SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIOS

UP TO THREE VARIABLES

INVERSE MATRIX METHOD

Consider the set of linear equations:

Write the equations in the form of matrix:

𝑨 𝑿 = 𝑩

𝟏
Therefore, 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 Hence, 𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 where 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨
𝑨
Steps for Finding the Inverse of a Matrix (𝑨−𝟏 )

1) Write the equations in matrix form, 𝑨 𝑿 = 𝑩

2) Find the determinant of matrix A
3) Calculate each element of Minor matrix A
4) Turn the Minor matrix A into Cofactor matrix
5) Form the Adjoint matrix A by transposing the Cofactor matrix
6) Divide each element of the Adjoint by the determinant of A

𝟏
𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝑨, 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨
𝑨

7) Find the value of X 𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩

EXAMPLE 1
Solve the following simultaneous linear equations using Inverse Matrix method.

SOLUTION
Write the equations in matrix form, 𝑨 𝑿 = 𝑩
1

𝑨 𝑿 = 𝑩
2 Find the determinant of matrix A

Remember
3 Calculate each element of Minor matrix A Minor of an element aij is
the determinant of the
Minor A =  m11 m12

m13 

matrix formed by deleting
 m 21 m 22 m 23  the i th row and j th column
m m33 
 31 m32

Minor A = −5 −2 27
−20 −8 −1
22 −13 12
4 Turn the Minor matrix A into Cofactor matrix

   −5 −2 27
Apply   into Minor matrix A =
   −20 −8 −1
  
  22 −13 12
5 Form the Adjoint matrix A by transposing the Cofactor matrix

−5 2 27 Adjoint is the transpose

Cofactor = 20 −8 1 of the Cofactor
22 13 12
6 Divide each element of the Adjoint by the determinant of A

1
Inverse matrix of A, A-1 = ( Adj[ A])
A
Find value of X
Find the value of X
7
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

Answer: x = 2 y = -1 z = 3
 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4
Solve the system of linear equations by using
EXAMPLE 2 Inverse Matrix Method 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5

SOLUTION
STEP 1 Write the equations in matrix form, 𝑨 𝑿 = 𝑩

1 3 3 𝑋 4
2 −3 −2 𝑌 = 2
3 1 2 𝑍 5
𝑨 𝑿 = 𝑩
STEP 2 Find the Determinant of A, 𝑨

−3 −2 2 −2 2 −3
𝐴 =1 −3 +3
1 2 3 2 3 1
𝐴 = 1 −6 − −2 − 3 4 − −6 +3 2 − −9
𝐴 = 1 −4 − 3 10 + 3(11)
𝑨 = −𝟒 − 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟑𝟑 = −𝟏
 SOLUTION STEP 3 Calculate each element of Minor matrix A

Matrix A = −3 −2 𝟐 −2 𝟐 −𝟑
𝑚11 = 𝑚12 = 𝑚13 =
1 3 3 1 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 1
= −𝟔 + 𝟐 = 𝟒+𝟔 = 𝟐+𝟗
2 −3 −2 = −𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏
3 1 2
3 3 1 3 1 3
𝑚21 = 𝑚22 = 𝑚23 =
1 2 3 2 3 1
= 𝟔−𝟑 = 𝟐−𝟗 = 𝟏−𝟗
Minor A = =3 = −𝟕 = −𝟖
 m11 m12 m13 
 
 m 21 m 22 m 23  3 3 1 3 1 3
𝑚31 = 𝑚32 = 𝑚33 =
m m33 
−3 −2 2 −2 2 −3
 31 m32 = −𝟔 + 𝟗 = −𝟐 − 𝟔 = −𝟑 − 𝟔
=3 = −8 = −9

−𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐀 = 𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟖
𝟑 −𝟖 −𝟗
SOLUTION STEP 4 Turn the Minor matrix A into Cofactor matrix

Apply 𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐀 𝐂𝐨𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐀

   −𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
  𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟖
−𝟒 −𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
   𝟑 −𝟖 −𝟗
−𝟑 −𝟕 𝟖
𝟑 𝟖 −𝟗
  
 
STEP 5 Form the Adjoint matrix A by transposing the Cofactor matrix

𝐂𝐨𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐀
𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐀
−𝟒 −𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
−𝟑 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟒 −𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟖 −𝟗 −𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 𝟖
𝟏𝟏 𝟖 −𝟗
SOLUTION STEP 6 Divide each element of the Adjoint by the determinant of A

𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐀, (𝐀𝐝𝐣 𝐀)

−𝟒 −𝟑 𝟑
𝟏
−𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 𝟖 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝑨, 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨
𝑨
𝟏𝟏 𝟖 −𝟗

𝟏 −𝟒 −𝟑 𝟑
𝑨−𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 𝟖
−𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟖 −𝟗

𝟒 𝟑 −𝟑
𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 −𝟖
−𝟏𝟏 −𝟖 𝟗
SOLUTION STEP 6 Find the value of X 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 so 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

4 3 −3 4
𝑋 = 10 7 −8 2
−11 −8 9 5
ROW x COLUMN

𝑥 4 3 −3 4
𝑦 = 10 7 −8 2
𝑧 −11 −8 9 5
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑥 16 + 6 − 15 7 𝒙=𝟕
𝑦 = 40 + 14 − 40 = 14 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒
𝑧 −44 − 16 + 45 −15 𝒛 = −𝟏𝟓
EXERCISE
Solve the system of linear equations by using Inverse Matrix Method

1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
4𝑥 =3 𝒙 =
3
, 𝒚 =
1
, 𝒛 =0
4 4

2. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 =3 𝒙 = −𝟏 , 𝒚 = 𝟓, 𝒛 = 𝟑

3. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −8
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 =3
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 =9 𝒙 = 2 , 𝒚 = −3 , 𝒛 = 5
Lets try…
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
4𝑥 =3
1

2
3 4 Find value of X
7