x(t) x[n] = x(nTs)

ADC

Ts = 1/fs
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25
Sample Index
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25
Sample Index
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25
Sample Index
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25
Sample Index
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25
Sample Index
 Continuous 2-Hz Sinusoid
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)
2-Hz Sinusoid Sampled at 32 Hz
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Sample index
2-Hz Sinusoid Sampled at 32 Hz and Reconstructed at 16 Hz
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Time (s)
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Time (s)
 x(nTs)
filter ADC COMPUTER DAC filter
 A 3 Hz Sinusoid (critically sampled)
1

0.5
Amplitude

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

A 3 Hz Sinusoid (undersampled) is Interpreted as 1 Hz

1
Amplitude

0.5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Time (s)
1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Time (s)
1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Time (s)
1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Time (s)
 Folding of Frequencies About fs/2
2500

2000
Output Frequency

1500

Folding Frequency fs/2

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Input Frequency
10

6
quantization
error
5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
10

6
quantization
error
5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1