Introductory Concepts 1 and Definitions 1.1 An object whose mass is 6.8 kg occupies a volume of 0.7 m?. Determine its (a) weight, inN, and its average density, in kg/m’, at a location on the earth where g = 9.45 m/s*. (Ans. 64.26 N) (b) weight, in N, and its average density, in kg/m’, on the moon, where g = 1.7 m/s”, (Ans. 11.56 N) aoe (2) 9= 9.45 m|s*; (PY, =m 2 6845 uae IS (ae = ORS 74.11 kyl Foray = mq>(e-BEq3(4. 4Sa\(LN iv __\ Vege mis = 64, 20N <—— Fava, (b) ge namis*; p= dachenped sR Favay = (6 intr 1) = ISON — Feray 12 Determine the mass, in pounds mass, of an object whose weight is 20 Ibf at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 31.1 fus*, (Ans, 20.7 1b) me Eye «(Set (age) = 20.71 lh «+——m1.3 Atomic and molecular weights of some common substances are listed in Appendix Tables A-1. Using data from the appropriate table, determine (@) the number of kmol in 50 kg of each of the following: Hz, Nz, NH, C3He. (Ans. 24.78, 1.785, 2.930, 1.134 kmol) (b) the mass, in Ib, of 20 tbmol of each of the following: air, C, HO, and CO, (Ans, 519.4, 240.2, 360.4, 880.2 1b) (a) Hat Sets ff-o18 5X nai ) = 24.78 é mol N, self 28.0145 Arnel) = 78S £ nol ae sobs | lt1.04 eo 2.93 £ mol CHe: soleaes 4 [2eel) = 1134 Luo] (a) hiv t (20 bmol (28-97 Ib |/bmol) = 879.4 Ib 2! (20 Jbwol Yi2-01 Ibf lomel) = 240.2 Ib Ho: (20 Wome} (18-02 tb] Ibm! = 360.4 Ib CO, ! (20 Ibmoy)(44.0/ lb] bye) = 880.2 lo 1.4 A spring stretches 0.2 cm per newton of applied force. An object is suspended from the spring and a deflection of 3 cm is observed. If g = 9.81 m/s?, what is the mass of the object, in kg? Fepring = 356% 0 = ISN (Ans. 1.53 pres” Sz em yn amen u $= 1.8l m/s Assuming the mass is at rest, the net vertical force i's zero, Fspring = Faray =™4 = . Leys mjs® m Fspring [9 fritye (4a ) = /AS3 4 m1.5 Assystem consisting of 1 kg of a gas undergoes a process during which the relationship between pressure and volume is pV!” = constant. The process begins with p; = 1 bar, V; = Im? and ends with V2 =3 m®. Determine the final pressure, pz, in bar, and plot the process on a graph of pressure versus volume. Schematic and given data: pV"? = const. m=lkg on p, =1bar,V, =1m* V, =3m’ os pibar Analysis: on From the pressure-volume relation 02 pM? = pea? or 16 An aircraft cruises at an altitude of 10,700 meters above sea level. Estimate the atmospheric pressure in barat cruise altitude. Assume the acceleration of gravity is constant at g = 9.8 m/s”. The average specific volume of the air is 1.334 m’/kg. (Ans. 0.227 bar) = pe egh= gh = (4%8m/s*) (10,200 m) Pate” P> IN Fh L334 my = 78,ezS 24 = 78,625 N/m*. 0.178025 bar ms® 70* NX /m* bar pe hoses bar - 0.78625 bar 0.227 bar <——P1.7 A vacuum gage attached to a power plant condenser gives a reading of 27.86 in. of mercury. The surrounding atmospheric pressure is 14.66 Ibf/in.? Determine the absolute pressure inside the condenser, in Ibf/in.” The density of mercury is 848 Ib/ft? and the acceleration of gravity is g = 32.0 f/s”. (Ans. 1.07 Ibffin.2) Pose = 27.86 in, of Hy 1 Pectm * 14:66 Ibe |in® Ry = 848 wiles o= = 320 tfs* The vacuum ae reading is converted to the /ii * using 3 1S as Hows: Puae * Gig = (84-8 lb/ey?)(3z.0 Ht/s™)( 22.86 £4) | II) let ( B46 Ib]e+*)( [$23.8 "(et wallteews) = 1384 Ibe [in From Eq bla, the absolute pressure i's Pabe™ Patn™ Puce = I: 667 /8.59=1.07 lbs a Pebs ro Comment: hs expected, Pass 1s below Patm 1.8 A glass tube is attached to a pipe carrying water as shown in Fig. P1.8. The pressure of water in the pipe supports a column of water 2 ft high. If the atmospheric pressure is 14,42 Ibffin.