IMMUNOLOGY o Physical: skin, mucus membrane

 Study of molecules, cells, organs and systems responsible for the recognition and o Normal flora
disposal of foreign material o Biochemical: lactic acid, sebum, lysozymes, acidity of GIT and vagina
 Study of hosts rxn when foreign substance is introduced in the body  Internal defense
o Cellular: phagocytes
TERMINOLOGIES o Humoral: acute phase reactants, complement, interferons, lysozyme
 Immunity: process of being protected against foreign substances
 Immune system: large complex set of widely distributed elements Acute Phase reactants
 Antigen: causes infection and induces an immune system  plasma proteins that increase rapidly due to infection, trauma or injury
o Antibody Generator  Synthesized by hepatocytes except for immunoglobulins
 Antibody: produced by lymphoid tissue to fight against foreign substance  C-reactive proteins  fastest
 Phagocytes: cells capable of engulfing and digesting foreign bodies
o MNM  Monocytes, Neutrophils, Macrophage CELLULAR DEFENSE MECHANISM
 Monocytes  blood circulation  Neutrophils
 Macrophage  tissues o Granules  Myeloperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Lysozyme
o Polymorphonuclear cells  Bacterial infection
BRIEF HISTORY  Principal leukocyte associated with phagocytosis and
 Chinese (1000 AD)  Variolation localized inflammatory response
o Inhalation of dried powders derived from the crusts of smallpox o Diapedesis: movement from the circulating pool to the tissues
lesions  Eosinophils (red)  parasitic infection, inflammation
 Edward Jenner (1978)  Basophils (blue)  acute, systemic and hypersensitivity rxns
o Vaccination  from Vacca  cow  Monocytes –> agranulocytic
 Injecting of cellular material o Largest cell in the peripheral blood  12-22 mm
o Cross immunity  exposure to one agent produces protection against  Dendritic cells  with long, membranous extensions that resemble nerve
another agent cell dendrites
o Cow pox and smallpox  EPITOPE  Ag Binding Site o Best Ag presenter
 Louis Pasteur  Father of Immunology  live, attenuated vaccine o Phagocytose Ag  present to T-helper cell
o Cholera
o Anthrax MACROPHAGES
o Rabies  Emile Roux Lungs Alveolar
 Ellie Metchnikoff  cellular theory of immunity thru phagocytosis Brain Microglial
Liver Kupffer cell
Connective tissue Histiocytes
CATEGORIES AND COMPONENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM Skin Langerhans cell
Natural/ Innate/ Non-specific Adaptive/ Acquired/ Specific
 Resists infections by normally present  Specific for each individual pathogen TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS
body function  Can remember prior exposure Toll-like receptors
 No prior exposure is required  Increased response upon repeated  Associated with phagocytosis
 Response doesn’t change with exposure  Highest conc  monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages
subsequent exposures  Has memory  TLR 1  mycobacteria
 Lacks memory 3 Rs  Remember, Recognize, Respond  TLR 2  G +
Affected by age, stress  TLR 3  G-

NATURAL IMMUNITY PHAGOCYTOSIS

 External defense  Engulfment and digestion of bacteria
Stages
 Initiation Stage  ↑ surface receptors  adherences
 Chemotaxis  migration of neutrophils and monocytes to site of injury
o Chemotaxins  to know the location
o Boyden Chamber Assay  test for chemotaxis
 Engulfment  closing of pathogen in a phagocytic vacuole
o Opsonins  prepare for eating
 Digestion and Excretion (Exocytosis)  digestive enzyme
o Phagosome + Lysosomes  Phagolysosome
o Soluble debris  present sa T-helper cells

Diseases associated to Phagocytosis

 Chronic granulomatous disease
o Impaired NADPH production
o Affects neutrophil microbicidal action
o NITRO BLUE TETRAZOLIUM TEST  Blue ppt
 Lazy leukocyte syndrome
o Abnormal to random and chemotactic activity
 Job’s syndrome
o Abnormal chemotactic, normal random

INFLAMMATION
 Overall rxn of the body to tissue injury or invasion of infx’s agents

Cardinal Signs
 Rubor – redness - ↑ blood flow
 Calor – heat sensation – pdx of interleukin
 Dolor – pain – build up of lactic acid
 Tumor – swelling – release of tissue fluid
 Functio laesa – loss of function

Stages of inflammation  Hallmark of inflammation  Vasodilation
 Vascular response  mast cells/ basophils release histamine  vasodilator
 Cellular response  neutrophils/ macrophages secrete interleukin 1  binds
with T -cell  IL -2
 Resolution and repair  fibroblast proliferation