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Matrix Inversion Techniques

This document discusses the inverse of a matrix. It defines the inverse of an n x n matrix A as another matrix A-1 such that AA-1 = In = A-1A, where In is the n x n identity matrix. [It notes that a matrix is invertible if it has an inverse, which occurs if and only if the matrix is square and its determinant is not equal to 0.] Examples are provided to illustrate calculating the inverse of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices using different methods, such as Gauss-Jordan elimination or using minors, cofactors and adjoints. The inverse of a matrix can be used to solve systems of linear equations.

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Jairus Rodan Carino
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172 views6 pages

Matrix Inversion Techniques

This document discusses the inverse of a matrix. It defines the inverse of an n x n matrix A as another matrix A-1 such that AA-1 = In = A-1A, where In is the n x n identity matrix. [It notes that a matrix is invertible if it has an inverse, which occurs if and only if the matrix is square and its determinant is not equal to 0.] Examples are provided to illustrate calculating the inverse of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices using different methods, such as Gauss-Jordan elimination or using minors, cofactors and adjoints. The inverse of a matrix can be used to solve systems of linear equations.

Uploaded by

Jairus Rodan Carino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

INVERSE OF A MATRIX

Definition:
Let A be an n x n matrix and let In be the n x n identity matrix. If there exists a matrix A-1 such that
AA-1 = In = A-1A
then A-1 is called the inverse of A. The symbol is read A-1 “inverse.”

Notes:
• If a matrix has an inverse, is called invertible (or nonsingular); otherwise, is called singular.
• A nonsquare matrix cannot have an inverse.
• Not all square matrices have inverses. If, however, a matrix does have an inverse, that inverse is unique.

Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix


If A is a 2x2 matrix given by

then A is invertible if and only if ad-bc ≠ 0. Moreover, if ad-bc ≠ 0, the inverse is given by

Example:
Given:
3 1
[ ]
4 2
Determine the inverse of the matrix.

1 2 −1
𝐴−1 = [ ]
(3)(2) − (4)(1) −4 3
1 2 −1 1 −1/2
𝐴−1 = [ ]= [ ]
2 −4 3 −2 3/2
Prove:
AA-1 = In = A-1A
3 1 1 −1/2 1 0
[ ] [ ]= [ ]
4 2 −2 3/2 0 1

Inverse of a 3x3 Matrix and Higher


• Using Gauss-Jordan
• Using Minors, Cofactors and Adjoints

Inverse of a matrix can also be used in solving systems of linear equation through:
Ax = B
[A] [A] x = [A]-1B
-1

x = [A]-1B
Inverse using Gauss-Jordan Method
1. Set-up an augmented matrix (coefficient matrix augmented with its identity matrix)
2. Compute for x
Given:
w + 6x + 3y – 3z = 2
2w + 7x + y + 2z = 5
w + 5x + 3y – 3x = 3
-6x -2y + 3z = 6
Determine the values of w, x, y and z.
Step 1: Set-up an augmented matrix (coefficient matrix augmented with its identity matrix)
Step 2: Compute for x
x = [A]-1B

w=20; x =-1; y=-12; z=-8


Therefore, the values for w, x, y and z are 20, -1, -12 and -8 respectively

Inverse using Minors, Cofactors and Adjoints


1. Find the determinant of [A]
2. Find the minors and determinants of each element of the coefficient matrix
3. Find the cofactor
4. Transpose the cofactor (adjoint)
5. Compute for the [A-1]
6. Compute for x
Given:
x1 – 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + x2 – x3 = 5
3x1 – x2 + 2x3 = 12
Determine the values of x1, x2 and x3.
Step 1: Find the determinant of [A]

det [A] = (2+6+(-2)) – (3+1+(-8))


det [A] = 10
Step 2: Find the minors and determinants of each element of [A] (coefficient matrix)

Minors of each element

Determinant of each minor

The sign assignation is in preparation for determining the cofactor


Step 3: Find the cofactor

Step 4: Transpose the cofactor (adjoint)

Step 5: Compute for the [A -1]


Step 6: Compute for x
x = [A]-1B

x1 = 3; x2 = 1; x3 = 2
Therefore, the values for x1, x2 and x3 are 3, 1 and 2 respectively.
No: Name: Schedule: Score:
____ Inverse Method Activity Target Deadline: 7April2020

1. Determine the values of the variables by Inverse using Gauss-Jordan Method

2. Determine the values of the variables by Inverse using minors, cofactors and adjoints method
w + 6x + 3y – 3z = 2
2w + 7x + y + 2z = 5
w + 5x + 3y – 3x = 3
-6x -2y + 3z = 6

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