INTRODUCTION TO ANTIBIOTICS:

1. Penicillins (most Streptococcus, N. meningitidis, many oral anaerobes except B. fragilis)

2 .Cephalosporins (PO/IV)
• 1st generation: cephalexin/cefazolin (mostly GP, some GN)
• 2nd generation: cefuroxime/cefprozil (some GP and some GN, *anaerobes)
•3rd generation: cefixime/cefotaxime, ceftriaxone (good Streptococcal coverage, mostly GN) and
ceftazidime (no GP, mostly GN, Pseudomonas)
•4th generation: --/cefepime (most GP, most GN, Pseudomonas)
. 5th generation : ceftarline ( GP , MRSA , GN)

3 .Aminoglycosides (GN aerobic bacilli)

•gentamicin--
•tobramycin
•amikacin--- used in MDR-TB

4 .Macrolides (GP, Haemophilus, and atypical bacteria [Legionella, Chlamydophila,

Mycoplasma]) – NOT penetrate CNS
•erythromycin----- acne tx. , increase gut motility .
•clarithromycin----- NOT FORGET H. pylori eradication
•azithromycin---- non gonococcal urethritis

5 .Fluoroquinolones (GN – although resistance becoming a huge problem) FOOD POISNING

•ciprofloxacin (+ Pseudomonas)
•norfloxacin (for UTI only)
• respiratory fluoroquinolones (some GP, GN, "atypicals", Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila)
 ƒ levofloxacin
 ƒ moxifloxacin (+ anaerobes)
---- Quinolones  Nalidixic acid -> for UTI only
 6 .Carbapenems (broad coverage: GP, GN, and anaerobes)
•imipenem (+ Pseudomonas)
•meropenem (+ Pseudomonas)
• ertapenem

8. glycopeptide : ( effective against GP . NO EFFECT against GN )

• • vancomycin (all GP and C. difficile – the oral form)
9. tetracyclines : (widespread resistance – , syphilis , intracellular organisms )
• Chlamydiae -"urethritis"
• Rickettsiae – "Q fever "
• Brucellae
• Borrelia burgdorferi – "lyme disease"
 tetracycline .. treat acne
 demeclocycline .. treat SIADH
 doxycycline .. prophylaxis against Malaria
 minocycline .. treat acne
 7 .Others
•linezolid (for resistant GP infections , MRSA , GRE )
• tigecycline ( for MRSA , GRE , ESBL)
• Daptomycin GP ( MRSA, GRE) NO GN .
•clindamycin (most GP, GN anaerobes)
•TMP/SMX {CO-trimoxazole} (most S. aureus including: MRSA, GN aerobes,
Pneumocystis jirovecii , malaria , B. pertussis< whooping cough> ).
• Dapsone .. leprosy tx.
•nitrofurantoin (GN bacilli, S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus) FOR UTI
•metronidazole (anaerobes including: C. difficile; Trichomonas, Entamoeba)
• treatment for C. difficile: metronidazole OR oral vancomycin; consider both in
serious infection
• Rifampin (GP cocci , n.meningitidis , h. influenza, mycobacteria )