ABSTRACT

The development of new technology in the material science is changing day by day and is
progressing at a faster rate as its demand. Likewise the development in the civil engineering
materials to increase the overall strength of the concrete and the structure as well. In last few
years, a good amount of research was carried throughout the world to improve the
performance of concrete in terms of strength, durability and performance and specify
according to IS standards. Accordingly, concrete has no remained a construction material but
the combination of cement, aggregate, water, admixtures and fibres and has become an
engineered custom-tailored material with several new constituents to meet the specific needs
of construction industry as well as in the engineering industry. The growing use of concrete
in special and complex architectural configurations and closely spaced reinforcing bars have
made it very important to produce concrete that ensures proper filling ability, good structural
performance, adequate durability and the increasing life span. Concrete technology has
changed from macro to micro level study in the enhancement of strength and durability
properties from 1980’s onwards till date and in every phase newer properties has been
developed. From that date, the research study was focused only to flow ability of concrete, so
as to enhance the strength in complex reinforcement structures with architectural
enhancements. This type of study has resulted in the development of self-compacting
concrete, an important revolution in concrete industry needed by every individual concerned
with this type of development. As we know the traditional concrete doesn’t show much flow
characteristics without the use of vibrators and other necessary equipments required in the
project. The objective of vibrators is to make the concrete to acquire the unused and complex
spaces of the formwork as per the design criteria. Almost 5 to 8% by volume of freshly
placed concrete is occupied by air bubbles and the air content should not exceed as per its
limit resulting in the development of honey comb structure. Now what if the concrete flows
by its own and occupy the unused and complex space of formwork and doesn’t let air bubbles
to get accumulated without the use of any vibrator or any mechanical use or any foreign
material. That new sort of concrete is called as self-compacting concrete.
So we can say that Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a newly developed concrete in which
the different materials of the concrete mix are proportioned in such a way that it can flow
under its own weight to completely fill the formwork and passes through the packed
reinforced without any segregation and self consolidation without any type of vibration used.
SCC had a significant impact on the concrete construction industry, especially in the precast
concrete industry where the new techniques and methods are the main concern in the
futuristic development. It flows in easy way within and throughout the formwork, and also
can flow through various obstructions and around corners allowing the passing ability to
increase, and is so close to self-levelling although may some variations to some level, does
not require vibration or tamping after pouring, and follows the shape, style and surface
texture of a mould (or form) very closely and in the proper direction once set. Self-
Compacting Concrete has been recognized and developed in Japan to improve the durability
and uniformity of concrete in 1988 by Okamura and Ozawa in the respective areas. The mix
composition chosen for SCC has to satisfy all performances of the concrete in both the fresh
and hardened states after placement. SCC can be described as a high-performance material
which flows by itself without requiring vibrators to achieve consolidation by complete filling
of formworks even when access is hindered by narrow gaps between reinforcement bars and
achieve a greater durability for the overall strength of the concrete. It has been named by
different researchers with different names as self-levelling concrete, super workable concrete,
highly flow able concrete, self-consolidating concrete, non-vibrating concrete, etc depending
upon the usage at different levels and sections wherever necessary. There are many
advantages of using SCC when there are many varieties of different conditions including
material cost is minimized which include, Reducing the construction time and labor cost,
decreasing the need for vibration, reducing noise pollution at a max, increasing the filling
capacity of highly congested structural member and so on. As SCC is said to have various
advantages over normal concrete, it may also show various problems like leakage and
shrinkage which can hinder the strength properties of the self-compacting concrete at many
places with respective applications. So, to minimize those problems of SCC, numerous
admixtures and fibres has been tried by various researchers to rectify the problems of SCC at
various stages which can hinder the new developments of self compacting concrete. Various
results of researchers have find success in increasing the overall strength and durability of
SCC and some have been disregarded as they also produce some disastrous effects.

In this Abstract I’m going to use RECRON-3S fibre as we know fibres are generally used in
controlling various defective properties like plastic shrinkage and dry shrinkage as well as
micro cracks and many more. The fibres have been used as reinforcement since olden times
and in history Horse Hair was also used in common mortar and straw has find its use in mud-
bricks ass we can find these bricks still present in heritage buildings. The various IS standards
which modify or states the use of fibres in SCC and normal concrete may include EN14889-
1:2006, EN 14845-1:2007, ASTM A820-16 and ASTM C1018-97. Also, the fibres increase
density of the concrete and are used to reduce the permeability of concrete to a larger extent.
Recron-3S is an altered or modified polyester fibre which has can enhance the basic strength
of concrete. It is generally used as secondary reinforcing material in concrete and soil to
increase their performance in both compressive as well as in tensile strength. Recron-3s is a
virgin polyester & polypropylene monofilament fibre in which the structural arrangement is
arranged in that manner so that it can be mixed with cement easily and can form stronger
bond. It is a specially engineered material and triangular shaped synthetic fibre for use in
concrete and mortar to overcome shortcomings of concrete in its texture. The triangular
shaped fibres provide higher surface bonding and homogeneous mixture with all the
ingredients of concrete. The discrete structure, discontinuous short fibres in the matrix of the
concrete provides randomly distributed, multi-point secondary reinforcement, results in three-
dimensional crack Control and crack arrest mechanism throughout the structure.

Therefore, in this project work emphasis can be laid to utilize the Recron-3s (polypropylene)
fibres in the concrete of various percentages like 0, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45% and so on.
Various tests can be performed depending upon the various requirements of the research and
thesis report like slump test etc. Other tests that can also be done on addition of Recron-3s
which may include compressive strength, flexural strength and Splitting Tensile Strength.
These tests can then be compared with ordinary concrete, reinforced concrete, self-
compacting concrete without the use of Recron-3s. The Slump test results conclude that the
workability of the Recron-3s fibre mixes goes on decreasing as the fibre content is increased
in the concrete mix. This dissertation describes the enhancement in the strength of M30 grade
concrete mix by the addition of Recron-3s in the proportion of 0.0%, 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.45%
by volume of concrete. The tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of
concrete upto 7, 14, 28 days for compressive strength, 7, 14, 28 days for split tensile strength
and 7, 14, 28, days for flexural strength and Durability.

Experimental results will enable me to enhance the best properties of self-compacting

concrete using Recron-3s and to find the solution for different problems in the self-compact
concrete. The strength of different cubes to be prepared will be evaluated in different days as
per the norms of IS 456 like after 3-days, 7-days, 28-days and so on. The different
percentages of Recron-3s can be analyzed with a graph showing different percentages with
different strengths respectively. Also, different specimens can be taken to analyses the
different strengths required for the construction of different components in the structure
performing different functions like cube, cylinder, beam etc. having different dimensions.

RESEARCH GAP

From the various researches, publishes, papers and books it has been found that various fibres
has find its applications in the concrete. Depending on the application and use, all fibres are
used to enhance the overall structural properties of the traditional concrete. Numerous types
of fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete with steel fibres, glass fibres and carbon fibres
have been evaluated for the structural properties. The use of fibre reinforced self compacting
concrete to enhance the structural properties has been the subject of many research projects
during the past few decades. Fibres means string like structures has find its vast applications
in construction technology by having the characteristics in modifying the tensile strength and
modulus of rupture etc but still there are various Fibres which have not been used in
construction procedures as their proportion may vary the properties of concrete to a larger
extent.
Therefore, every fibre reinforced self compacting concrete offers different types of strengths
depending upon the fibre materials, distribution, geometries, orientation and densities. In
every research one thing was common that the proportioning of different fibres was very
important and this proportioning leads to the development of various types of concretes
depending upon the usage of the material. After studying the usage of different materials or
admixtures or fibres used in the concrete less work was done for the strength properties of
SCC using recron-3s fibres. So an attempt is made in the present dissertation to study the
addition of recron-3s in the concrete to increase its properties like compressive strength and
tensile strength without affecting the basic strength of primary concrete. This dissertation
describes the enhancement in the strength of M30 grade concrete mix by the addition of
Recron-3s in the proportion of 0.0%, 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.45% by volume of concrete. The tests
were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of concrete upto 7, 14, 28, 56, 90
days for compressive strength, 28, 56, 90 days for split tensile strength and 28, 56, 90 days
for flexural strength and Durability.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

 To replace the coarse aggregates with filler material in order to achieve the slump
flow.
 To study the effect of Recron-3s fibres on the slump flow and comparing the results
with traditional concrete properties and with other fibre reinforced concretes.
 To study the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete using Recron-3s
fibre.
 To study the change in compressive strength by the addition of recron-3s in the self
compacting concrete.
 To study the impact of Recron-3s in increasing the flexural strength of self
compacting concrete.
 To study the impact of Recron-3s in increasing the split tensile strength of cylinder
type of specimens.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

