Pertemuan ke-6

 Convection is the transfer of energy by

conduction and radiation in moving,
fluid media.
 The motion of the fluid is an essential part
of convective heat transfer.
 A key step in calculating the rate of heat
transfer by convection is the calculation
of the heat-transfer coefficient.
 This section focuses on the estimation of
heat-transfer coefficients for natural and
forced convection.
 In many cases of industrial importance,
heat is transferred from one fluid, through
a solid wall, to another fluid.
 The transfer occurs in a heat exchanger.
 The local rate of convective heat
transfer between a surface and a fluid is
given by Newton’s law of cooling

 where h [W/(m2K)] is the local heat-

transfer coefficient and q is the energy
flux (W/m2).
 The definition of h is arbitrary, depending
on whether the bulk fluid, centerline, free
stream, or some other temperature is
used for Tfluid.
 The heat-transfer coefficient may be
defined on an average basis as noted
below.
 Consider a fluid with bulk temperature T,
flowing in a cylindrical tube of diameter
D, with constant wall temperature Ts. An
energy balance on a short section of the
tube yields
 Natural convection occurs when a fluid
is in contact with a solid surface of
different temperature. Temperature
differences create the density gradients
that drive natural or free convection.
 The key dimensionless parameters for
natural convection include the Rayleigh
number
 and the Prandtl number,
 The properties appearing in Ra and Pr
include the volumetric coefficient of
expansion β (K-1); the difference ΔT between
the surface (Ts) and free stream (Te)
temperatures (K or °C); the acceleration of
gravity g(m/s2); a characteristic dimension x
of the surface (m); the kinematic viscosity
ν(m2/s); and the thermal diffusivity α(m2/s).
The volumetric coefficient of expansion for
an ideal gas is β = 1/T, where T is absolute
temperature.
 For a given geometry,