*, determine the absolute pressure of the water at the bottom of the tube, in Ibffin? The specific volume of water is 0.0164 ft/lb, and the acceleration of gravity is g = 322 fis’ (Ans. 15.27 Ibffin.?) Pam = 14-42 win? The gage Pressure is determined ‘ Using Eg lis Page =OGh = (¥)Gh = 52.2 FYs*)(2 44) Ibe y ie ) 0.016 FEF Y7p) 32:2 Ib FH \ 144 in = 0.847 lhe )in® Figure P1.8 Thus, the absolute, pressure 1s determmed using Eq- 1/3 . Po Poage + Pave = 25:27 /hefinse—P i+Energy and the First Law 2 of Thermodynamics ‘An object whose mass is 2000 kg moves with a velocity of 50 mvs at an altitude of 400 m, both measured relative to the surface of the earth. The acceleration of gravity is constant at g=9.7 m/s’. (@) If the kinetic energy increased by 2400 kJ with no change in elevation, what would be the final velocity, in m/s? (Ans. 70 m/s) (b) If the potential energy increased by 2400 kJ, with no change in velocity, what would be the final elevation, in m? (Ans. 523.7 m) Schemetie # Gwen Dates! = Care = 2ocoky | SV = 5om)s 2, = 4oom . z a Ass A qe 9.7 mis UY The ebject is a closed syshem ® The acceleration of Gravity a is constant (3) In (a), there rs no change in elevation (4) In (6), there is ne change in veloc ty (a) The change th kinetic energy 1s related +o the instia/ and Final velocities by AKE= m(%"-¥;*) Thus, selving for V2~ Vz*= “2dke + Vi m = Zlzseo £3) ( ow. )( 1p -mh*) +50 m™ etee 3S) ( 147 x TN ) s* = $900 m'/s* a Ve = 7om)/s° *+——Ve 2-Problem 2.1 (¢ont'd) (6) The changes in potentia/ ener and elevation are felted & mt BPEs ma az Thus, ple For AE AZs BRE = (240041) lo Nem Bq -m|s* mt (eosees\GTa aE 123 een N ) = 123.7m The Cinel elevation 1s Ze= 2+ Az = 400+ 123.7 m «<——z2, 2.2 A body whose mass is 2 Ib experiences an increase in velocity from 20 ft/s to 50 fils. Determine the change in kinetic energy, in ft-lbf. (Ans, +652 felbf) Sche mati: if tee Gen ma 2 b FIT ae ne Assumption : Sw! Vz +50 F/s The object 18 @ Closed system ~~ Obsect Analysis! The change in Kuietie energy Is AKE= wml - v,*) - Ya 21b\(sc'- 20°) $F ( Llb¢ \ st 32.2 Ib 4/8 = + 65.2 $t- bbe AKe Comment! The positive i) denotes an Inwease jy Kinetic enerqus23 Air undergoes a process from an intial state where py = 14.0 Ibf/in, V; = 500 in.*to a final state where p2 = 60 Ibf/in.?, V2 = 160 in.? The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is p= constant. Determine the value of the constant n and calculate the work, in Btu. (Ans. 1.277, -1.01 Btu) Pz to lh fin’ V2 Seo in? Pex 6 Ib iit. , Vz,= 160 iia’ pV" =@onstant Assumptions! (!) The aiv Is o closed system. (2) The moving boundary tthe only work made. (3) The procéss is polytropic, Analysis: From the pressure-volume. yelation ' PVs = Pe Solving for n= 2 tog (a Fe) = log (i4/oo) 2)27700 log V2/V,) log UUee/se0) Now, using FB 2.17 to determine the work We ([bav const ic = (PMV )-Gv7 XW) wea ee - BY, a-F, % » (60 ts hin leo in®) - (14) se0)/ Let Vie ) = 1277 l2in, 178 F-the s-0/ Ble — WWPROBLEM 2.4 KNOWN: A gas unAergoes a grocets from a known initial oiale. The work ard pressure ~ eis relation are specified. Ein: Determine the firal pressure of the gas. SHEA 4 Given Dare: 7 ~ P= 20 Ibe as P gas. Meo Ht = _ W-lo Be 3 = 1780 Feibet ASnumerions: (1) The gas is 4 closed system.(2) The moving boundary is Fre only work mode.'