| egg THE MEMORY ti. a MAMA TS Es SI srr ES inca ‘ANSWERS BEATING THE MEMo, “ 1 Gas), Ce) arp eon enulae, 70pertiCS and Ress ober 2 @ (19,39, 59) © (47,0, 17,27) lie ormodules ata glance } ‘eremembered from al © A, V6, 0, 172, 524) (ant, 1, 301) Boa se forsoling the nal ale problem ee h] ome ous om 9. v= (0A, 045, 0.15). Inthelong un hesells 40% ofthe tmetn cit series formal the time in #, 15% of the die in C ty A, asuy > Taerseren orm wo. v= (4/10, 4/10, 2/10) yo «vayama ge EE prise > Mode Euler’ formula (MEF Bing 4 = Ath andy, = FO) HO = ypthflage Yo) +»llntial approx El fal) HP mg 5 [140 rfl 9) | Ptaron mes P= vot age) Faye MED Bond oppo MEF] > Range Kuta formula H+) = Yo i [hy +2k 42k hg] wheeee 46 NEEM wy JS ____________smrsive wrens > Prior and Ctrector formula ‘ Dan: $8 2,99 ¥05) = BIO =H ICH) 0, where 5 roth Further = 54h and y, > Mine's rditor and orca formulae = ath y= _tthy (4) ito be computed, Sh J yin mg 429) [Predictor formula) 4 cag e4y’siyg) +: [Cometor formula} Km mt > Alda - Basie rector and corrector fre ieee WP ayo (S54) — 94! +79 ~ 996). Preicarfoema HO = yt (944 + 1 = 5g! + 9) +++ [Corrector formals} Numeral Seaton end oer ODE Pane: Ninel nf sane ito me om: # ttl ny > hago re ban = 52190 ¥CQ) ee YC) O86 ay hig y= Theale anon pn Stn pon ond Sys 92) mbit 9)" Satan weeny, ‘Taking f(x, y, 2) = 2, the system of equations are in the form. ORE: RN ee Serer y Bo sory mE = se Fayiy te a (ay 2) Ee gty2) or #%) = 2 ie MEMO “a ton x obtained BY computing e 4, he folowing ecteson of Rune y by nese tate tee lotta) aa 7 ; A 2 Yor lance) NRE, att, yey) mat Cy eaheagon H(aq+h) = myth (42h 92541) Ufl3pthe ty. 3h) ensured ¥ (39+) rey > Min’ formas + Weputy’ == which gins y* = Thegivendebecomes? = /(2, y, 2) Weeauip with he following able of values “ aeai Me Ma 4 Wecompute 5 = flap Yr 4) 0 Men apply COMET forms Why, polynomials “ 5 aierential equation eee AO wget Eyedytey G-)Y"~249"+ n(n 1) 29 i polis Py(3) the n= 04, 9,5 Han sBafety ty) . : Saad s RODE AD =r Royle, Comer formula can be applied pest for eter acca, 208) Special Functions Bessel functions 7 Rese diferent euation ie steed fore Pytery4(P ow yy =0 by 20 canbe reduced othe sand = 1 SE)? 90, ed atest B= BF -T2 15) > esr’ forms La The equation 2y"x9"+ (2. Apter Basa uation by sb BO asian > sel fenton of the ft kind Complex Variables Complex number > Cation frm : = = sbiy where '= SF or > Raarform: = = ré® wherewehave ¢? = coding > Modutusof 2: 121 r= Vay > Amplitude 1 Argument of + amps a2 > npc conjugate: = =iy Some importers: Se pets ies Property : 1, > Twostndard rele Iya) = DAR sine ; Ly (x) = TRF cos 28 cx) Reade 1)" Jy(2) where m= 12,3, ‘Therecurencerelation Jy (2) + Inga for Jy (2), Joga) Ju (2) ee ani aso f(2), 14(2)- Ig (2) 2 Tyu1 2) Igo (2) pst find 1 Foe aL several relations involving "(2 [g"(3) > Onthognal propery of Basel factions ot arp Jxsg(axy 1,002) a= 1, f ° Ug CaF or 5 ner “he recumence relation J, (2 # 160518) = cosh ; sin(i8) = fsinh® Complex valued function 2 =f) = f(xeig) = w(x, peintsey) (cana) yg Bafa) = fre) = ucr, opsiety®) mete ‘Arai Regu, Holomorphic) fon as jp E222) gia sie te pies? Where and p aretheroots of J, (2) = 0.