THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTILATERAL

ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

Theory and Practice

 AGENDA 21
(Rio de Janeiro 1992)
Ch. 39 – International Legal Instruments and
Mechanisms

39.3 Specific objectives are:

……………..
(f) “To improve the effectiveness of institutions,
mechanisms and procedures for the
administration of agreements and
instruments.“
EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTILATERAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS
1. legal effectiveness (“output”)

2. behavioral effectiveness (“outcome”)

3. ecological effectiveness (“impact”)

 CITES Trade Embargoes
for inadequate national legislation,1992-2016
Italy 1992-1995
Greece 1998-1999
Guyana 1999
Senegal 1999-2000
Yemen 2002
Vietnam 2002
Fiji 2002-2003
Equatorial Guinea 2004
Mozambique 2004
Sierra Leone 2004
Algeria 2004
Panama 2004
Central African Republic 2004
Gambia 2004-2005
India 2004-2005
Rwanda 2004-2010, 2012
Nigeria 2012
Comoros 2012
Samoa 2012
Paraguay 2012
Somalia 2004-
Djibouti 2004-
Mauritania 2004-
Liberia 2004-2008, 2016-
Guinea-Bissau 2004-2008, 2016-
UNEP Regional Seas
“ecological epistemic community”

Peter Haas, Saving the Mediterranean:

The Politics of International
Environmental Cooperation
1990
CITES Membership
 CITES Trade Embargoes
for inadequate national legislation,1992-2016
Italy 1992-1995
Greece 1998-1999
Guyana 1999
Senegal 1999-2000
Yemen 2002
Vietnam 2002
Fiji 2002-2003
Equatorial Guinea 2004
Mozambique 2004
Sierra Leone 2004
Algeria 2004
Panama 2004
Central African Republic 2004
Gambia 2004-2005
India 2004-2005
Rwanda 2004-2010, 2012
Nigeria 2012
Comoros 2012
Samoa 2012
Paraguay 2012
Somalia 2004-
Djibouti 2004-
Mauritania 2004-
Liberia 2004-2008, 2016-
Guinea-Bissau 2004-2008, 2016-
“Special Permit” Pelagic Catches by Japan in the North Pacific 2001-2014

Year Sperm Sei Bryde’s Minke Total

whales whales whales whales

2001 8 1 50 100 159

2002 5 40 50 102 197
2003 10 50 50 100 210
2004 3 100 51 100 254
2005 5 100 50 101 256
2006 6 101 51 100 258
2007 3 100 50 100 253
2008 2 100 50 59 211
2009 1 101 50 43 195
2010 3 100 50 14 167
2011 1 96 50 49 196
2012 3 100 34 74 211
2013 1 100 28 3 132
2014 0 90 25 0 115

Overall
total: 51 1179 639 945 2814
 CITES Reservations on Cetaceans in Appendix I
(North Pacific)
updated on 5 June 2015

CETACEA
(Dolphins, porpoises, whales)

Balaenopteridae
(rorquals)

Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Arctic minke whale) Iceland 02/04/2000

(except the population of West Greenland, which Japan 01/01/1986
is included in Appendix II) Norway 01/01/1986
Palau 15/07/2004

Balaenoptera borealis (sei whale) Iceland 02/04/2000

Balaenoptera borealis (sei whale) Japan 06/06/1981

[reservation not applicable to populations: Norway 06/06/1981
a) in North Pacific; and
b) in areas from 0 to 70 degrees east longitude and
from the equator to the Antarctic Continent]

Balaenoptera edeni (Bryde’s whale) Japan 29/07/1983

Balaenoptera omurai (“) Japan 29/07/1983

Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale) Iceland 02/04/2000

Japan 06/06/1981

Balaenoptera musculus (blue whale) Iceland 02/04/2000

Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) Iceland 02/04/2000

Saint Vincent and the 28/02/1989
Grenadines

Physeteridae
(sperm whales)

Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale) Iceland 02/04/2000

Japan 06/06/1981
Norway 06/06/1981
Palau 15/07/2004
Kujira-ya Restaurant, Menu (Tokyo): Sei whale

yummy yummy

http://www.kujiraya.co.jp/dish/cuisine.html