The Experimental work consists of investigating the strength properties of self-compacting

concrete using recron-3s fibres and comparing the results with the traditional concrete. In this
research (150 × 150 × 150) mm size cubes will be casted with three similar cases to check the
compressive strength of the self-compacting concrete and fibre reinforced self-compacting
concrete by taking the average of the three samples as a result. In this research (100 × 100 ×
500) mm size beams will be casted to check the flexural tensile strength of Self Compacting
Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete and the results will be interpreted
and compared with the traditional concrete. This dissertation describes the enhancement in
the strength of M30 grade concrete mix by the addition of Recron-3s in the proportion of
0.0%, 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.35%, 0.45% by volume of concrete. The tests were carried out to
determine the mechanical properties of concrete upto 7, 14, 28, 56, 90 days for compressive
strength, 28, 56, 90 days for split tensile strength and 28, 56, 90 days for flexural strength and
Durability.
Also, in this research, fresh properties of SCC will also be investigated. All the experimental
works are to be done in the Concrete Technology Lab of NIT SRINAGAR, J & K, INDIA.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), which flows under its own weight and does not require
any external vibration for compaction, has revolutionized the concrete placement to a new
world of concrete. SCC is highly workable concrete that can flow under its own weight
through restricted sections without segregation and bleeding maintaining overall uniformity
of the section. Such concrete should have a relatively low yield value to ensure high flow
ability without any interference. A semi-moderate viscosity to resist segregation and
bleeding, and must maintain its homogeneity in all the processes viz, transportation, placing
and curing to ensure adequate structural performance and long term durability. The
successful development of SCC must ensure a good balance between deformability and
stability without changing the other properties as well. Researchers and Engineers have set
some guidelines for mixture proportioning of SCC, which include
 Reducing the volume ratio both of the cement and aggregate materials.
 Increasing the paste volume and water-cement ratio (w/c) so as to maintain uniformity
of the mix.
 Carefully controlling the maximum coarse aggregate particle size and total volume
according to the designed mix; and
 Using various viscosity enhancing admixtures (VEA) so as to protect it from bleeding
and segregation.
For SCC, it is generally necessary and essentially useful to use super plasticizers in order to
obtain high mobility. Adding a large volume of powdered material or viscosity modifying
admixture can eliminate segregation to a larger extent. The powdered materials that can be
added are fly ash, silica fume, lime stone powder, glass filler and quartzite filler and so on.
Since, self-compactibility is largely affected by the characteristics of materials and the mix
proportions, it becomes necessary to evolve a procedure mix design of SCC according to the
Design Code and the respective researchers. Some researchers like Okamura and Ozawa have
proposed a mix proportioning system for SCC. In this system, the coarse aggregate and fine
aggregate contents are fixed and Self-Compactibility is to be achieved by adjusting the
water/powder ratio and super plasticizer dosage. The coarse aggregate content in concrete is
generally fixed at 45-50 percent of the total solid volume, the fine aggregate content is fixed
at 40-45 percent of the mortar volume and the water powder ratio is assumed to be 0.8-1.0 by
volume depending on the various properties of the powder and the super plasticizer dosage.
The required water / powder ratio is determined by conducting a number of trials and tests. In
the last five years, a number of SCC bridges have been constructed in Europe and in other
countries as well. In the United States, the application of SCC in highways bridge
construction is very limited at this time until the full development procedure of SCC is
known. However, the U. S. precast concrete industry beginning to apply the technology in
many architectural concrete structures. SCC has high potential for wide structural
applications in Highway and Railway bridge constructions also. In recent years, SCC has
developed a wide use for placement in congested reinforcement concrete structures where
casting conditions are difficult to implement efficiently. Use of SCC can also help minimize
hearing-related damages or noise pollution related damages on the worksite that are induced
by vibration of concrete. Another advantage of SCC is that the time required to place large
sections is considerably reduced to a larger extent.
 OPTIMIZATION OF CONCRETE
PHASES (paste and granular
Stage 1
skeleton)

PARAMETER
ADJUSTMENTS: CALCULATION OF FIRST TRIAL
-Compressive strength BATCH PROPORTIONS (paste and Stage 2
-W/P ratio aggregates proportions)
-Addition content(filler
or pozzolan)
Self compactability;
Admixture, powder, FIRST TRIAL BATCH
granular skeleton. Stage 3

Self-compactability and compressive

No strength required

Yes

END

Figure 1: Schematic Structure of Proposed Mix Design Method

1.2 History of Self Compacting Concrete

The introduction of Self Compacting Concrete was given in the late 1980's by Japanese
researchers, so that durability and required strength of concrete structures can be improved
widely. Since then, various investigations have been carried out and the concrete has been
used in practical structures in Japan, mainly by large construction companies who fulfil all
the requirements essential for SCC. Investigations reveal that the two methods namely a
rational mix-design method and self- compaction testing methods can be carried out from the
viewpoint of making it a standard concrete. Recommendations, Manuals and Guidelines for
Self Compacting Concrete were also established in the same period. When the construction
industry in Japan experienced a decline in the availability of skilled labours in the 1979-80s, a
need was felt for a concrete that could overcome the problems of defective workmanship.
This led to the development of self-compacting concrete, primarily through the work done by
the famous researchers Okamura and Ozawa. A committee was then formed to study the
properties of self-compacting concrete, including a fundamental investigation on workability
of concrete an essential requirement, which was carried out by Ozawa at the University of
Tokyo. The first usable version of self-compacting concrete was completed in 1988 and was
labelled as "High Performance Concrete", and later proposed as “Self Compacting High
Performance Concrete".
Ever since the invention of self-flowing and self-consolidating concrete in late 1980s was in
high demand so as to overcome the difficulties of normal cement concrete that can tend to
cause honeycombs in spite of careful compaction process through vibration of fresh concrete
in designed moulds. All these difficulties has been removed by SCC. Also the SCC has made
its impact in steady development of roads in critical construction locations. With the advent
of SCC, has taken the form into congested embedment has made several researchers dwell
more on expanding the applications in pre-cast and site situations with increased use of
structural elements, with the addition of fibres forming FRSCC. The fibres were mostly
confined to steel and glass according to their usage. But newly developed FRSCC require
much more to have complete properties and hence required further research to obtain the
necessary properties of both fresh and hardened states of concrete that makes it Possible to
assess the strength of the composite type of structures.

1.3 Need for self compacting concrete

Self-compacting concrete has now been used in bridges and even on pre-cast sections. One of
the most remarkable projects built using Self Compacting Concrete is the Akashi-KaiKyo
suspension bridge 3.9 km long that connects the Pacific Ocean to the Sea of Japan and city of
Kobe to Iwaya. In this project, the SCC was mixed on-site and pumped through a piping
system to the specified point, located 200 meters away. On this particular project, the
construction time was reduced from 2. 5 years to 2 years. This type of concrete is ideal to be
used in the following applications:
 Drilled shafts.
 Columns.
 Earth retaining systems.
 Areas with high concentration of rebar and pipes/conduits.
 Girders and Anchorages.

The use of SCC increases the pumping and flow ability of the Concrete that reduces the
labour cost and increases the safety at the work site. It improves the overall economy of the
concreting work or project we can say. Application areas of SCC may include industrial
flooring, basement, roof slabs, water retaining and resisting structures etc. Its importance
increases when plastering is in progress at higher floors, ceilings and outside surf aces of the
building.

1.4 Benefits of self compacting concrete

 Improved version of constructability.

 Labour reduction to a larger extent.
 Increasing bond to reinforcing steel.
 Improves overall integrity of the structural.
 Considerable reduction in skilled labour.
 Flows into more complex forms.
  Reduces large equipment wear.
 Minimizes voids and extra spaces on highly reinforced areas.
 Produces superior surface finish with proper level and placement.
 Superior characteristics of strength and durability.
 Allows for easier pumping and carrying procedures.
 Produces a uniform and levelled surface.
 Allows for innovative architectural and attractive features.
 It is also recommended for deep sections as well as for long-span applications.
 Produces a wider ways of placement techniques.
 Fast placements without any interruptions of mechanical vibrations.
 Lowering noise levels produced by various types of vibrators.
1.5 Factors affecting Self Compacting Concrete
Using self-compacting concrete must not be used indiscriminately with the applications of
other concreting procedures. There are several factors which can affect the behaviour and
performance of Self-Compacting concrete and these are:
 Hot weather conditions.
 Long haul distances can decrease the flow ability of Self Compacting Concrete.
 Delays on job site could affect the concrete mix performances to a larger extent.
 Job site water addition to Self Compacting Concrete may not always yield the
expected increase in the flow ability and could cause stability and strength problems.

1.6 FIBRE REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete technology has undergone revolutionary changes
in the recent past with the availability of various grades of cements and mineral admixtures
and the mixing procedures. Though there are notable improvements in the newly developed
concrete, some problems still remained. When compared to materials like steel and other
materials, these problems can be regarded as drawbacks for this cementatious or binding
material. Concrete, which is a 'quasi-fragile material' has the drawback of very low tensile
strength and its ductile nature is almost nil. The solution to these two problems to some
extent is addition of various types of fibres. This is found to increase the energy absorption
apart from bridging the cracks retarding their propagation to the further components. Fibre
Reinforced Concrete (FRC) has been prominent since 1960s and much investigation has been
undergoing till date. Some important applications of FRC are bridge decks, pre-cast elements,
Pavements, Industrial floors, slabs, beams, some critical zones in RCC elements and
shotcreting procedures. The development of FRC has covered the entire range of concrete
types using different varieties of fibres in plain as well as in RCC. Further development of
latest generation 'concretes' in the recent past years needs to update knowledge on the
behaviour of such concrete with the addition of fibres to make them more efficient and
effective. One such latest generation concrete is Self Compacting Concrete (SCC).
Incorporation of fibres enhances the benefits of this special concrete both at fresh stage and in
the hardened state. Keeping the requirement in view, several concrete technologists have
concentrated on investigating the mechanical and durability aspects of SCC incorporating
different types of fibres which may include
1. Steel fibres
2. Nylon fibres
3. Polypropylene fibres (Recron-3s)
4. Glass fibre
5. Carbon fibres
6. Asbestos fibres etc.
Hybridization of different types of fibres in concrete is another concept which is provided to
offer more attractive, more strengthen and enhanced properties to concrete. Hybrid fibre
concept consists of using a combination of minimum two types of fibres which can increase
the potential properties of fibres more efficiently. Many studies were reported from different
researchers on the characteristics and properties of conventional concrete with hybrid fibre
reinforcement mixture. In the present study, the effect of Hybrid Fibre Reinforcement
consisting of Glass and Steel fibres in SCC is sought to be investigated in one or different
ways. For this purpose, investigations were made to explore the behaviour of Steel Fibre
Reinforced SCC (SFRSCC), Glass Fibre Reinforced SCC (GFRSCC) and Hybrid Fibre
Reinforced SCC (HFRSCC) under axial compression in both unconfined and confined states
to understand the best procedure for development.

