Introductory Concepts 1 and Definitions 1.1 An object whose mass is 6.8 kg occupies a volume of 0.7 m?. Determine its (a) weight, inN, and its average density, in kg/m’, at a location on the earth where g = 9.45 m/s*. (Ans. 64.26 N) (b) weight, in N, and its average density, in kg/m’, on the moon, where g = 1.7 m/s”, (Ans. 11.56 N) aoe (2) 9= 9.45 m|s*; (PY, =m 2 6845 uae IS (ae = ORS 74.11 kyl Foray = mq>(e-BEq3(4. 4Sa\(LN iv __\ Vege mis = 64, 20N <—— Fava, (b) ge namis*; p= dachenped sR Favay = (6 intr 1) = ISON — Feray 12 Determine the mass, in pounds mass, of an object whose weight is 20 Ibf at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 31.1 fus*, (Ans, 20.7 1b) me Eye «(Set (age) = 20.71 lh «+——m1.3 Atomic and molecular weights of some common substances are listed in Appendix Tables A-1. Using data from the appropriate table, determine (@) the number of kmol in 50 kg of each of the following: Hz, Nz, NH, C3He. (Ans. 24.78, 1.785, 2.930, 1.134 kmol) (b) the mass, in Ib, of 20 tbmol of each of the following: air, C, HO, and CO, (Ans, 519.4, 240.2, 360.4, 880.2 1b) (a) Hat Sets ff-o18 5X nai ) = 24.78 é mol N, self 28.0145 Arnel) = 78S £ nol ae sobs | lt1.04 eo 2.93 £ mol CHe: soleaes 4 [2eel) = 1134 Luo] (a) hiv t (20 bmol (28-97 Ib |/bmol) = 879.4 Ib 2! (20 Jbwol Yi2-01 Ibf lomel) = 240.2 Ib Ho: (20 Wome} (18-02 tb] Ibm! = 360.4 Ib CO, ! (20 Ibmoy)(44.0/ lb] bye) = 880.2 lo 1.4 A spring stretches 0.2 cm per newton of applied force. An object is suspended from the spring and a deflection of 3 cm is observed. If g = 9.81 m/s?, what is the mass of the object, in kg? Fepring = 356% 0 = ISN (Ans. 1.53 pres” Sz em yn amen u $= 1.8l m/s Assuming the mass is at rest, the net vertical force i's zero, Fspring = Faray =™4 = . Leys mjs® m Fspring [9 fritye (4a ) = /AS3 4 m1.5 Assystem consisting of 1 kg of a gas undergoes a process during which the relationship between pressure and volume is pV!” = constant. The process begins with p; = 1 bar, V; = Im? and ends with V2 =3 m®. Determine the final pressure, pz, in bar, and plot the process on a graph of pressure versus volume. Schematic and given data: pV"? = const. m=lkg on p, =1bar,V, =1m* V, =3m’ os pibar Analysis: on From the pressure-volume relation 02 pM? = pea? or 16 An aircraft cruises at an altitude of 10,700 meters above sea level. Estimate the atmospheric pressure in barat cruise altitude. Assume the acceleration of gravity is constant at g = 9.8 m/s”. The average specific volume of the air is 1.334 m’/kg. (Ans. 0.227 bar) = pe egh= gh = (4%8m/s*) (10,200 m) Pate” P> IN Fh L334 my = 78,ezS 24 = 78,625 N/m*. 0.178025 bar ms® 70* NX /m* bar pe hoses bar - 0.78625 bar 0.227 bar <——P1.7 A vacuum gage attached to a power plant condenser gives a reading of 27.86 in. of mercury. The surrounding atmospheric pressure is 14.66 Ibf/in.? Determine the absolute pressure inside the condenser, in Ibf/in.” The density of mercury is 848 Ib/ft? and the acceleration of gravity is g = 32.0 f/s”. (Ans. 1.07 Ibffin.2) Pose = 27.86 in, of Hy 1 Pectm * 14:66 Ibe |in® Ry = 848 wiles o= = 320 tfs* The vacuum ae reading is converted to the /ii * using 3 1S as Hows: Puae * Gig = (84-8 lb/ey?)