(2) The process i polytropic. ANMNSISS From EQ. 2.17 7 We J pay * [age av 2 Rv, In e From the pressure-volume velation Va/v, =P, /Pa. Thus a da Wer py, Sn Seivig for q. BR ] a eee) = 39 le 20 Te ee S922 teint a42.5 The input shaft to a gearbox rotates at 2000 RPM and transmits a power of 40 kW. The output shaft power is 36 kW at a rotational speed of 500 RPM. Determine the torque of each shaft, in N-m. Schematic ¢ Gen Data A ZocoRPM | | gearbox [ELS sooRrM Wigeut 40Kw Esl Wourpus 36 KW Analysis ! E%. 2,20 Is applied to determine the forgue 1h each sha cP. Tinput ” Wineut = 40 kw. (123k \(o\ (os Din Gece we lars tkw Min in (Ans. in = 191 Nem, out = 688 N-m) Tey, = 19[ Nem «<——____ J, Teutput = (Bei0* (G0) _ 688 Nim —— our (Seer Comment: If the gearbey operates at sleady- State, the dfFerenee between mput and eutput pouty Is accounkd for through heat transfer between the gear box and the surroundings, 2.6 Anelectric heater draws a constant current of 6 amp, with an applied voltage of 220 V, for 10h. Determine the total amount of energy supplied to the heater by electrical work, inkW-h. Se, sa Date: (Ans. 13.2. KW-h) ps H ; . q H Win ot 7 f amp ( fl 220V Aaa! umptien: The eurrent and yo/tage are. Constant, Analysis: The constant power uiput +o the hearer 13, by =4. 2.2) Wins BE = (220 v)(eampy 1 weap) = 1320W Thus, the total en input i> 5 the a ergy WMput Win = [ieee + Win At = U82ow)/Ji \e 1) 1 toAw 2 /B2KWh ey, 2-52.7 Steam in a piston-cylinder assembly expands from pi = 35 bar to pz = 7 bar. The pressure-volume relation during the process is pV’ = constant. The mass of steam is 2.3 kg. Other steam properties at the initial state are u; = 3282.1 ki/kg and vy; = 113.24 ‘om’/g. At the final state up = 2124.6 kJ/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, calculate the heat transfer, in kJ, for the steam as the system. Known: Steam expands in a piston-cylinder assembly. The initial and final states and the pressure-volume relation during the process are specified. Find: Determine the heat transfer. Schematic and given data: 3 kg State 1: pr =35 bar uy = 3282.1 KIikg, vy = 113.24 cm’/g State2: pp=7bar pV = constant uz = 2124.6 Kihkg Assumptions: (1) The steam is a closed system. (2) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. (3) The process is polytropic with n = 2. Analysis: The heat transfer is determined from an energy balance. First, determine the work sl al a a PAY, 1 Evaluating v, z a ye (2 y -(FFe 13.24cm*/g) = 253.2cm'/g Thus . (Tar)| 253.25 |_ (3513.24) 8 10° g/kg _||10°Ném?||_ ky we=(2: 3ka) €) 10°cm*/m? || 1 bar |[10°N-m| = 503.9 kT Now, writing the energy balance AE + ADE +AU =Q-W 2-6‘Noting that AU = m (u2 - u,) and solving for Q=m(u,-m)-W = 0.3kg)(2124.6~ 3082.1) + 503.987 8 = 72158 Comment; The negative sign for Q denotes energy transfer from the system. 2.8 — A.closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic process. The work done on the system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the system changes from 3 mvs to 15 mvs. During the process, the elevation of the system increases 45 meters. The acceleration of gravity is g 9.8 m/s”, Determine the change in internal energy of the system in kJ. (Ans. 28.9 kJ) Analy sis! Using &4 2-35, MAKE +APE TAU =Q-W. Au = ROW - BEE APE = +302T- ml(ve Mi atts - mq(az) zor / 5/45 10 3/8 = +30¥7- 2a, ( s\¢ ~ 2% (29 /s\(+45) m zx” a5 yo* at = +3047 -0.2/16 EF - O9¢2 £5 = +2892 «<————AkK 272.9 Each line in the table below gives information about a process of a closed system. Every entry has the same energy