1.7 Recron 3s fibre

The triangular cross section of Recron-3s with different lengths of 6 / 12 /18 mm which is
being widely used in the Indian Construction industry market as it provides the essentials of
mixing procedure. Recron 3s is a state of art reinforcing material which is used to increase
strength in a variety of applications like automotive battery, paper, filtration fabrics, and an
asbestos cement sheet, cement based pre-cast products and for improving quality of
construction. Concrete is widely recognized as a cost-effective, versatile construction
material. Recron 3s fibres are engineered Micro Fibres with a unique “Triangular” Cross
section, used in Secondary Reinforcement of Concrete. It complements Structural Steel in
enhancing Concrete’s resistance to Shrinkage Cracking and improves mechanical properties
such as Flexural / Split Tensile and Transverse Strengths of Concrete along with the desired
improvement in Abrasion and Impact Strengths. Yet it is also beset with a number of
drawbacks that are inherent to its composition. By generally accepted engineering standards,
concrete is relatively brittle and lacks flexural strength. Intertwined with these problems is
concrete’s propensity to crack in both its plastic (early-age) and hardened (long-term) state.
(7) Early-age cracks are microscopic fissures caused by the intrinsic stresses created when the
concrete settles and shrinks over the first 24 hours after being placed. Long-term cracking is
in part caused by the shrinkage that transpires over the months, perhaps years, of drying that
follow. In either case, these cracks can jeopardize the overall integrity of the concrete and not
allow it to maintain – or possibly ever attain – its maximum performance capability. Recron
3S Fibre Reinforcement Systems can provide a solution to most of these problems.
 Table 1: physical and chemical properties of Recron-3s

S.no. Property Value

01 Diameter 0.4mm
02 Cut length 6mm or 12mm
03 Tensile strength 4000-6000kg/cm2
04 Denier 11.4-12.6
05 Melting point >250°C
06 Tenacity Min 3.5
07 Elongation 50-70%
08 Dispersion 3-4
09 Shape of fibre Special triangle shape

Figure 1: Recron-3s Fibre

 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE STUDY
A survey of literature in this field shows that relatively various experimental studies have
been investigated to the use of various types of fibres and comparing the results with SCC
induced with different fibres.

S. Saranya et al. (2015) [2] had investigated "Experimental study on hybrid fibre self
compacting concrete."In this project, glass fibres and polyester fibres were added to SCC and
HFRSCC was developed. An attempt has been made to study mechanical properties of self
compacting concrete and glass fibre reinforced self compacting concrete with addition of
mild steel reinforcement in order to increase the required strength. He find that the addition of
the glass fibres improves the compressive strength, tensile strength, load carrying capacity of
ordinary reinforced concrete in flexure even with small dosage levels of 0.7%, 0.6% &
0.5%and so on. The results obtained in 0.6% and 0.2% polyester fibres were quiet different as
compared to the results obtained for 0. 5% glass fibres and 0.3% polyester fibres and 0. 4%
glass fibres and 0.4% polyester fibres.

Junaid Ahmad et al. (2015) [3] examined “To study the properties of self compacting
concrete using recycled aggregate and polypropylene fibre”. In this dissertation work
emphasis has been laid to reduce the cost of the SCC without reducing the strength of the
SCC, hence by-product which are available cheaply and easily like recycled aggregate
(demolish concrete and fly ash) has been used to reduce the manufacturing cost without
reducing the strength of SCC. Hence in this work demolished concrete in various percentages
(5%, 10%, 15% & 20% of T.C.A) has been used as Partial replacement of coarse aggregate
and fly ash with 45% replacement of cement has been used. To enhance the property of SCC
made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, Polypropylene fibre has been added to
the mix. Polypropylene fibre in various percentages (i.e 0.1%, 0.15% & 0.20% of wt. of
cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest
strength (i.e 10% demolish concrete).On the above mix polypropylene fibre was added in
various percentages to enhance the properties of SCC and it was found that no consider able
change in compressive strength was found but the modulus of rupture was found to Increase
for 0.15%. But with further increase in the % of polypropylene modulus of rupture was found
to decrease. Hence 0.15% of wt of cement of polypropylene fibre should be added for best
result for SCC.

K. Sudalaimani et al. (2016) [4] had investigated “experimental investigation on strength

characteristics of hybrid fibre reinforced self compacting concrete”. The main aim of the
paper is to identify the effect of filling ability and passing ability of SCC and check SCC with
different combination of fibres in same proportion and different proportion. Recron 3s and
glass fibre are two fibres used in this research in mono and different combinations. The
flexural strength, compressive strength and split tensile strength was higher for the fibre
combination (0.75% Recron 3s and 0. 25% glass fibre).
Senna M Varghese et al (2017) [5] examined "Structural performance of fibre reinforced self
compacting concrete beams with openings". The study mainly involves the experimental
investigation of compressive strength of cubes to obtain M30 grade mix. The compressive
strength of cubes by varying the percentages of Recron-3s fibre was investigated to obtain the
optimum fibre content. The ultimate load carrying capacity was reduced to 12.6 % in beams
for flexure, when openings were provided. The ultimate load carrying capacity was increased
to 10. 5 % in beams for shear, when fibres were provided.

Subhan Ahmad et al. (2017) [6] studied the "Properties of Normal Concrete, SCC and Glass
Fibre Reinforced Concrete: An Experimental Study". They found that Compressive strength
and splitting tensile strengths of SCC were found to be slightly higher than the corresponding
Properties of NC. Addition of Glass Fibre increased compressive strength and modulus of
elasticity slightly but increased splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture by
considerable amount.

P. Kumar et al. (2016) [7] had conducted experimental investigation to find out the optimum
mechanical properties of concrete in self compacting concrete (SCC) using mono fibre and
hybrid fibre. Due to the use of fly ash, Recron-3s, glass fibre and combination of two fibres,
the mechanical properties can be changed. The various combinations of fibres can be taken
for testing purpose as range as 0.25-0.75%, 0.5-0.5%, 0.75-0.25% and by volume at a
maximum fibre volume fraction of 1 %. The main aim of his paper was to identify the effect
of filling ability and passing ability of SCC and check SCC with different combination of
fibre in same proportion and different proportion. Thus, Recron-3s and glass fibre are two
fibres used in his research in mono and different combinations.

Mucteba Uysal. (2012) [8] had investigated "The influence of coarse aggregate type on
mechanical properties of fly ash additive self-compacting concrete". He examined some fresh
and hardened properties of SCC. He used basalt, marble, dolomite, limestone and sandstone
as coarse aggregates. It is possible to utilize various types of coarse aggregates in producing
SCC. Basalt aggregate had the best performance among various coarse aggregates.

Sheelan M. Hama et al. (2017[9] examined "Fresh properties of self compacting concrete
with plastic waste as partial replacement of sand". The experimental results of this work
showed that the plastic waste with the sizes and contents that used in this work can be used
successfully as a fine aggregate in self-compacting concrete.

Nahla Naji Hilal et al. (2017) [10] examined the "Hardened properties of self compacting
concrete with different crumb rubber size and content". According to the obtained results, the
use of crumb rubber had a negative effect on the hardened properties of se1f compacting
concretes and the significant improvement was achieved with addition of all tyre wastes
types, for ductility.

Syed Jeelani Bashal et al. (2015) [11] examined "An Experimental Study on Fresh and
Hardened properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Marble Powder and Cement Kiln
Dust As Mineral Admixture ". The replacement of cement with marble powder and cement
kiln dust has no negative impact on workability of self compacting concrete. The filling and
passing ability increases by using 10% marble powder and 20% cement kiln dust. As marble
powder increase, slump flow of self compacting concrete is also increased. But if marble
powder is increased to a greater extent, V funnel time of self compacting concrete gets
decreased. The optimum compressive strength and tensile strength of tested concrete
specimen's shows up to l5% marble powder and 20% cement kiln dust.
M. Yakhlaf et al. (2013) [12] Studied the “Properties of freshly mixed carbon fibre reinforced
self-consolidating concrete”. Carbon fibres have much influence on the filling ability, passing
ability and segregation resistance of SCC mixtures. HRWR facilitated to achieve the target
filling ability and passing ability properties of the SCC mixtures including carbon fibres. The
SCC mixtures with 1% carbon fibres (mixtures M5 and M10) required a very high amount of
HRWR to improve the filling ability of concrete. The CFRSCC mixtures with carbon fibres
content up to 0.75% satisfactorily passed the requirements of SCC. The T50 slump now time
was increased with the increase in carbon fibres content because the inclusion of fibres
slowed the now of CFRSCC mixture by making it more viscous. The blocking index for all
SCC mixtures was below the maximum limit of 50 mm because of their relatively high filling
ability and high segregation resistance. All CFRSCC mixtures clearly passed the segregation
resistance requirement as their segregation index was significantly below the maximum limit
(18%). The visual stability index (VSI) of the freshly mixed CFRSCC mixtures revealed that
the concrete mixtures were highly stable (VSI = 0) to stable (VSI = 1), thus indicating
excellent and good segregation resistance, as observed from the sieve stability test. The
carbon fibres were well distributed in all concrete mixtures, as observed from the scanning
electron micrographs. This is because the fibres were well dispersed without any fibre
clumping or balling in the presence of SF and HRWR.