(3z.0 Ht/s™)( 22.86 £4) | II) let ( B46 Ib]e+*)( [$23.8 "(et wallteews) = 1384 Ibe [in From Eq bla, the absolute pressure i's Pabe™ Patn™ Puce = I: 667 /8.59=1.07 lbs a Pebs ro Comment: hs expected, Pass 1s below Patm 1.8 A glass tube is attached to a pipe carrying water as shown in Fig. P1.8. The pressure of water in the pipe supports a column of water 2 ft high. If the atmospheric pressure is 14,42 Ibffin.*, determine the absolute pressure of the water at the bottom of the tube, in Ibffin? The specific volume of water is 0.0164 ft/lb, and the acceleration of gravity is g = 322 fis’ (Ans. 15.27 Ibffin.?) Pam = 14-42 win? The gage Pressure is determined ‘ Using Eg lis Page =OGh = (¥)Gh = 52.2 FYs*)(2 44) Ibe y ie ) 0.016 FEF Y7p) 32:2 Ib FH \ 144 in = 0.847 lhe )in® Figure P1.8 Thus, the absolute, pressure 1s determmed using Eq- 1/3 . Po Poage + Pave = 25:27 /hefinse—P i+Energy and the First Law 2 of Thermodynamics ‘An object whose mass is 2000 kg moves with a velocity of 50 mvs at an altitude of 400 m, both measured relative to the surface of the earth. The acceleration of gravity is constant at g=9.7 m/s’. (@) If the kinetic energy increased by 2400 kJ with no change in elevation, what would be the final velocity, in m/s? (Ans. 70 m/s) (b) If the potential energy increased by 2400 kJ, with no change in velocity, what would be the final elevation, in m? (Ans. 523.7 m) Schemetie # Gwen Dates! = Care = 2ocoky | SV = 5om)s 2, = 4oom . z a Ass A qe 9.7 mis UY The ebject is a closed syshem ® The acceleration of Gravity a is constant (3) In (a), there rs no change in elevation (4) In (6), there is ne change in veloc ty (a) The change th kinetic energy 1s related +o the instia/ and Final velocities by AKE= m(%"-¥;*) Thus, selving for V2~ Vz*= “2dke + Vi m = Zlzseo £3) ( ow. )( 1p -mh*) +50 m™ etee 3S) ( 147 x TN ) s* = $900 m'/s* a Ve = 7om)/s° *+——Ve 2-Problem 2.1 (¢ont'd) (6) The changes in potentia/ ener and elevation are felted & mt BPEs ma az Thus, ple For AE AZs BRE = (240041) lo Nem Bq -m|s* mt (eosees\GTa aE 123 een N ) = 123.7m The Cinel elevation 1s Ze= 2+ Az = 400+ 123.7 m «<——z2, 2.2 A body whose mass is 2 Ib experiences an increase in velocity from 20 ft/s to 50 fils. Determine the change in kinetic energy, in ft-lbf. (Ans, +652 felbf) Sche mati: if tee Gen ma 2 b FIT ae ne Assumption : Sw! Vz +50 F/s The object 18 @ Closed system ~~ Obsect Analysis! The change in Kuietie energy Is AKE= wml - v,*) - Ya 21b\(sc'- 20°) $F ( Llb¢ \ st 32.2 Ib 4/8 = + 65.2 $t- bbe AKe Comment! The positive i) denotes an Inwease jy Kinetic enerqus23 Air undergoes a process from an intial state where py = 14.0 Ibf/in, V; = 500 in.*to a final state where p2 = 60 Ibf/in.?, V2 = 160 in.? The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is p= constant. Determine the value of the constant n and calculate the work, in Btu. (Ans. 1.277, -1.01 Btu) Pz to lh fin’ V2 Seo in? Pex 6 Ib iit. , Vz,= 160 iia’ pV" =@onstant Assumptions! (!) The aiv Is o closed system. (2) The moving boundary tthe only work made. (3) The procéss is polytropic, Analysis: From the pressure-volume. yelation ' PVs = Pe Solving for n= 2 tog (a Fe) = log (i4/oo) 2)27700 log V2/V,) log UUee/se0) Now, using FB 2.17 to determine the work We ([bav const ic = (PMV )-Gv7 XW) wea ee - BY, a-F, % » (60 ts hin leo in®) - (14) se0)/ Let Vie ) = 1277 l2in, 178 F-the s-0/ Ble — WWPROBLEM 2.4 KNOWN: A gas unAergoes a grocets from a known initial oiale. The work ard pressure ~ eis relation are specified. Ein: Determine the firal pressure of the gas. SHEA 4 Given Dare: 7 ~ P= 20 Ibe as P gas. Meo Ht = _ W-lo Be 3 = 1780 Feibet ASnumerions: (1) The gas is 4 closed system.