Schoo! of Engineering ‘Communication Systems Laboratory Tboratory I: Band limited channels Aim: ‘To ive you sn understanding of the imput of band-limited channels onthe transmission of signals Overview: Assume tht you have a iz square waveform, changing between to A vols, as shown in Fig. 1 Gin this example A=2V) Figure 1: 4 square waveform ‘As you know from the thecry of signals and systems, an iafntebundwidi is required fr the {all ransmision ofthis signal. We apply this signal to the input of a communication channel and measure the output ofthat channel Ifthe communication channel is band-limited, a8 nearly all rea communication chanels are, then some harmonies ofthis square waveform will be Suppressed by the chanel, nd the output wll noe be the clean square waveform a yOu have a the input Fig 2 shows the 1, 3%, Sand 7" harmonies forthe square waveform above. also shows the ‘omporite signal which wosld esult athe ouput ofthe channel if all harmonics above the 7” hatmonie were suppresed ty the channel. ‘We can approximately mods! a communication chanel witha low pass filter (LPF). An LPF by Aefinton is system tha: passes low frequency signals end signticanly atemutes. high frequency signals above the cut-off (cme) frequency. The cut-off fequency ofa LPF is the Stequency at which the gait ofthe filter drop by hall compared to is passband gain (.e in dB nits it drops by SB) Fig 3 shows a simple RC fier which isa Vonder LPF, and Fig. 4 shows te frequency response of atypical I" order LPF.wt igure 2: Some harmonies ofthe waveform in Fig. 1, and the sum ofthe DC term plus he fst fw harmonics pot —L. igre 3: An RCLPF mtr Jono a Ser mete dn Figure 4A example of th freuen respons ofa 14 onder LPFEquipment: Instructions 1 2 2, 5 9. Digital Oseilloseope uneton Generator Breadboad Using the function generator, generate a square waveform that changes between O and ‘A volts, Choose A tobe 5 volts and the frequency ofthe waveform as 1000 Ha. Use the Math, FFT function of the digital oscilloscope to view the spectrum of the ‘waveform. Adjust the span, central frequeney and source so that you can capture & clear spectrum. Yor should be able to see the frst, third and fifth harmonics, Use the Cursor of the oscilloscope and note the magnitude ofthe first 3 harmonics. You need to use thse values to see if the rato of observe values matches the ratio of theoretical values (you can do this part at home). Hint: use the Fourier series equation {or the square wave for calculating the theoretical values, CConstruet a low pas filer using the ciruit diagram as show in Figue 3. Your target cetoft(f) frequency is 800 Hz, You need to pick the right RC combination (please check the eapacitar we have inthe ab and then adjust the resistor value) that would tive the target cut-off frequency. Generate a sinewave signal with peak to peak amplitude of $ volts and a frequency (2)0f 100 He, Conseet this signal to the input of the circuit and observe the output on cillosope. Compute the gain Change the frequency ofthe input signal (¢8, fa 2M Mf) and collect enough sample points, so that when you plot them on excel, it gives you a shape similar to Figure 4 Based on the observed data, what i the eut-ff frequeney of your eiteuit? Using time domain and FFT, show what happens when your input signal has a feequeney above the cutof fequency? ‘What are the common applications of low pas filters in communication systems? Report: ‘A formal report required. Only one report i required per group and «proper cover page ‘ust be attached, You can ind a eport template on BB. Please submit both the har and sot thn two weeks after completion of lab activites. Penalty: 10% of marks per day for ate submission.