Sasikala Guthurti (2016) [13] carried out an investigation on ”The strength characteristics of
M30 grade Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with replacement of cement by hypo sludge and
addition of polyester fibres at different percentages”. In this study different percentages (2,4,
6,8 and 10%) of hypo sludge is replaced in port land slag cement (PSC) and found optimum
percentage of hypo sludge as 4%. Different percentages (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.50 by weight of
cement) of Recron-3s polyester fibres were added to optimum dosage of hypo sludge (4%)
replaced in slag cement. From this study at 0.3% addition of polyester fibres in both cut
lengths increases its compressive strength and at 0. 4 % increases split and flexural strength
of concrete.
S.Prem Kumar (2017) [14] has carried out an investigation in his work "Experimental
Investigation of Reinforced concrete using Recron 3s". In his work, Recron-3s fibre is added
as an additive to the concrete. This fibre is added as 1%, 2% by the weight fine aggregate in
order to improve its performance and chemical admixtures are used as Fosroc and Glenium
B-233. The compression strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength of M25, M60 and
M80 grade concrete are tested for 14, 28,56 days of curing and compared to find the optimum
dosage of Recron-3s.
LITERATURE SUMMARY

A brief literature review on SCC, as presented above, indicates that the SCC has
several advantages over the traditional vibrated concrete, mainly the ease and precision in
placement and lack of vibration. Savings in labour costs might offset the increased cost
related to the use of more powder and super plasticizer, and the mineral admixtures, such
as pulverized fuel ash (PFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) or lime stone
powder (LSP), could increase the fluidity of the concrete, without any increase in the
cost. These supplementary cementing materials also enhance the rheological parameters
and reduce the risk of cracking due to the decreased heat of hydration, and therefore,
improve the durability.
SCC can be produced using the same raw materials and has either similar or better
strength and durability properties compared to the traditional vibrated concrete. Ozawa
proposed a new construction system achieved by making full use of SCC as shown in fig.
2.4. Some information pertaining to the production and performance of SCC is available
in literature in context to the India. However, still a lot of work in this field is required.
As mentioned earlier, the aggregate available in this region is of marginal quality. A
study on SCC produced with local aggregates is therefore needed to promote interest in
FRSCC.

CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
3.1 General
The investigational work in this dissertation consists of investigating the strength properties
of self compacting concrete using Recron-3s fibres. In this research (150 × 150× 150) mm
size cubes were casted to check the compressive strength of the self compacting concrete
(SCC) and fibre reinforced self compacting concrete (FRSCC). In this research (100 × 100 ×
500) mm size beams were casted to check the flexural strength of SCC as well as for FRSCC.
Also in this research, fresh properties of SCC were also investigated co-related with the fibre
reinforced self compacting concrete. All the experimental work required in this dissertation
was done in the Concrete Technology Lab of NIT SRINAGAR. J & K, INDIA 190006. The
tests were conducted with the satisfied conditions mentioned in IS 456 and the temperature
variation as well.

3.2 Material and Material properties

Materials used
As we know the basic materials for concrete are cement(binding agent), aggregates(coarse
and fine) and water to provide necessary compressive strength and a small amount of
flexural strength. This concrete can be reinforced with different types of steel bars to achieve
Tensile strength as well. Also it is recommended that some mineral admixtures or fibres can
be added to increase the overall strength and durability of the concrete. These materials can
be summarised as Cement, fine-aggregates, coarse-aggregates, super plasticizer, water, fly
ash and Recron-3s fibres. The various materials required for this project work include
(SAIFCO) of grade 43 conforming to IS 12269-1987, fine aggregate conforming to IS 383-
1987. The fine aggregate and course aggregate conforming to IS 383-1987 also collected
from Ganderbal, J&K. The origin of both the fine and course aggregate is being river Sindh
originating from Machoi Glacier at Zojila Pass. Concrete is prepared by mixing various
constituents like cement, aggregates, water etc. which are economically available at every
respective area of construction. Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 will be used
throughout the project. The fine aggregates used in this investigation is clean river sand,
whose maximum size is 4.75 mm, conforming to grading Zone II. Machine crushed stone
angular in shape will be used as a course aggregate. The size of course aggregate used is 10
mm or less as this Dissertation is based on SCC.

3.2.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade was used in the dissertation. It was fresh and without
lumps. The cement was clearly checked and several tests were conducted, as per procedure
laid down in code IS 12269-1987. The Properties of the respective cement used for making
concrete mix are determined in the laboratory as per relevant codes of practice. Other
materials used in present study were cement, coarse aggregates and fine aggregates, in
addition to reducing admixtures and fibres as well. The aim of studying of various properties
of material is used to check the appearance and strength with code requirements and to enable
an engineer to design a concrete mix which can be suitable at those places where that special
strength and material is required. The brief description of various materials which were used
in this study can be described briefly in the following steps:

3. 2. 1. 1 Portland Cement
Although all materials that go into concrete mix are essential, cement is very often the most
important because it is usually the delicate and important link in the chain. The function of
cement is first of all to bind all the materials of concrete mix together and second to fill up
the voids in between sand and aggregate particles to form a compact and dense mass
structure. It may constitutes only about 20 percent of the total volume of concrete mix still it
is the active portion of binding medium and is the only scientifically controlled ingredient of
concrete without which no such type of efficient binding material has shown same type of
properties. Any variation in its quantity or quality affects directly or indirectly the
compressive strength of the concrete mix. Portland cement referred as (Ordinary Portland
Cement) is the most important type of cement and is a fine powder produced by grinding
Portland cement clinker with respective proportions of its important constituents. The OPC is
classified into three grades, namely
 33 Grade
 43 Grade
 53 Grade
It has been possible to upgrade the qualities of cement by using high quality limestone,
modem equipments, maintaining better particle size distribution, finer grinding and better
packing. Generally use of high grade cement offers many advantages for making stronger
concrete and is costlier in response to the common constructions. As they are little costlier
than low grade cement, but they also offer 10 to 20% savings in cement consumption and
also they offer many hidden benefits. One of the most important benefit is the faster rate of
developing strength in bad weather and watery conditions.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 Grade (Saifco cement as taken in this dissertation)
from a single lot was used throughout the course of the investigation. It was fresh when taken
to the laboratory and without any lumps. The physical properties of the cement as determined
from various tests conforming to Indian Standard IS 12269:1987 were considered for the
efficient results. Cement was carefully stored to prevent deterioration in its properties due to
contact with the moisture in accordance with the codal provisions. The table below shows the
different chemical composition of Ordinary Portland Cement:
Table 2: chemical requirements of OPC

S.No. OXIDE COMPOSITION PERCENT CONTENT

01 Lime, CaO 63%
02 Silica, SiO2 20%
03 Alumina, Al2O3 6%
04 Iron Oxide, Fe2O3 3%
05 Magnesia, MgO 1.5%
06 Sulphur Trioxide, SO3 2%
07 Potassium Oxide, K2O 1%
08 Sodium Oxide, Na2O 1%
09 Tricalcium Silicate, C3S 0.54%
10 Dicalcium Silicate, C2S 0.16%
11 Tricalcium Aluminate, C3A 0.10%
12 Tetra Calcium aluminoferrate, C4AF 0.09%

3.2.1.2 Tests on cement

To study the properties of cement various tests such as specific gravity test, fineness test,
initial and final setting times etc, were conducted in the laboratory with proper procedure as
laid down by IS 12269-1987.
Fineness of Cement
The degree of fineness of cement is a measure of the mean size of grains in cement taken into
consideration. As we know the finer cement has quicker action with water and gains early
strength though its ultimate strength remains unaffected. However, the shrinkage and
cracking in the cement will increase with the increase in the fineness of cement. Apparatus
used to determine the sieve analysis are IS Sieve No. 9 (90 Microns), Weighing Balance
capacity 5 kg as per IS:403l-(part 1)-1996 and so on.
Take a sample of cement in your hand and then rub it to find any lumps present there if
present reject it if not select it. Weigh 100 grams of the given cement and let its weight be
named as W1. Now pour the 100gm cement in 90 micron sieve and close the lid of sieve.
Shake the sieve continuously for 15 minutes with hand or with sieve machine whatever is
possible. Now weigh the residue left and note it as W2. Then calculate the percentage of
cement left in the residue to the total amount of cement i.e 100 gm. After 15 minutes on IS
sieve No. 9 check every air set lumps if present should be broken down by fingers but
nothing should be rubbed on the sieves. Find the weight of residue of the sieved after the
shifting is over and report the values as a percent of the original sample taken.
The fineness of cement can be calculated as :
% of cement retained on sieve=W2/W1*100
A good cement should retain atmost 10% weight of cement when it is sieved through 90
micron sieve and then it should be used in the construction purposes.

(a) Normal Consistency

About 400g of cement was initially mixed with 30 percent mixing of water. The paste was
filled in the mould of Vicat’s apparatus used to check consistency and care was taken such
that the cement paste was not pressed forcibly in the mould and the surface of filled paste was
smoothened and levelled as per the requirement in the dissertation. A square needle l mm × l
mm of size is to be attached to the plunger and then lowered gently on to the surface of the
cement paste and is released quickly as per the procedure. As plunger pierces the cement
paste, reading on scale was noted down. The experiment was performed carefully away from
vibrators and the other disturbances for accuracy. The test procedure was repeated by
increasing the percentage of mixing water at 0. 5% increment until the needle reaches 5 to 7
mm from the bottom of the mould. When this condition is fulfilled, the amount of water
added was recorded as the correct percentage of water for normal consistency. The entire test
was completed within 3 to 5 minutes, if the time taken to complete the experiments exceeds 5
minutes, the sample was rejected and fresh sample was taken and the operation was repeated
again till we get the exact values. Fresh cement was taken for each repetition of the
experiment or test. The plunger was cleaned each time the experiment is to be done.

(b) Initial and Final Setting Time

Cement paste was prepared by mixing cement with 0.85 times appropriate mixing water
required to give a paste of standard consistency according to IS-CODE. The stop watch was
started at the instant the mixing water was added to the cement. After half-a-minute, the paste
was thoroughly mixed with fingers or with a small spatula in one minute. The mould resting
on a non-porous plate was filled completely with cement paste and the surface of filled paste
was levelled smooth with the top of the mould without leaving any roughness on the edges of
mould. The test was conducted at room temperature of 27±2°C at a relative humidity of 60%.
The mould with the cement paste was placed in the Vicat's apparatus and the needle was
lowered gently to make contact with the test block and was then quickly released in the same
direction. The needle thus penetrates the block and the reading on the graduated scale of
Vicat's apparatus was recorded at every step. The procedure was repeated until the needle
fails to pierce the block by about 5 to 7 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The stop
button of stop watch was pushed down and the time was recorded which give the initial
setting time. The cement paste was considered finally set when upon applying the needle
gently to the surface of test block, the needle makes an immersion, but fails to penetrate and
the time was noted which gives the final setting time. The needle was cleaned after every
repetition and also care was taken such that there could not any vibrations and may incorrect
the timings.