(2) The moving boundary is Fre only work mode.'(2) The process i polytropic. ANMNSISS From EQ. 2.17 7 We J pay * [age av 2 Rv, In e From the pressure-volume velation Va/v, =P, /Pa. Thus a da Wer py, Sn Seivig for q. BR ] a eee) = 39 le 20 Te ee S922 teint a42.5 The input shaft to a gearbox rotates at 2000 RPM and transmits a power of 40 kW. The output shaft power is 36 kW at a rotational speed of 500 RPM. Determine the torque of each shaft, in N-m. Schematic ¢ Gen Data A ZocoRPM | | gearbox [ELS sooRrM Wigeut 40Kw Esl Wourpus 36 KW Analysis ! E%. 2,20 Is applied to determine the forgue 1h each sha cP. Tinput ” Wineut = 40 kw. (123k \(o\ (os Din Gece we lars tkw Min in (Ans. in = 191 Nem, out = 688 N-m) Tey, = 19[ Nem «<——____ J, Teutput = (Bei0* (G0) _ 688 Nim —— our (Seer Comment: If the gearbey operates at sleady- State, the dfFerenee between mput and eutput pouty Is accounkd for through heat transfer between the gear box and the surroundings, 2.6 Anelectric heater draws a constant current of 6 amp, with an applied voltage of 220 V, for 10h. Determine the total amount of energy supplied to the heater by electrical work, inkW-h. Se, sa Date: (Ans. 13.2. KW-h) ps H ; . q H Win ot 7 f amp ( fl 220V Aaa! umptien: The eurrent and yo/tage are. Constant, Analysis: The constant power uiput +o the hearer 13, by =4. 2.2) Wins BE = (220 v)(eampy 1 weap) = 1320W Thus, the total en input i> 5 the a ergy WMput Win = [ieee + Win At = U82ow)/Ji \e 1) 1 toAw 2 /B2KWh ey, 2-52.7 Steam in a piston-cylinder assembly expands from pi = 35 bar to pz = 7 bar. The pressure-volume relation during the process is pV’ = constant. The mass of steam is 2.3 kg. Other steam properties at the initial state are u; = 3282.1 ki/kg and vy; = 113.24 ‘om’/g. At the final state up = 2124.6 kJ/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, calculate the heat transfer, in kJ, for the steam as the system. Known: Steam expands in a piston-cylinder assembly. The initial and final states and the pressure-volume relation during the process are specified. Find: Determine the heat transfer. Schematic and given data: 3 kg State 1: pr =35 bar uy = 3282.1 KIikg, vy = 113.24 cm’/g State2: pp=7bar pV = constant uz = 2124.6 Kihkg Assumptions: (1) The steam is a closed system. (2) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. (3) The process is polytropic with n = 2. Analysis: The heat transfer is determined from an energy balance. First, determine the work sl al a a PAY, 1 Evaluating v, z a ye (2 y -(FFe 13.24cm*/g) = 253.2cm'/g Thus . (Tar)| 253.25 |_ (3513.24) 8 10° g/kg _||10°Ném?||_ ky we=(2: 3ka) €) 10°cm*/m? || 1 bar |[10°N-m| = 503.9 kT Now, writing the energy balance AE + ADE +AU =Q-W 2-6‘Noting that AU = m (u2 - u,) and solving for Q=m(u,-m)-W = 0.3kg)(2124.6~ 3082.1) + 503.987 8 = 72158 Comment; The negative sign for Q denotes energy transfer from the system. 