ype of ere reactors’ roi flew nd uf Ina ads low configuration (Fi, 9-3), the tl rear feed femteta the wp of the reactor Adeler ble tthe tp ofthe reactor ‘irc the voor fw tthe annilir space beuween the recor tnd he ealyt ed. Vapor flows rally treugh te cay bed oa the center anal into a perfor pipe cll the center pipe. Vapor fallected fo the cenit pe fee dana an a othe eer ‘The snutar apace-tamslly 412i een ae pose be screen arrangement thal holds dhe tls pray Tom the wall The Serecns eat int shape of sella, shown Fig, A. These Sealloped screens are only plates with sos nll enough to prevent {he caulyst Fm esting int the annul Some wilt ype wizemnesh Steen instead of seloped plates (Fg. 3-5) for retiing the clay, Others ue Johton-ype screens sade oF Vashaped wire welded spi a3 suppor? Seiloped Seren ae made Is Lag sees stalk enough to be r= ‘moved trough the cop inlet moze. These ree are rupporeed 3 he totem by attangheon shelf welded tthe reator Shelcy a See IO Fig. 3-4 Seatoped anmhis ig. 348 Screen armutor “The center pipe, through mich al vapors Rw ot of he resco. is perforated in aimanner providing proper pressure diferent ad ow Escrtuton thovgh the capt. The premure diferent actost & fret loaded raat reactors be nthe range of 24 pote Te leet pipe ole ae sual larger thr he catia parties to preven loeeot exalt, the cemter pipe wrapped with scree ian inet iter sucha rebrick, erent, ss, oF i bal ‘used inthe bat of he reactor to support th ely the hele ib the center pape ate on ube sme level as te Dotcom ofthe etl beh Some never designs do ot se inert matcras inthe bttomt of the Feavor in whieh eave etal is he bottom ed and este pipe haks ball ie way 10 the bowen, Th some unite center pipe i ited nto a socket at he baton of the rege and sad wih rope packing, The vend now Seems to Fvor ‘elding the center pipe in ple ‘One par of reator internals that has been subject to numerous ‘suratonris hc arrgcinenr atthe op jos abowe the sat bed. Afr {eactor comes ostream, some sang ofthe catalyst bed weirs. To ‘heed esposute af enter pipe hoes und bypising of eats an exces {quancty of eta called shri-andel eta ede, The samp ‘del eal nay be 6-18 i, depending on experience ‘The defector plate, which diver inet sapors othe annulus, bas ‘many taladons. One srargement dercrer a reen over the tat, wth bili on the aereen and cover plate the balls" A cover plate Sal shoes for snoring rage reactor ina UOP patent? In ther wits Te inches of space ar letieiccen the delet pat and the eats side ofthe seallops. For thse, suppor: balls provide seal ‘gunn vapor bppsting he cna OW CATALYTIC REFORMERS WORK-FROCHSS SION 37 Radiatfiow Reactors There ate two type of radio reactor general ure day the old wal ad the at el The reno if fag. S22 Ue etal pe Becanse insulion is ous the rector sls ge nlx vapors are lncomac wih he inside all of te reacoe shell This mean reactor shal emperature i ery dose (0 that of He spore (800-1 D007). he colerall year has haul Snide te racior shel 30 vat hor apor dots not contac he reacts Sel dherefore, ks temperature ‘slower (400-800"F). A cold-wal reactor wih insulation inside te re- cor shell covers fulton witha metal line overay.* The purpose ‘tthe ner ist prevent leakage hur racks in the isulaton, which ‘ould allow porto conta the metal shell The serous consequences oF reactor shell Flue, 3 rel Of high lemperatue, are covered chapeer 5, Downow Restore [Not al patie reformer retry are she dvi tee I se second ype fs 1 (ig. 3-0). Vapor einer the top ofthis Fea ig. 36 Downton rsctar