(c) Soundness of cement

Soundness of cement means the property of cement to retain its volume and shape after
setting. A cement can be called as unsound if it shows any sign of expansion after subjected
some stress. It consists of a small split cylinder of spring brass of 0.5mm thickness, forming a
mould with 30mm internal diameter and 30mm high. On either side of the split are attached
two indicators which are attached with pointed ends, the distance from these ends to the
Centre of cylinder being 165mm. The mould was placed on a glass sheet and was filled with
cement paste formed by gauging 100gm of cement with 0.78 times the mixing water required
to give a paste of standard consistency as per IS 4031-3(1988). The mould was covered with
a glass sheet and a small weight was placed on its top so as to avoid any interference.
The mould was then submerged in the water at a temperature of 27±2°C. After 24hours, the
mould was taken out and the distance separating the indicators points was measured. The
mould was again submerged in water as per the guidelines. Using the water heaters the water
was brought to boiling point within 25 to35 minutes and the specimen was kept for 2.5 to 3
hours at a boiling point to avoid any temperature difference. The mould was removed from
water and was allowed to cool down to 27°C with humidity 65±5% for some time. The
distance between the indicator points was measured again and noted down. The difference
between the two measurements represents the unsoundness of cement or the expansion of
cement. For each concentration of mixing water, three samples were tested and the mean
value was taken as the unsoundness of cement sample as well as the soundness if properly
mixed and retained.

Table 3: Properties of OPC

 CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OBTAINED VALUES SPECIFIED BY
S.NO.
S EXPERIMENTALLY IS:12269-1987

01 Specific Gravity 3.19 -

Standard consistency in
02 29 -
percent
Initial setting time in
03 53 30(minimum)
minutes
Final setting time in
04 458 600(minimum)
minutes
05 Soundness in mm 1.2 -
06 Fineness in percent 5.97 -

From the table it is observed that all the results satisfy the standard criteria within the
specified limits of IS Code.

3. 2. 2 Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates used for the study were natural coarse aggregates (angular type of size
less than 10mm). The coarse aggregates were checked and selected as per IS: 383-1987.
Aggregates constitute the bulk of a concrete and give dimensional stability to concrete and is
an important component of concrete. To increase the density of resulting mix, the aggregates
are frequently used in two or more sizes. The fine aggregates are also important in the
concrete mix as they are responsible for the overall strength of the concrete. The most
important function of the fine aggregate is to assist in producing workability and uniformity
in mixture which are the basic things in the concrete especially in SCC. The fine aggregate
assist the cement paste to hold the coarse aggregate particles in suspension and provide
homogeneity of the structure. This action promotes plasticity in the mixture and prevents the
possible segregation of paste and coarse aggregate, particularly when it is necessary to
transport the concrete some distance from the mixing plant to placement. The aggregates
provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important
and advantageous. They should therefore meet certain requirements if the concrete is to be
workable, strong, durable and economical according to IS:383-1987. The aggregates must be
proper shape, clean, hard, strong and well graded depending upon the usage.

3. 2. 2. 1. Sieve Analysis
Sieve analysis is a procedure in which we are going to assess the particle size distribution of a
granular material by passing the material through a set of sieves in which the sieves are laid
in series one above the other in decreasing size of the sieve set. Sieve analysis helps to
determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates and the sizes above
them or below them. This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS:2386 (Part 1)-1963. In
this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass aggregates through
them and thus collect different sized particles left over different sieves and so on. The
apparatus used are a set of IS Sieves of sizes-80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm, 31.5mm, 25mm,
20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm, 4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm,
300µm, 150µm and 75µm. Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 to 0.2 percent of
the weight of the test sample. The sample for sieving should be prepared from the larger
sample either by quartering or by means of a sample divider or by simpler methods. The test
sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110±5°c and weighed accordingly.
The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves as described above. On completion of
sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed with respect to total material taken initially.
Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the total
sample weight to get the final value. Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative
percentage of aggregates retained on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100 as given by the
formulae. The results should be calculated and reported as the cumulative percentage by
weight of the total sample to get easy comparison of all. The percentages by weight of the
total sample passing through one sieve and retained on the next smaller sieve, should be
nearest to 0.1 percent. The results of the sieve analysis may be recorded graphically on a
semi- log graph with particle size as abscissa (log scale) and the percentage smaller than the
specified diameter as ordinate.

3. 2. 2. 2. Specific Gravity
Obtain approximately 500 g of aggregate material passing the No. 4 (4. 75 mm) sieve and
prepare the material. Dry the material until it maintains a constant mass that may indicate that
all the water has left out the sample. Drying should occur in an oven regulated at 230 ° F
(110°C±5°C). Cool the aggregate to a comfortable handling temperature. Immerse the
aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 15 to 18 hours. Dry the sample to a
saturated surface dry (SSD) condition. Spread sample on a flat, non-absorbent surface and stir
it occasionally to assist in homogeneous drying in favourable conditions of temperature. A
current of warm air may also be used to assist drying procedure as described by the codal
procedure. The air current (typically from a blow dryer) should not blow the sample off the
non-absorbent surface. Throughout this drying process, the aggregate should be repeatedly
tested for a SSD condition using the Cone Test as follows:
Fill a cone-shaped metal mould to overflow with drying aggregate and then lightly tamp the
aggregate into the mould with 25 light drops of a small metal tamper Remove loose aggregate
from the outside of the mould and carefully lift the mould vertically with utmost care. If
surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain its moulded shape easily. When
the aggregate achieves an SSD condition, it will slump slowly to a small value. Upon the first
test where slumping occurs, record the weight of the aggregate as SSD mass.
a) Coarse Aggregates: The aggregate which is retained over IS Sieve 4.75 mm is termed as
coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregates may be of following types :-
I) Crushed graves or stone obtained by crushing of gravel or hard stone.
ii) Uncrushed gravel or stone resulting from the natural disintegration of rocks.
iii) Partially crushed gravel obtained as product of blending of above two types.

The normal maximum size is gradually 10-20 mm, however particle sizes up to 30 mm or
more have been used in Self Compacting Concrete. Gap graded aggregates are frequently
better than those continuously graded, which might expensive grader internal friction and
give reduced flow and reliability. Regarding the characteristics of different types of
aggregate, crushed aggregates, classified aggregates tend to improve the strength because of
interlocking of angular particles, while rounded aggregates improved the flow because of
lower internal friction.
Locally available coarse aggregate having the maximum size of 10 mm was used in this work
as SCC are best understood at the size of aggregates of 10mm. The aggregates were washed
to remove dust and dirt and were dried to surface dry condition as is possible. The aggregates
were tested as per IS: 383-1970 recommended. Specific gravity and other properties of coarse
aggregates are given in Table 3.2. The sieve analysis of coarse aggregate was done according
to the procedure given by IS: 383-1970. Table 3.3 shows the result of sieve analysis.
Proportioning of coarse aggregates was done and fineness modulus was obtained.

Table 4: Properties of Coarse Aggregate

S. No. Characteristics Value

01 Colour Dark Grey

02 Shape Angular

03 Maximum Size 10mm

04 Specific Gravity 2.68

05 Water absorption in percent 0.51%

 Table 5: Sieve Analysis
Cumulative
Weight Cumulative Cumulative
S.No. IS Sieve size %age
Retained(gm) weight(gm) %age retained
passing
01 20 0 0 0 100
02 16 0 0 0 100
03 12.5 1272 1275 25 75
04 10 565 1815 36.25 63.75
05 4.75 160 4120 83.5 17.55

06 Pan 890 5000 100 0

a) Specific Gravity:-
Weight of the sample = 1 kg
Weight of the Sample + vessel +water (A) = 2.75 kg
Weight of the sample + water (B) =2.42 kg
Weight of surf ace dry sample (C) = 0.833 kg
W eight of oven dry sample (D) = 1.35 kg
Specific Gravity=D/{C-(A-B)} = 2.68

b) Bulk Density :-
Weight of container = 1. 25 kg
W eight of container + aggregates = 16.85 kg
Capacity of container = 15 litres
Weight of aggregates = 14.90 kg
Density of aggregates = 1.45 kg/ltr
Unit weight of aggregates = 15 kN/m3
b) Void Ratio:
Specific gravity of coarse aggregates = 2.65
Bulk density of coarse aggregates = 1.45
Percentage of void ratio = (Gs-ρs)/Gs*100
= 45.28%

Figure 2: coarse aggregates

3.2.3 Fine Aggregate:
Fine aggregates are the materials consisting of natural sand or crushed stone with most
particles passing through a 3/8 inch sieve. Zone-II sand was used for this project. The sand
was tested as per (IS 383-1987). The aggregates most of which pass through 4.75mm IS sieve
and retained on 0.075mm sieve are known as fine aggregates. The fine aggregate may be of
following types:
i) Natural sand: fine aggregate resulting from natural disintegration of rocks and
which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
ii) Crushed stone sand: fine aggregate produced by crushing natural stone.
iii) Crushed gravel sand: fine aggregate produced by crushing hard gravel.
According to size classification, the fine aggregate may be described as coarse, medium and
fine sands. Depending upon the particle size distribution IS: 383-1987 has divided the fine
aggregate: grading zones (Grade I to IV). The grading zones become progressively finer from
grading zone I to IV based on the particle size.
I have chosen naturally available sand which is used as fine aggregate in the present work.
The most common constituent of sand is silica, usually in the form of quartz, which is
chemical inert, hard and durable. The soil is free from clayey matter, silt and organic
impurities etc which can hinder the basic properties of fine aggregates. Hence finally selected
as a fine aggregate in the concrete. The size of sand is that passing through 4.75 and retained
on 75 micron IS sieve. The specific gravity of Sand is calculated as 2.46. Sand is tested for
specific gravity, in accordance with the references of IS: 2386-1963.
 Table 6: Specification of fine Aggregates
%age passing of Grading Zone
Sieve size
I II III IV
10mm 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 90-100
1.18mm 30-70 55-90 80-100 90-100
600µm 15-35 35-62 60-81 85-100
300µm 6-20 9-30 13-40 16-50
150µm 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15

In this experimental program, fine aggregate was locally procured and conformed to the
Standard Specifications IS: 383-1987 as is recommended. The sand was sieved through 4.75
mm sieve to remove any particles greater than 4.75 mm and conforming to grading zone II
specified. It was coarse sand light brown in colour without any foreign material present.
Sieve analysis and physical properties of fine aggregate are tested as per IS: 383-1970 and the
results are calculated and are shown in Tables.