———__. crit on [ye dz=221DR > Cauchy Riemann (CR) oto "ean orm, = 85288 (i) Posrlrms ra, ty and 78, Hy i > Dereham fon TE ann aris Haman ncn on 1 V2 = 0 imple that @ isharmoni ‘Grele with ene eh ign i) Canesion form: 3+ ES = 0 Hine ps o 52 tay Stine posing tough he origin | (octhogonal jean the wine ‘Parabola symmetric about the real aus with verted (2,0) and fossa te arg. anol sme abt ea ih ed (22,0) dios be ‘Circle with centre orgin and radius 7 | Be ae aed arte Pe ti) Pole form: 2 = ae Complex Integration > Compe itera [pte az [eusiny cazetay < @ [iudiepayat [otawedy ¢ © | ‘Limacon ofthe form # = «boos | % Cauchy's theorem Cardio the frm 1 = (1-480) | [pczy dz = 0, where f(2) is analyticinside & on a simple dosed cave CY jo = 24 (8/2) ‘Elipse with foci ( 2, 0) | Hypebol with fo (22 \ > Coch ntl oma = rma | ling” | (Cetin te wol=) _ [Ghaerinn ‘nar tansformation (BLT) > we SED here d= be # 0 isl iin rsomatin JP ar 2H Ga) Leet > Formula tofind the reside of f(2) atthe ple z = 6 @ Simple pole: 1 (2-a)f(2) zd 'Sraant (Fixed) points ofthe BLT are got by sons Fo fa st of four points (Py yy Py Fe) MT 1a (m0! aa” i, Races [eon] a5Probbability distributions > Prob nction CX) I play) 20 and E PH Lay pC iscaleda discret probably dsttbutionof the dirt rndag then p(2) i a probability function The set values vatable P(X) isthe probability density function. (pf) pa) iscalled the cumulative distribution frction fla) = POSS (eap > Mean (y) andthe SD (0) we E Py) Poy Cw ray D8 pap- 1 rGnF > Bermouls theren “The probability of x sucessesout of trials is given by P(x) = ne, sf aaa : [Distribution | Prob. function | Mean (11) SD (0) ‘Bionomit nee 7 ira a fe > Continuous probability ction f=) If f(x) 20 and | f(x) dx = 1 then f(x) is called a continaods probably fanetion or probability density function (p-4-f) ' Webave P(asxsb)= | f(x) dx sewoet eure : acy aye P83) [feayar we Jey lative db coe om to nein (4 sean cn) att SD (8) faz, Spe sents nt ntjevee 5 cotinine axtatoo | Probtncinf) | von [ap] ‘apnea ae fr 30 Tatar | no otherwise where #0) a fe ‘Nara 1 pevind. | } | siete ea Le anand. ofthe norma distribution areespcivelyeqaltothemeanand Dot theiven distribution. > Standard Normal Distribution Eg calle the standard nowmal vse + reayn ghee? es en iy ay te sndadtaaeane Be [oF ae repre tea ° 4 Smeeom 010 ‘Some important results +4) ede the standard normal C Poe sasaye [ocrdent Poem szcoy = J ()de=%iS BE) LEODE B= FO) (ECF cowie GOV(K. Y= EXY)-£(%)-£¢7) Joint Probability Distsibtions coon cov, 1) 1X and are to discrete random vatabes, the joint probability function UX and IV fncton of Porex, Yen=fey) where fx, y)20and DE flr y)=1 su} and Y= (3p ¥oeoe-Hg} ther (ae ¥) is denoted by J, FOG) = Ay that thie? 8) = Ith Ie $24) = JaytTny °° Tay ¢ 8Q) = ia att coimionof X and Y= p(X, Y}= semrk: If X and Y areindependen, E(XY) « £(%)-£(¥) sedhence COV(X, Y) Sampling Theory ‘Sinping Disteibutions > Sampling distribution of te means r Sue Mess ee Popalation N é Sample * (Random sampling with replacement Lg) = Iu that tn 8) = Ih tlag tae {f05,)- fag) Faq) ee the sum of horizontal enon and [ (4, £(49).