2.8 — A.closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic process. The work done on the system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the system changes from 3 mvs to 15 mvs. During the process, the elevation of the system increases 45 meters. The acceleration of gravity is g 9.8 m/s”, Determine the change in internal energy of the system in kJ. (Ans. 28.9 kJ) Analy sis! Using &4 2-35, MAKE +APE TAU =Q-W. Au = ROW - BEE APE = +302T- ml(ve Mi atts - mq(az) zor / 5/45 10 3/8 = +30¥7- 2a, ( s\¢ ~ 2% (29 /s\(+45) m zx” a5 yo* at = +3047 -0.2/16 EF - O9¢2 £5 = +2892 «<————AkK 272.9 Each line in the table below gives information about a process of a closed system. Every entry has the same energy units. Fill in the blank spaces in the table. -100 Process (a): AE = Q-W = (+50) -(-20) = +70 (Ans. shaded boxes) E,= BE +E, = (+70)+(+20) = +90 Paocess(6)i Q: AE +W = (+30)+ (+z0) = +50 E, = Ez, - BE = (+50)-(+30)=420 Process (¢)! KE = Q- We (-25)-(- 80) = +55 E, = £,-AE=(+lGo)-(+55) = t10s Process (d)! Q= AE tW= O+(- 40) == 90 | E,> AE +E, = 0+(450)=+50 Process(e)! Q= MAE+We Veena =+50 Ez = ME+E) =(-loo)+(+Z0) = =B80 2.10 Steam undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes: Process 1. expansion with u - 4 constant-pressure, p My - Wy = 211.3 Buu, W3:/m =0 ‘There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the heat transfer for each process, in Btu per pound mass of steam. .648 ft'Nlb, v3 = 1.866 f°/Ib (Ans. Or = +40 Btulb 23 = -246.95 Btu/Ib Qs, = 4211.3 Buw/lb) 9.6 Blu/ lb, Wren 30.4 Bie /1b Process [-L i Uz-U, Process 2-3! P= 1/80 lbe/in*= const, v22 2.648 H/ Ib, Vy 1-866 F43/Ib Process 8-1! U,-Ug= 263 Blu/ib, We,/m= ©Problem 2-to(tont'/) kssumptions: Ut) The steam 13 a closed system. ts Kinetie 4 potentia/ effects are neq ligi ble, Analasis! For each Process, sfe rape +AU = Q-W Beginving with process 1-2, US = Gigli = Wie /m or Qe = (u2-u)+ We. = + Eke + B04 BK 16 a 40 Blu/ lb a, m Process 2-3, the ork ts, Wast \ pdv > Mea = pla-%) x (ee Be) (l.e0e- 2048) ft (git Ble ) 778 = 2605 Blu//b Thus, Qzy = (Ug-l2) + Wes ~~ nm To find Ug-Uz, note that AU], "O,~ (ay -U,) + (Ug) +(U,-L4)=0 cycle (U- th, = - (Up -,)-( Uy Ha) =— 9b Bh - 211.3 Be 2 -220,9 Blu lb va 3°, Qos = 220.9) +(-26-05) =- 246.95 Be + Os ma m Process 3-l, Gee (H.-H wa wm m Lenment! /+ 1's read: 4 faritiéd that Chee eal‘The net work of a power cycle operating as in Fig. 2.15a is 10,000 kJ, and the thermal efficiency is 40%. Determine the heat transfers 7 tm Weyele® 19.000k3 | foot A refrigeration cycle operating as in Fig. 2.156 Qin and Dou, each in KI. (Ans. 25,000 KS, 15,000 kJ) 1 = Weyele Qin Bin = Weyele = 12,002 a4 Weucle * Qin ~ Qout Qout® Qin ~ Weyele = 2S,0d0 - (0,000 = ls, 000 £3 <— Quy has heat transfers Qi,= 2000 Btu and Qou = 3200 Btu. Determine the net work required, in Btu, and the coefficient of performance for the cycle, Quupr 8200 Bla Weuyele. Qs DOCOB Le (Ans. 1200 Btu, 1.67) Weyele = Sour” Orr = 3200-zec0 = 1200 Bla — Way = Qin = 2000 Weyele 1200 = 1.47 -=—— 8Properties of a Pure, 3 Simple Compressible Substance 3.1 Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of HzO at the following conditions and locate the states on carefully labeled p-v and T-v diagrams. @ ) © @ ©) a) (b) ? @> p= 500 kPa, T= 200°C. p=5MPa, T= 264°C. T= 180°C, p = 0.9 MPa. p=20MPa, T= 100°C. T=-10°C, p= 1.0 kPa. (Ans. superheated vapor) (Ans. liquid-vapor mixture) (Ans. superheated vapor) (Ans. compressed liquid) (Ans. solid) Seo Bh 5 bar 5 bor T Zooe + Seo $F. ISL9C ee fg,°c $1.6 Vv Vv SMR SObar wo