Table 7: Sieve analysis of line aggregates

Cumulative Cumulative
Weight Percentage
Sieve size (mm) weight retained percentage
retained (gm) finer/passing
(gm) retained (gm)
4.75 3 3 3 99.8
2.36 7.55 9.25 0.913 99.13
1.18 54.77 63.17 6.71 94.17
600µ 498.48 561.66 56.31 44.95
300µ 398.17 961.33 97.11 22
150µ 35.17 996.11 99.22 3.9
Pan 4.66 999.12 100 0

Fine modulus=261 / 100 = 2.61, which means it is medium sand

Acceptable limit = 2.2 to 3
Thus, a fineness modulus of Aggregates has been obtained.
As the Percentage passing 600µ sieve is between 35-59.Thus, it is in zone II of gradation.
Table 8: Sieve Analysis fine aggregate

S.no. Characteristics Value

01. Specific Gravity 2.46

02. Fineness Modulus 2.61

03 Water Absorption (%) 1.1

3.2.4 Super plasticizer
Masterglenium SKY 8630 super plasticizer was used in this dissertation. It is the only
superplasticizer which can produce smart and dynamic concrete or self compacting concrete
with inbuild Viscosity Modifying admixture. It is an admixture of a new generation
plasticizer based on some modified poly carboxylic ethers. The product has been primarily
developed for applications in high performance concrete where the highest durability and
performance is required without interfering the basic properties of the concrete. It is free from
chlorides and low alkali elements. It can be used with all types of cements available in the
market. That is why I have chosen this super plasticizer.

Various properties of Masterglenium SKY 8630 can be described as :

 It can reduce vibrations and labour cost to a larger extent.
 It can increase the early and ultimate strengths.
 It may increase modulus of elasticity.
 It can improve adhesion between steel and concrete.
 It can increase durability to a maximum value by reducing permeability.

Figure 3: Photograph showing the addition of superplasticizer in the concrete.

3.2.5 Fly-ash
Fly ash is a kind of ash which is extracted from flue gases through Electrostatic precipitator
in dry form or in solid form. This ash is fine material & possesses good Pozzolanic property
in response to the strength and durability of the concrete. Fly ash is complex material having
wide range of chemical, physical and mineralogical composition in its structure. The use of
fly ash in Portland cement concrete (PCC) has many benefits and improves concrete
performance in both the fresh as well as in the hardened state. Fly ash use in concrete
improves the workability of plastic concrete or fresh concrete, and the strength and durability
of hardened concrete after its completion process. While choosing Fly ash it should be
remembered that the use of fly ash is also cost effective. When fly ash is added to concrete,
the amount of Portland cement should be reduced so that there would not be any impact on
the water cement ratio of concrete. Generally, fly ash benefits fresh concrete by reducing the
mixing water requirement and improving the paste behaviour in most of the cases checking
during consistency test. Class F fly ash confirmed to Indian Standards (IS : 3812-2003) was
used as a mineral powder as it contains some essential minerals which can enhance the
strength of fly ash concrete. The fly ash was used due to its additional strength contributing
Pozzolanic activity and silica fume was used as a property enhancing material. The chemical
properties of fly ash presented in Table 8

Table 9: Chemical properties of fly ash

Property Fly Ash

(SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O)% by mass 92.369
SiO2 % by mass 53.37
MgO % by mass 0.79
Total Alkali(Na2O+K2O) % by mass 0.74
Sulphuric Anhydride % by mass 0.14
Al2O3 % by mass 28.55
Fe2O3 % by mass 5.34

3.2.6 Water:-
As per IS 456-2000, portable water is majorly considered for satisfactory results for mixing
and curing of concrete. The water taken should be clean and free from visible harmful
impurities such as oil, alkali, acid, etc. As we know water is an important ingredient of
concrete, which not only actively participates in the hydration of cement but also contributes
to the workability of fresh concrete. Cement is a mixture of complex compounds, the reaction
of cement with water leads to its setting and hardening properties with respect to time. All
compounds present in the cement are anhydrous but when brought into contact with the water
they get hydrolyzed, forming hydrated compounds with respect to each other and especially
with water. The two principal functions of water in a concrete mix are to provide proper
hydration and improve workability with an ease. Too much of water causes a loss of strength
by upsetting the water cement ratio thereby, careful attention should be taken towards water
cement ratio. Water which is free from acids, alkalis, oils, and organic materials doesn’t harm
the properties of concrete. Sea water is not suitable for use in making steel-reinforced
concrete because of the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement, particularly in warm and
humid environmental conditions. The locally available potable water, which is free from
concentration of acid and organic substances, is used for mixing the concrete. The specific
gravity of water is taken as 1.00.

3.2.7 Recron 3S Fibres

Recron-3S fibre has a triangular cross section with cut length of 6/12/18 mm which is being
widely used in the Indian Construction industry market. Its usage has been widely increased
due to its increasing tensile strength nature in concrete. The important thing about using this
fibre is its proportioning with respect to concrete without affecting much to the self
compactibility of the self compacting concrete.

3.2.7.1 ROLE OF RECRON-3S PIBRES

Prevention in micro cracks
Recron 3s prevents the micro shrinkage cracks developed during hydration, making the
structure/plaster/component inherently stronger and durable. Further, when the loads imposed
on concrete approach to that of failure, cracks will propagate and widen very rapidly
sometimes. Thus the addition of Recron-3s to the concrete and plaster arrests cracking caused
by volume change (expansion and contraction), simply because 1 kg of Recron-3s offers
millions of fibres which support mortar/concrete in all directions within the respective limits.
Water which is used in mixing the concrete must be clean as described in the above section.
Reduction in water migration
A structure free from micro cracks prevents migration of water or moisture through-out the
concrete increasing the life span of the structure. Also with less development of cracks the
steel is said to be protected having no contact with outside atmospheric conditions. Thus the
overall result of using fibres like recro-3 helps and prevents the corrosion of steel used for
primary reinforcement of the structure and the durability of the same. Therefore the durability
of the structure is increased to a max or in other words we can say that the longevity of the
structure prevails.
Reduction in rebound loss
Recron-3s fibre reduces rebound "splattering"of concrete and shotcrete whatever to be used
for any purpose of construction. This reduces wastage of mortar and speeds up the pace of
work progress during the development of the project. More importantly it saves a great deal
of labour employed for the job and the safety of the labours as well. The advantages are
higher when plastering is in progress at higher floors, ceilings and out-side surfaces of the
buildings and many more. The modulus of elasticity of Recron-3s is high with respect to the
modulus of elasticity of the concrete or mortar binder used commonly. Recron-3s fibre helps
in increasing flexural strength which is the basic requirement of the said fibre. The post
cracking behaviour has shown its ability to continue to absorb energy as fibres pull out and
provides enough durability to with stand with the external forces or agencies.

3.2.7.2 APPLICATIONS
Recron-3s fibres has find its applications in wide variety of daily uses in concrete elements
such as RC and PC lintel, beam, column, flooring and wall plastering; foundations, tanks,
manhole cover and tiles; plastering roads and pavements; hollow blocks and precast elements
and many more. The biggest advantages of using recron-3s is it increases life span or
durability of the member to be constructed in one or different construction procedures.

3.2.7.3 DIRECTIONS FOR USE

Sprinkle the fibre in site mixer with little water no extra wetting of the fibre. Keep rotating
and add chips, sand, cement and balance water. Mix it for a few minutes. In case of manual
mixing, for best results mix half the fibre in a bucket of water, stir well and mix in mortar.
Like-wise add balance fibre. Recron-3s is meant for improving the quality of construction,
savings on wastage and for speeding up the work place. Recron-3s is meant for secondary
reinforcement only.

Table 10: properties of Recron-3S fibre

S.no. Property Value

01 Type CT2012 &CT2024
02 Length 12mm
03 Cross section Triangular
04 Effective diameter 35-40 microns
05 Melting point 190-235°C
06 Flash point >321°C
07 Relative density 0.93-1.120 g/cm3
08 Colour White
09 Tensile strength 350 MPa

3.2.8 VMA (viscosity modifying agent)

VMA, also known as anti washout admixture, was used to enhance the SCC resistance to
segregation and bleeding and make it durable. At constant water-to-binder ratio (w/b) the
addition of VMA causes a decrease of mortar flow and an increase of flow time or workable
time. At the same time yield stress and plastic viscosity are increased respectively. At a
constant dosage of Superplasticizer (SP) mixtures with VMA require a higher w/b to keep the
same flow properties as the reference mixtures without VMA and without changing the basic
criteria for the same. In spite of the higher w/b flow time and plastic viscosity respectively
are only slightly reduced in order to follow IS standards. This property is especially
beneficial for the production of stabilizer-type self-compacting concrete where the amount of
fines can be reduced with the use of VMA and increase stability. However, only the use of
VMA, SP and ST leads to smaller changes of flow when w/b is changed to the extent where
stability is concerned. The organic VMA show almost no influence on early cement hydration
and the development of compressive strength since it may show ultimate strength. However,
the inorganic VMA cause an acceleration of hydration and higher compressive strength at the
age of 1 day comparative to the organic.

3.3 Tests on Concrete

Many different test methods have been developed in attempts to characterise the properties of
SCC in one or different way. So far no single method or combination of methods has
achieved universal approval and most of them have their adherents and some are dominant.
Similarly no single method has been found which characterises all the relevant workability
aspects, so each mix design should be tested by more than one test method for the different
workability parameters to find best suitable approach in achieving the best results in the
concrete.