°~-8(94} ate the sum of vertical eises inthe jt probability distribution tbl. Thee are called marginal poi dstrton of X End Y respectively. H3p)-B(y) = Jy > X and Y areindependent I xe Bs ie y= E00 DD xfs y= Dafa) Tests of significance and Confidence interls ean and Let ¥ bee MBE eh and repeciey be tw ppasion =| mye BY mol randontaample of zt BTS a i YL ven=L ysop 7 i ¥ Hey EN = TD 33 HyPe Oo —— “pa mi HEMORY —<__---———__ mnt —— fer ase, IL pfs ool ap 456 aeRO UAHA 88% confidence neva for ws ¥# 1.96( a7) - 9% confidence interval for 2 F*258(/F) 1.96 and 25 are respostivaly the 95% and 9% condense coefficients. > Tet of signa of prpotons Lot Betheoberved number ofsuccesesinasampleszeof and t= ‘expected number af success, The associated =" ie piven by P bethe 5 SE whew 3 = the hypothesis, whether the sample mean ¥ mean Hs We comptestulents HO ety fom he © Maye where p isthe probabiliyof succes and ¢ ss the probably of fate, If 151 > 258 we condade that the difference Is highly sgrficant and ej hypothesis at 1% level of sigrfiance bee p+ 258 \pa/m_arethe probable limits a 97% confidence level Also p + 3.\p 7 are the probable limit at 973% confidence level > Tet of sigicmee fo diference of moms Let ty» Hy be the mean of wo populations. 11> tgs where tp, 6th ble va of sadn he, - z et the dicen tetwen = tnd sigan at 5% level of sgifaneandelypates cn mscontdece miso aw 33() 5 > f-sure dation et (i, 6), ia) Bethe mein and SD of ong sales se a spc. To wate nalhypotas Hy = By testa peaty ee O; and E, are respectively thecbseved and imate uence: As ata ¢feptesst i the vale of squnes weds coment Matiow Chains P80 ay, 0) ina paige "Ys meal postive and 5, +4485 = 1 Als the confidence iis fo the diference of mean of he population ae Gy-%) £2, Nn am, where 3 isthe eonfidenccoelcent Tet of sinter ieee of popes ort sgl les 9 and 7, Bethe sample roporons in rept oan trbrecomepn® 2 age samples of sie mand my dan rom to populations To et ei Iypothesis H, tha href difrence betwen te population with ep atte thesis gen by oy 1 alla sia ow otamati P = (p)sprsabiy verter ie ny) oa PP ae Fait tobe regular stochastic mati ate ei ts Fm a eb. fut he oe ty al Wali ey ag Say) nach a Po OF ochsticmatic P rra_i nis scallod the squid pri & sector of the gu stochaste matin P Meroe Cisin Probability pis associated with every pait of states (6,4) tht 4 ocurs immediately ater, occurs Such stochastic process is cll afte Mark Cig. ys are called transition prbuiites and P = (Pi) Is called the ttn 4) shore bail matric 7-8) 1 Higher ration probabiies “The probably thatthe system changes from the state, 10 in exaty tps leno by 9. The mati forme bythe proba calle the np transition matin denoted by 14. Farther BU") = P* isa stochastic matric IF 9) = 1h, AO, «fT denote the tal probability distbution a he start of the process and pf") = [p(", pit?,-=-9K2P] denote the 2 sep protbily distribution athe end of w steps then wehave, PO af Bf 2D = fl BE, gh = OP APPENDIX ical Methods Fanethod ffs orderand fat cere bs ives the solution of teil ai be we cn fin the ve 1 a ed he initial value So. The a beminhelomof Scot y stay nan of els oe etd sfoling, NO ate ex the fist order differenti uation 819) wien «5 puis dy flay) de yeH a reHy ning HSbetween y andy, RHSetee an x wen = J foun és Jw hoO% wy] = rane os: Lane I, ” yam [sonar o Te first approximation y, is obtained by peng y= F042) a ‘gating the same. That is aeyt J souy a 4 gin fees) 1000 Teen apposition yy tied by putin 1 8/8 "Mewating the same. Tat is wav | soyre 4 = CEng ke his we gst ses FP _ “eproblem each being a biter appro—e™to