te 2-Phase 4 SHE 7 264.06 — liquid-Vaper Pa mPdture- Loe. v V heoz MPR 0.9 MPa = 7 bar looz MR ogee 180 Bo, L___Problem 3.1 (tent) d) Zo Mme 20 MPa 3es.6c P + Subcooled or [Pe leoe = Compressed feo, Kquid v < v 3 ) 1am Pp T o.2eoz ER 16Pe Solid ozo2khe Tew v “ee v 3.2 Determine the quality of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of (a) water at 200°C with a specific volume of 0.1 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.783) (b) Refrigerant 12 at 2.0 bar with a specific volume of 0.07 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.837) (©) Refrigerant 134a at -40°C with a specific volume of 0.3569 m'/kg. (Ans. 1.0) (a) H20; Tez2e0e , v= out m zy Table k-2} Vg = hISGS x15 *m 7s, Vq = 001274 m6 -3 Ol 1, ISOS x0 = 0-783 -—* ©.1274= 11565 x00 (b) Refrigerant 12; ps 2obar, V= 0.07 még Table A.7) Ve = 0.6962 x10. Ps 2.08354 wis X= ‘ o.07- O bIbZYe O.F31<— x 0. 08354-O.69G2Ki5° (c) Refrigeran + /34a; T=-406, V=0.3569 m5 ye 3 Tabe Alo; v= Yq 2.3867 m'/&; Safurated Yapor => X= l0*—xX 3-23.3 Five kilograms of saturated water vapor are contained in a closed rigid tank at an initial pressure of 40 bar. The pressure of the water drops to 20 bar as a result of heat transfer to the surroundings. Determine the volume of the tank, in m°, and the quality at the final state. (Ans. 0.2489 m*, 0.494) t gear Vit hy (dobar) m= Sh V2, Be to baw (x=) 2otar Pe 20 bar iW) Heo tsa closed aystou (2) Volume = Constant, Analysis: Using data from Table A3, the volume Is Vemy, = = 5 £q)(o. 04978 w'/£9) =o, 2489 ae —_——____ Vv With the dade at p+ 20 bay, X22 Ve-Ve, = 0.04978- 1767 wo = 0494 X2 Vaan 0,09963~ 11 767K/0* 3.4 Water undergoes an isothermal process from saturated vapor at 400°F to a final specific volume of 4.5 ft/lb. Determine the final pressure, in Ibffin.?, and sketch the process on T-v and p-v diagrams. (Ans. 110.2 Ibffin.”) Assumptions: (!) H20 is a closed system (2) Tenperotire =const Analysis: Using data from Table Az, v= bebe tt /tb, Since v,=V2, interpolate th Table AFE +o get Be lez Ib in® —-Pp 110.2 Woe qe a fe 400'e P S N10,2 hg Jin? Fees, 3-33.5 Ammonia undergoes a process for which the pressure-volume relation is pv" = constant. The initial and final states of the refrigerant are fixed by p; = 2 bar, T; = 10°C and p2 = 10 bar, T= 60°C, respectively. Evaluate the constant n for this process. (Ans. 1.08) pe 2bar, T= loc Pet 10 bar, T2+ Gon Using data from Table. 15 . Me 5.67820m/&; , ¥z7 0.18/06 my Runs RY a log (B) = n loa(¥) = loglB/R) = lege) ue ¥ 7”) log (eusies Jo. 67820) Log ———————__n 3.6 For Refrigerant 134a, determine the values of the specified properties at each of the following conditions: (a) at p= 140 Ibffin.? and v = 0.3610 ft'7b, determine T in °F and u in Btw/Ib, (Ans. 120°F, 110.9 Btu/lb) at p = 140 Ibffin.? and h = 100 Btu/lb, determine T in °F and v in ft°/b. (Ans. 100.56°F, 0.2675 fb) (©) at T=0°F and v =3.0 ft°7b, determine p in Ibffin. and h in Btw/lb. (Ans. 15.55 Ibffin, 101.36Btu/Ib) (@ Check above results using IT: Interactive Thermodynamics © (a) From Table Mille, v= o33seCH/_ p V 2Vq => superheated yapor Ho lh From Table kh. I2@, Tz 1Z0°F, U2110.9 Be oe, Te LL (8) From Table AWE, he = 114,95 Bl//b he < he hg => hgurd- vapor Mixture : se the T? Tyap = 100.56 °F P me Xt Ache = 00-44,43 20.786 eae hes 7052 7 oa 3-4