S.no. Method Property

01 Slump flow Filling ability
02 J-Ring Passing ability
03 V-Funnel Filling ability
04 L-Box Passing ability

Table 11: Acceptance criteria for Self-Compacting Concrete

S.no. Method Unit Minimum Maximum

01 Slump Flow Mm 565 800

02 J-Ring Mm 0 10

03 V-Funnel Sec 4 12
 1204 L-Box H2/H1 0.75 1.0

3.3.1. Test for Workability

Workability is the ability of fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mould properly with
desired work designed by the architect or by an engineer and without reducing the concrete's
quality by giving extra vibrations or doesn’t follow IS standards. As we know workability
depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), cementitious content
(binding agent) and age (level hydration) and can be modified by adding certain chemical
admixtures. Raising the water content adding chemical admixtures will increase concrete
workability to a greater extent. Excessive water will lead increased bleeding and segregation
of aggregates (when the cement and aggregates starts separate), with the resulting concrete
having reduced quality. The use of an aggregate with undesirable gradation can result in a
very harsh mix design with a very low slump, which can be readily made more workable by
addition of reasonable amounts of water. Workability can be measured by performing the
slump test.

3.3.1.1 Slump flow test

The slump flow test is used assess the horizontal free flow of Self Compacting Concrete in
the absence of obstructions to provide a uniform free surface of concrete. It was first
developed in Japan for use in assessment of underwater concrete construction procedures.
The test method is based on the test method for determining the slump value which is best
suited for SCC. This is a simple but rapid test method and only two persons can do it easily if
T50 time is to be measured. It can be done on site as well as in laboratory depending on the
level surface where base plate is levelled. It gives a great assessment of filling ability and
indicates the ability of the concrete to pass through congested reinforcement with blockage.

The test consists of various equipments that may include; mould in the shape of a truncated
cone with internal diameter 200mm at base, 100 mm diameter at the top and a height of
300mm. Base plate should be stiff and non-absorbing material atleast 700mm square shaped
marked with a circle at the centre and further concentric circles of 500mm diameter. Other
equipments are Trowel, Scoop, Ruler and Stopwatch(optional).

Procedure for test

About 5 to 6 litres of concrete is needed to perform the test efficiently, sampled normally.
Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone so that there is easy passage of concrete,
place base plate on level stable ground and the slump cone centrally on the base plate and
hold down firmly without changing the original position at the centre of the plate. Fill the
cone with the help of scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the top of
the cone with the trowel with constant force. Remove any extra concrete from around the
base of the cone cleanly. Raise the cone vertically with constant speed and allow the concrete
to flow out freely on the base plate. In case of severe segregation most coarse aggregate will
remain in the centre of the pool of concrete and mortar and cement paste at the concrete
periphery. In case of minor segregation a border of mortar without coarse aggregate can
occur at the edge of the pool of concrete. If none of these phenomena appear it is no
assurance that segregation will not occur since this is a time related aspect that can occur after
a longer period. Start the stop watch and record the time taken by the concrete to reach 0mm
spread circle(T50 time). The T50 time is secondary indication of flow, if less means greater
flow ability and if more time taken means less ability. The Brite EuRam research had
suggested that a time of 3-7 seconds is accepted for civil engineering applications and 2-5
seconds for housing projects. At the end measure the diameter of the flow.

Figure 4: slump flow diagram with dimensions

Figure 5: photograph showing laboratory practical of Slump flow

3.3.1.2. V-Funnel test
The equipment consists of V-shaped funnel section and also circular section and is also used
in Japan used by Ozawa et al. The described v-funnel test is used to determine the filling
ability (flowability) of the concrete in which the maximum size of aggregates is limited to
20mm. The funnel is filled with about 12 litres of concrete and the time taken for it to flow
through the apparatus is measured. After this the funnel can be refilled concrete and left for 5
minutes to settle uniformly in the said funnel. If the concrete shows some sort of segregation
then the flow time will increase significantly.
Though the test is designed to measure flowability, the result is affected by concrete
properties also other than flow. The inverted cone shape will cause any liability of the
concrete to block to be reflected in the result if for example there is too much coarse
aggregate used in the test. High flow time can also be associated with low deformability due
to a high paste viscosity, and with high inter-particle function. While the apparatus is simple,
the effect of the angle of the funnel and the wall effect on the flow of concrete is not clear.
About 12 litres of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the V-funnel
on firm ground. Moisten the inside surface of the funnel. Keep the trapdoor to allow any
surplus water to drain. Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath. Fill the apparatus
completely with the concrete without compacting or tamping; simply strike off the concrete
level with the top with the trowel. Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the
concrete to flow out under gravity. Start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and
record the time for the complete discharge (the flow time). This is taken to be when light is
seen from above through the funnel. The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.
This test measures the ease of flow of concrete, shorter flow time indicates greater flow
ability. For SCC a flow time of 10 seconds is considered appropriate.
 Figure 6: Diagrams and photograph showing V-funnel test

3.4 MOULDS
Various metallic moulds were used in the present dissertation work. The inner dimensions of
moulds were used for casting of beams to check the necessary tensile strength are
100x100x500 mm and 150x150x150 mm cube moulds were used for casting of the cubes to
check the necessary compressive strength. Moulds are the necessary things in which the sizes
are specific to check any necessary strength correspondence with the compressive strength
and tensile strength respectively. In moulds the required mix is placed with proper procedure
and necessary curing is also provided to check the necessary strengths at respective timings
as per IS standards. The forms of moulding that holds the concrete in place should be left for
two days until it dries completely. If the forms are removed rapidly, the concrete can show
various errors like, sag, crack and collapse especially if temperature is going to affect the
strength of the concrete.
 Figure 7: Photographs of different moulds

3.5 Mix Design for SCC

All the concrete mixes were designed as per the guidelines of IS code 10262.
Grade of designation = 25 N/mm3
Type of cement = OPC 43 grade
Nominal maximum size of aggregates = 20mm
Exposure conditions = severe
Maximum cement content = 400 kg
Chemical admixture Superplasticizer = PC base
Test result data on the material
Cement used = OPC 43 grade
Specific gravity of cement = 3.14
Specific gravity of CA = 2.68
Specific gravity of FA = 2.65
Specific gravity of admixture = 1.10 (IS-9103)
Specific gravity of fly-ash = 2.25
Water absorption of CA = 0.6%age
Water absorption of FA = 1.2 %age
Free (surface moisture)
(i) Coarse = nil
(ii) Fine = nil
%age of FA passing from 150mm = 6.90%age
Target Strength for Mix Proportion
Fck'= Fck + 1.65*S = 31.65 N/mm2 (fck = 25, S = 4)
Fck'= Fck + 6.5 = 30.85 N/mm2
Maximum of these =31.65 N/mm2
Approximate air content = 1.5 %age (for 10 mm)
Selection of water cement ration =0.48(taking as max)
Water content =200 kg/m3
Cementitious content = 417 kg/m3 (200/0.48 = 417)
%age of fly-ash = 30 % (as 25-35% is allowed)
The cement content of 417 kg/m3 can be further divided into OPC and fly ash. Generally fly
ash content of 25 to 50 percent is adopted for SCC. In this illustration, as the cement content
is on the higher side, the fly ash content is taken as 30 percent. Therefore, the OPC content is
for 295 kg/m3 and fly-ash content will be 130 kg/m3

Fly-ash content = 130 kg/m3

Cement content =295 kg/m3
%age of admixture content = 0.6 %
Admixture content = 2.502 kg/m3 (0. 6/100 * 417)

SELECTION OF POWDER CONTENT AND FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT

Select total powder content = 492 kg/m3
Fines required to be contributed by Fine aggregate = total powder content-(fly ash content
Cement content) = 492 - (130+295) = 67 kg/m3
Therefore, Powder required in FA = 67 (taken as 70) kg/m3

Check for Powder content

Powder in FA = 70 kg/m3
%age of FA = 0.9 %
Fine aggregates = 778 kg/m3 (70/0.09)
Cement content = 295 kg/m3
Water content=200 kg/m3
Fly ash = 130 kg/m3
Admixture = 2.502 kg/m3
Air content = 1.5%
Volume or coarse aggregates
Let Vca be the volume or coarse aggregate.
Assuming 1 m3 of concrete, Vca = (1-air content)-(vol of water + vol of cement + vol of fly
ash + vol of admixture + volume of fine aggregate)
= 0.985-(0.15+0.085+0.065+0.0342+0.040)
=0.06108m3
Mass of CA= 703.1259 kg/m3
Calculation of powder content
Vol of powder content = vol of OPC + vol of fly ash + vol of portion of fine aggregate 0. 125
mm=0.20m3

Ratio of water/powder =0.95 (0.190/0.2)

Final Quantities per meter cube
Cement content = 295 kg/m3
Fly-ash content = 130 kg/m3
Water content= 200 kg/m3
Fine aggregates= 778 kg/m3
Coarse aggregates = 703 kg/m3
Admixture content = 2.502 kg/m3

3.6 Mixing of SCC

Materials were mixed in an electrically operated mixer. The accurate amount of cement, fly-
ash, sand, coarse aggregates were measured by digital weighing machine. Course aggregates
and sand are mixed in the mixer initially. Then the cement and fly-Ash mixed with recron-3s
fibres are placed into the mixer followed by some measured quantity of water. The remaining
water is placed into the mix and rotate the mixer and mixing is done till a desired uniform and
homogenous mix is prepared with respect to stipulated timings.

Figure 8: Tilting mixer (CONCRETE LAB)

3.7 Curing of Samples

The samples were de-moulded after 24 hours and cured for 28 days. Tap water was used for
the curing of the samples as this water is free from various types of foreign materials as
discussed above in this dissertation. The aim of the curing is to reduce the hydration of the
cement concrete and to improve the durability of self compacting concrete samples for
accurate results. This can be achieved by various methods viz, sprinkling, fogging and mist
curing. Curing is very important aspect regarding to the strength of the concrete in
compressive strength as well as in tensile strength procedures.

