Date…………………………..

Experiment no: 02
Class: M.Sc 4th Semester Group………………………….
Roll no. 91 Sub……………………………..
Shift: Day Set……………………………...

TO DESIGN AND STUDY AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUIT

Apparatus Required
Bread Board Resistors
Power Supply Function Generators
Tracing Papers Jumpers
Transistors (BC 547 ) Oscilloscope
Capacitors

Theory
Modulation is defined as the process of changing the characteristics (Amplitude,
Frequency or Phase) of the carrier signal (high frequency signal) in accordance with
the intensity of the message signal (modulating signal). Amplitude modulation is
defined as a system of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied in
accordance with amplitude of the message signal (modulating signal).

The Standard form of an AM wave is defined by

S  t   Ac 1  K am  t  Cos 2 f c  t      1

Where Ka is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.

The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming
A.M wave at the receiver. An envelope detector is simple and yet high effective
device that is well suited for the demodulation is less than 100%. Ideally an envelop
detector produces an output signal that follows the envelope of input signal wave
form exactly flence, Some version of this circuit is used in almost all commercial
A.M radio receivers

The modulation index is defined as

Emax  Emin
m
Emax  Emin

Where Emax and Emin are the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated

wave
 Figure: Circuit Diagram for AM

OBSERVATION
For 4 V input signal
5 div = 2V
2
1 div = 5v

i) for maximum peak = 22 div

minimum peak = 14 div
2
→ 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( × 22 ) 𝑣 = 8.8 𝑣
5
2
→ 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( × 14 ) 𝑣 = 5.6 𝑣
5

Calculation:

The modulation index of A.M is

Emax  Emin
m
Emax  Emin
 8.8  5.6
  100%  22.22%
8.8  5.6

ii) for 6v input

max. peak to peak div = 18 div
min. peak to peak div = 12 div

5 div = 1V
1
1 div = 5v
1
→ 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( × 18 ) 𝑣 = 3.6 𝑣
5
1
→ 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( × 12 ) 𝑣 = 2.4 𝑣
5

Calculation:

The modulation index of A.M is

Emax  Emin
m
Emax  Emin
3.6  2.4
  100%  2.0%
3.6  2.4

Result
From above experiment, we had concluded, that the carrier takes the rider in
mixing two different sinusoidal wave in great explore in the electronics which is
directly applied in mixing the sound waves with the EM waves. The AM in the diff.
factor determine how many carrier waves takes the rider in one to another. The %
amplitude modulation determines the modulation factor which tells that there is
total modulation factor which tells that there is total modulation n which there is
mixing of rider wave in outgoing modulation rider wave.