C14 (C12) Earth's Resources Finite (Non-Renewable) Resources These will run out as they cannot be replaced as fast as they are being used. E.g: Fossil fuels: coal, ial, eh | G6 : Nett p> used to extract metals. Crude ol used to make polymers, petrochemicals, petrol, diesel and kerosene (aircraft fuel). Limestone to make (£{NeN Fond Concrete, i _~ Questions remain as to how long they'll last. These include: 1. How fast will each be used in the future? 2. How Q are our ectindle as to how much is left? 3. Will we find fey Sele of some resources? Estimates as to how long finite resources will last are shown in the graphs below: a) production rate remains at current level - the picture S 804 $= ea i ~ =O i) aa a aw |: 525] Be 60-418) & BE : & sz is if} ou = : o xe ie 2 Ir eR 4045 ys Bes S g Sip Seige s ge 4 |g 55 e6 | fe les (Bilis s By ig 2P2e) 22 o)\E 3 \2 8 a Pile S [a 8 | £3 Oe saa” an peoy a 'e'R SE 55 & e828 5 Ses "RB ESb) production continues to accelerate at current rates - the picture in 2036 100 & 80 ES fe © ba So #5 40-98 9-3-8 Be & . 8 8 8 £3 < ees = oles 8 Perea a2 eee i 2s SS tet sean SS RESE RS eeg*e* 2s 58 & a 3 newable Re depleted in 2029 tin] depleted in 2028 tungsten | depleted in 2032 These can be replaced as fast as they are used. E.g. crops used to make biofuels. SuolsingitY is the ability of resources to meet our Current Weds without icing the ability to meet ANVUE NE E.g. epee from crude oil is used to make many plastic, : Ethene can be produced from ekloril,, produced, by the fermentation of Cue from sugar cane Vor sugar beet. ood ae can also be used as a substitute to fossil fuels in power stations. ina | rubber clothes, carpets clothes, textiles clothes [in tyres, washers construction acrylic fibre (polyacrylonitrile), poly(propene) polyester acrylic resin various synthetic polymers, such as poly(butadiene) PVC, compositesPotable (Drinkable) Water Rainy y ig potable. ail e also seeps through rocks into underground lakes known a: ier As rainwater falls, it ee gases such as COz. This makes rainwater mildly acidic and it dissolves mineral salts and picks up some bacteria from soil and decaying matter. Levels of ions and bacteria must be reduced to make water potable. The best sources of water contain low levels of ions ai ado ria. Water from freshwater rivers and reservoirs must be treated by: - pues yeYthrough gravel and sand to remove oly tan “ait ele” using chlorine, oza%or JV (phe. to he together so ‘water. The sludge that anol she, wee te In pie with low rainfall, seawater fe * marshes must be ye ne’ be done using A! but this uses e “spay wBnd is quite @; ae By performing this at lower This is known 7 Tt stil im a may aerl : Raqatse Ostia! l iS another method used to remove up to 98% of ions from the water. This uses i drtnes, SO Saves on overall energy costs but does use energy to generate the higher feutpate required. Salts can also cause of ioshh, of pumps. Treating W: Water biological treatment i screening primary secondary sedimentation (aerobic digestion) sedimentation —_s _sewage pumping station iy solid fuel (anaerobic) landfill sites ‘Sometimes fertiliser % effivent [70,70 generis { hinges i scetae enue a 2 aa — sterilised at 4 Sewage treatment involves: a SU lebhh ~ (filtering) to ella ie © toss 2. Primary treatment — | \, allows smaller solids to settle. Paddles push this 20) em to . a of the tank, from where it is removed and stored in Sfarege tanks. The sludge is then to ease oe (lower and lower ) and can be used as a . The (watery liquid) may still contain opts u 3. Secondary treatment — useful dain rye down remaining organic matter and harmful men LeU! (with sufficient @ . The tank iseory (2 NY ab through the water. 4. Final ‘treatment — "useful ee janis to form iy . The water is then safe to r be released back into Nyein sol \e areas, the water may be raf y sand beds Tie more time. The water can also be olin using \ or Chie , but using the latter can produce (Wye. organic it lorine compounds. The sediment can be by using in the secondary treatment tank or used in the tanks.Treating Sludge digestion of sludge can be performed at: 55°C — , uses to heat. 35°C — uses , takes (up to 30 days). Digestion of sludge produces — mixture of CO2, and . This can be burned to power the é provide for the surrounding area or to produce than can be fed into the gas supply. Alternatively, the sludge can be to form a solid ‘cake’ that can be to produce ~ Extracting Copper — HIGHER Only Most copper is extracted from ¢ in ores, but these will soon The methods for this are: Reacting with Sdltine, ag to eM Copper ail solution, then using it Spel (roasting) — copper ore ( ) is heated to a high = IF temperature ina 7M withair, area | mpat~ . The (mpuie Odpyr is used to make the and is used to 5 impure very pure make the | As electrolysis poppe popper continues, Won are removed anode atthe from the anode, travel across the gets cathode solution and are fi staal . The anode sludge solution Impurities form a containing containing, foes precious copper (containing ) as ietals ions they drop off the anode. The pure copper cathode ! Smelting produces around of our Cu. occurs at the anode: Cus) > aay) te = occurs at the cathode: > Cus) This pure copper is used to make eltdnt yi Pr. 3Copper can also be extracted using - than copper. Tron will from its solutions: Fes) + Cu?*(aq) > Fe**(aq) + Cus) As copper ores are almost exhausted, methods have been developed to extract copper from ores. These include: - feed on low-grade copper ores. Biological and chemical processes can then produce a solution of copper ions known as ‘ and complete the extraction. About of our Cu comes from bioleaching. This is likely to as high-grade ores . It is also . Scientists are working on methods to - are grown on soils containing . This can be on slag heaps or other waste. The plants absorb the copper ions and are then . The ash is reacted with to produce completes the extraction. if e - ALL inputs Lor outputs i Taw material atmospheric Used to assess the impact on the eal | enlsebas environment caused by: materials —"} e Obtaining and processing 5 be faninedionne: raw materials distribution wastes e Making the product (and packaging) energy —>|use/reuse/maintenance +> solid wastes ° Using, reusing and | maintaining the product recycewaste | ace ¢ Disposing of the product at management. [> CoProducts the end of its ‘life’ The total energy to extract raw materials... Reduce, Reuse, Recycle