3.8 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

In this experimental programme, Four different types of cubes and beams with different
Percentages of Recron3s fibres, in addition to zero percentage, were casted in one or different
proportions. For every sample (i.e, for every single percentage of recron-3s fibre) 3-cubes and
3-beams were casted and the average values were considered with respect to every
experiment. The standard 150 × 150 × 150 mm size cubes of SCC and FRSCC were used to
check compressive strength and 100 × 100 × 500 mm size beams were used to check tensile
or flexural strength.
3.8.1 Compressive strength
To determine the compressive strength, normal SCC and FRSCC type of concrete were used.
The size 150 × 150 × 150mm were used to check the compressive strength and were
performed according to IS 516-1959. Cube’s compressive strength was determined by an
analogue compression testing machine having a capacity of approximately 200 tonne.
Average strength of the three specimens were considered to be the fair result of first sample.
All the cubes were tested in surface dry condition, after wiping out the surface properly
without damaging the original shape. The tests were carried out after the specimen has been
accurately centered in the testing machine so that no eccentric effect may occur. Loading was
continued constantly till the specimen fails and readings were noted down from the automatic
universal testing machine. The ultimate load divided by the cross sectional area of the
specimen is equal to the ultimate cube compressive strength of the specimen taken.
fc = P/A
Where
fc = compressive strength in MPa
P = load in Newton
A = area of the specimen in mm2

Figure 9: compressive strength measuring machine

3.8 Flexural Strength

Flexural strength also known as modulus of rupture or bend strength or transverse rupture
strength tests were carried out on the mould size of 100 × 100 × 500 mm which satisfies the
beam dimensions. It tests the ability of Unreinforced concrete beam or slab to withstand the
failure in bending. HPC prisms by subjecting the specimen to three point loading (ASTM
C78) or centre point load test (ASTM C293) to determine the flexural strength. The test setup
for the flexural strength on the prism specimen with the necessary setting is shown in figure.

The flexural strength or modulus of rupture has been calculated using the following formula:
Fr = PL/BD2
Fr = 7.5√compressive strength
Where
Fr = flexural tensile strength of the specimen in MPa.
P = maximum load in Newton applied to the specimen.
L = length in mm of the span on which the specimen was supported.
B = measured depth of the specimen in mm at the point of failure.

Figure 10: Photograph showing flexural testing sample in machine

3.9 Splitting Tensile Test (IS 516 and IS 5816)

This is an indirect test to determine the tensile strength of cylindrical specimens which split
across the vertical diameter. Splitting tensile tests were carried out on cylindrical specimens
of size 150 mm diameters and 300 mm length respectively. To avoid the direct load on the
specimen the cylindrical specimens were kept below the iron plates the load was applied
gradually till the specimens split and readings were noted at every step. The test set up for the
splitting tensile strength on the cylinder specimen, with the iron plates to avoid the direct load
in the specimen is shown in figure with patterns of typical tensile failure mode shapes of HPB
cylinder specimens are shown in figure.

Figure 11: Split tensile strength test

The splitting tensile test strength had been calculated using the following formula:
Ft = 2p/πDL
Where
Ft = splitting tensile strength of the specimen in MPa
P = maximum load in Newton applied to the specimen
D = maximum diameter of the specimen in mm, and
L = measured length of the specimen in mm.
 Figure 12: Splitting tensile strength test with sample
CHAPTER 4
TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 General
Beams and cubes were casted with various Recron-3s fibres percentage by volume for an
experimental work to understand the behaviour of various design mixes with different
proportions. The testing of every single cube or beam was achieved after 7 and 28 days of
curing of beams and cubes with required compulsory strengths during the stipulated time.
Fresh properties of normal SCC were also investigated and compared with the fresh results of
concrete mixed with different proportions of Recron-3s. All these results are interpreted and
compared with different results of SCC so that a comparative study is achieved in relation
with different mixes of concrete and Recron-3s.
4.2 Test Results
4.2.1 Fresh state test of SCC results
Fresh state test of self compacting concrete is shown in the table below-
Table 12: Fresh state results of SCC

S.No. Test Value

01 Slump (mm) 630 (550-850 recommended)

02 V-Funnel (seconds) 8 seconds (6-12 seconds recommended)

4.2.2 Effect of Recron-3s fibres on slump flow

Addition of Recron-3s fibres affected the workability of the self compacting concrete. The
results are shown in the table 11:
Table 13: Effect on slump flow

S.No. Mix Designation Slump Flow (mm)

01 0.0% 645

02 0.15% 631

03 0.25% 592

04 0.35% 576

05 0.45% 535

Slump flow
700

600

500

400 slump flow

300

200

100

0
0.00% 0.15% 0.25% 0.35% 0.45%

Figure 13: showing slump vs %age of fibres

4.2.3 Compressive Test Results

Compressive strength of the concrete was achieved by testing the cubes of size 150 × 150 ×
150 mm in the compression testing machine. Four different types of cubes were tested for a
compression test. For every sample, 3 cubes were tested and the average values were
considered for final results. The standard 150 × 150 × 150 mm size cubes of SCC and
FRSCC were tested under a compression testing machine and average values of compressive
strength which were calculated are listed in the table below:
 Table 14: compressive strength (7days)

S.No. Percentage of Recron Fibre Compressive strength (N/mm2)

01. 0.00 16.15

02 0.15 17.90

03 0.25 19.36

04 0.35 22.30

05 0.45 25.10

Compresive Strength at 7 days (N/mm2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45

Figure 14: Compressive Strength vs Percentage of Fibres

Table 16: compressive strength (28 days)

S.No. Percentage of Recron Compressive strength Percent increase

 Fibre (N/mm2)
01. 0.00 30.10 --

02 0.15 32.50 2.93

03 0.25 33.40 4.15

04 0.35 34.60 4.90

05 0.45 37.15 3.85

Compressive Strength at 28 days (N/mm2)

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45

Figure 15: Graph showing Compressive Strength vs %age of fibres

4.2.4 Flexural Test Results

The splitting Tensile Strength at various ages such as 7 days and 28 days, and at different
percentages of Recron-3s fibres are calculated by taking three samples of beam of size 100 ×
100 × 500 mm and the average value of those three are considered for the final result and are
presented in the following table:
Table 17: Flexural Strength (7 days)

S.No. Mix Design Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

01 0% 3.122
02 0.15% 3.867
03 0.25% 4.102
04 0.35% 5.010
05 0.45% 5.910

Flexural Strength at 7 days (N/mm2)

7

0
0.00% 0.15% 0.25% 0.35% 0.45%

Figure 16: Graph showing 7-day flexural strength vs percentage of fibres

Table 18: Flexural Strength (28 days)

 Flexural Strength Percent Increase
S.No. Mix Design
(N/mm2)
---
01 0% 3.91
10.2
02 0.12% 4.58
22.3
03 0.23% 5.33
31.5
04 0.32% 6.95
12.3
05 0.45% 7.66

Flexural Strength at 28 days (N/mm2)

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00% 0.12% 0.23% 0.32% 0.45%

Figure 17: Graph showing 28-day flexural strength vs percentage of fibres

4.2.4 Split Tensile Test Results
The splitting Tensile Strength at various ages such as 7-days and 28-days and at different
percentages of Recron-3s fibres are presented in the following table:
Specimen Dimensions 150 mm Dia. 300mm length Cylinder

Table 19: Splitting Tensile Strength at 7 days (N/mm2)

Split Tensile Strength
S.No. Mix Design
(N/mm2)
01 0% 2.02

02 0.15% 2.45

03 0.25% 2.75

04 0.35% 2.95

05 0.45% 3.40
 Splitting Tensile Strength at 7 days (N/mm2)
4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0.00% 0.15% 0.25% 0.35% 0.45%

Figure 18: Showing Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

Table 20: Splitting Tensile Strength in 28-days (N/mm2)

Split Tensile Percent change
S.No. Mix Design
Strength (N/mm2)
01 0% 3.40 --

02 0.12% 3.66 2.55

03 0.23% 3.98 5.70

04 0.32% 4.36 8.46

05 0.45% 4.75 5.12

 Splitting Tensile Strength at 28 days (N/mm2)
5

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0.00% 0.12% 0.23% 0.32% 0.45%

Figure 19: Showing Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)(28 days)

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSI ON
The results obtained from the various mix designs were analyzed and obtain some useful
conclusions regarding the strength characteristics of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) for
M25 grade Self Compacting Concrete. There were so many results and conclusions that can
be described in the following lines:
 By the addition of various percentages of Recron-3s fibres i.e, 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.35%,
0.45% by volume decreases the slump flow but there is much increase in the
compressive strength and tensile strength as well.
 By increasing the percentages of recron-3s above 0.45% leads to the more decrease
in the Slump flow and goes against the EFNARC guidelines.
 With the increase of Recron-3s fibres from 0% it has shown efficient increase in the
compressive strength but when the concentration is increased beyond 0.35% it shows
decline in the strength.
 Further it has been found that with increase of the compressive strength, the flexural
strength has also got increased to a greater strength at an optimum value of 0.32% of
Recron-3s.
  Also it has been found that Splitting Tensile strength of cylinder components with
varying percentages of Recron-3s fibres content increases by 8.46% at 0.32% fibre
content.

SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

 With the addition of composite fibres in the Self compacted concrete the Durability of
the construction can be increased to a larger extent.
 The effect of various percentages of the fibre like 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.35%, 0.45% were
thoroughly investigated in the study to understand the best percentage of fibre to
achieve the effective compressive strength as well as tensile strength and in the future
if new fibres are developed with greater strength and without changing the basic
strength of normal concrete then it is possible to make a new concrete which doesn’t
lose its durability to a maximum life span of the structure.
 Various types of fibres can be added in mixed form with proper proportion to unify
the required strength of any type of concrete structural component.
 With Self Compacted Concrete various new mix proportions of fibres can be used to
increase the strength of concrete by providing those fibres which doesn’t affect the
free flow of the SCC.
 The results obtained from this dissertation are helpful to determine or to find the best
suitable fibre for concrete at different place for its execution or workplace.

Chapter 6
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