units. Fill in the blank spaces in the table. -100 Process (a): AE = Q-W = (+50) -(-20) = +70 (Ans. shaded boxes) E,= BE +E, = (+70)+(+20) = +90 Paocess(6)i Q: AE +W = (+30)+ (+z0) = +50 E, = Ez, - BE = (+50)-(+30)=420 Process (¢)! KE = Q- We (-25)-(- 80) = +55 E, = £,-AE=(+lGo)-(+55) = t10s Process (d)! Q= AE tW= O+(- 40) == 90 | E,> AE +E, = 0+(450)=+50 Process(e)! Q= MAE+We Veena =+50 Ez = ME+E) =(-loo)+(+Z0) = =B80 2.10 Steam undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes: Process 1. expansion with u - 4 constant-pressure, p My - Wy = 211.3 Buu, W3:/m =0 ‘There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the heat transfer for each process, in Btu per pound mass of steam. .648 ft'Nlb, v3 = 1.866 f°/Ib (Ans. Or = +40 Btulb 23 = -246.95 Btu/Ib Qs, = 4211.3 Buw/lb) 9.6 Blu/ lb, Wren 30.4 Bie /1b Process [-L i Uz-U, Process 2-3! P= 1/80 lbe/in*= const, v22 2.648 H/ Ib, Vy 1-866 F43/Ib Process 8-1! U,-Ug= 263 Blu/ib, We,/m= ©Problem 2-to(tont'/) kssumptions: Ut) The steam 13 a closed system. ts Kinetie 4 potentia/ effects are neq ligi ble, Analasis! For each Process, sfe rape +AU = Q-W Beginving with process 1-2, US = Gigli = Wie /m or Qe = (u2-u)+ We. = + Eke + B04 BK 16 a 40 Blu/ lb a, m Process 2-3, the ork ts, Wast \ pdv > Mea = pla-%) x (ee Be) (l.e0e- 2048) ft (git Ble ) 778 = 2605 Blu//b Thus, Qzy = (Ug-l2) + Wes ~~ nm To find Ug-Uz, note that AU], "O,~ (ay -U,) + (Ug) +(U,-L4)=0 cycle (U- th, = - (Up -,)-( Uy Ha) =— 9b Bh - 211.3 Be 2 -220,9 Blu lb va 3°, Qos = 220.9) +(-26-05) =- 246.95 Be + Os ma m Process 3-l, Gee (H.-H wa wm m Lenment! /+ 1's read: 4 faritiéd that Chee eal‘The net work of a power cycle operating as in Fig. 2.15a is 10,000 kJ, and the thermal efficiency is 40%. Determine the heat transfers 7 tm Weyele® 19.000k3 | foot A refrigeration cycle operating as in Fig. 2.156 Qin and Dou, each in KI. (Ans. 25,000 KS, 15,000 kJ) 1 = Weyele Qin Bin = Weyele = 12,002 a4 Weucle * Qin ~ Qout Qout® Qin ~ Weyele = 2S,0d0 - (0,000 = ls, 000 £3 <— Quy has heat transfers Qi,= 2000 Btu and Qou = 3200 Btu. Determine the net work required, in Btu, and the coefficient of performance for the cycle, Quupr 8200 Bla Weuyele. Qs DOCOB Le (Ans. 1200 Btu, 1.67) Weyele = Sour” Orr = 3200-zec0 = 1200 Bla — Way = Qin = 2000 Weyele 1200 = 1.47 -=—— 8Properties of a Pure, 3 Simple Compressible Substance 3.1 Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of HzO at the following conditions and locate the states on carefully labeled p-v and T-v diagrams. @ ) © @ ©) a) (b) ? @> p= 500 kPa, T= 200°C. p=5MPa, T= 264°C. T= 180°C, p = 0.9 MPa. p=20MPa, T= 100°C. T=-10°C, p= 1.0 kPa. (Ans. superheated vapor) (Ans. liquid-vapor mixture) (Ans. superheated vapor) (Ans. compressed liquid) (Ans. solid) Seo Bh 5 bar 5 bor T Zooe + Seo $F. ISL9C ee fg,°c $1.6 Vv Vv SMR SObar wo te 2-Phase 4 SHE 7 264.06 — liquid-Vaper Pa mPdture- Loe. v V heoz MPR 0.9 MPa = 7 bar looz MR ogee 180 Bo, L___Problem 3.1 (tent) d) Zo Mme 20 MPa 3es.6c P + Subcooled or [Pe leoe = Compressed feo, Kquid v < v 3 ) 1am Pp T o.2eoz ER 16Pe Solid ozo2khe Tew v “ee v 3.2 Determine the quality of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of (a) water at 200°C with a specific volume of 0.1 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.783) (b) Refrigerant 12 at 2.0 bar with a specific volume of 0.07 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.837) (©) Refrigerant 134a at -40°C with a specific volume of 0.3569 m'/kg. (Ans. 1.0) (a) H20; Tez2e0e , v= out m zy Table k-2} Vg = hISGS x15 *m 7s, Vq = 001274 m6 -3 Ol 1, ISOS x0 = 0-783 -—* ©.1274= 11565 x00 (b) Refrigerant 12; ps 2obar, V= 0.07 még Table A.7) Ve = 0.6962 x10. Ps 2.08354 wis X= ‘ o.07- O bIbZYe O.F31<— x 0. 08354-O.69G2Ki5° (c) Refrigeran + /34a; T=-406, V=0.3569 m5 ye 3 Tabe Alo; v= Yq 2.3867 m'/&; Safurated Yapor => X= l0*—xX 3-23.3 Five kilograms of saturated water vapor are contained in a closed rigid tank at an initial pressure of 40 bar. The pressure of the water drops to 20 bar as a result of heat transfer to the surroundings. Determine the volume of the tank, in m°, and the quality at the final state. (Ans. 0.2489 m*, 0.494) t gear Vit hy (dobar) m= Sh V2, Be to baw (x=) 2otar Pe 20 bar iW) Heo tsa closed aystou (2) Volume = Constant, Analysis: Using data from Table A3, the volume Is Vemy, = = 5 £q)(o. 04978 w'/£9) =o, 2489 ae —_——____ Vv With the dade at p+ 20 bay, X22 Ve-Ve, = 0.04978- 1767 wo = 0494 X2 Vaan 0,09963~ 11 767K/0* 3.4 Water undergoes an isothermal process from saturated vapor at 400°F to a final specific volume of 4.5 ft/lb. Determine the final pressure, in Ibffin.?, and sketch the process on T-v and p-v diagrams. (Ans. 110.2 Ibffin.”) Assumptions: (!) H20 is a closed system (2) Tenperotire =const Analysis: Using data from Table Az, v= bebe tt /tb, Since v,=V2, interpolate th Table AFE +o get Be lez Ib in® —-Pp 110.2 Woe qe a fe 400'e P S N10,2 hg Jin? Fees, 3-33.5 Ammonia undergoes a process for which the pressure-volume relation is pv" = constant. The initial and final states of the refrigerant are fixed by p; = 2 bar, T; = 10°C and p2 = 10 bar, T= 60°C, respectively. Evaluate the constant n for this process. (Ans. 1.08) pe 2bar, T= loc Pet 10 bar, T2+ Gon Using data from Table. 15 . Me 5.67820m/&; , ¥z7 0.18/06 my Runs RY a log (B) = n loa(¥) = loglB/R) = lege) ue ¥ 7”) log (eusies Jo. 67820) Log ———————__n 3.6 For Refrigerant 134a, determine the values of the specified properties at each of the following conditions: (a) at p= 140 Ibffin.? and v = 0.3610 ft'7b, determine T in °F and u in Btw/Ib, (Ans. 120°F, 110.9 Btu/lb) at p = 140 Ibffin.? and h = 100 Btu/lb, determine T in °F and v in ft°/b. (Ans. 100.56°F, 0.2675 fb) (©) at T=0°F and v =3.0 ft°7b, determine p in Ibffin. and h in Btw/lb. (Ans. 15.55 Ibffin, 101.36Btu/Ib) (@ Check above results using IT: Interactive Thermodynamics © (a) From Table Mille, v= o33seCH/_ p V 2Vq => superheated yapor Ho lh From Table kh. I2@, Tz 1Z0°F, U2110.9 Be oe, Te LL (8) From Table AWE, he = 114,95 Bl//b he < he hg => hgurd- vapor Mixture : se the T? Tyap = 100.56 °F P me Xt Ache = 00-44,43 20.786 eae hes 7052 7 oa 3-4Problem 3.b (¢ont'd) (by Ye = 5 +x (vq-ve) =O. orseerlaresile 3358-0,0/386) = O,26 () From Table Mil, v. & Me 2. aed d V>Vq => Superheated vapo T ‘sss In ter pe lating In "bleh Nae oF Peis:ss Ibe, he [ol34Sh./Ib 711 Problem Supplement: 3.6 Wa) 140 //totfine 9610 // fb |_PT("R134A\, pa, Ta) ua = u_PT("R134A", pa, Ta) W Answers: Ta = 120°F, ua = 110.9 Btu M (b) pb = 140 / btfin? hb = 100 // Btu/lb 1.Check hg at 140 ilbffin? hhg = hsat_Px("R134A", pb, 1) Answer: hg = 114.9 Btulb ‘This implies the state isin the two-phase, iquid-vapor region. */ hb = hsat_Px("R134A", pb, xb) 1 Answers: Th = 100.6 °F, vb = 0.2676 ft7ib 4(c) rr ve 19F 0 1 Ke/b WI Check vg at O°F. vg = vsat_Px("R134A\, psat, 1) Te = Tsat_P(‘R134A', psat) 7 Answer: vg = 2.144 feb ‘This implies the state itn the superheated vapor region. */ vo = v_PT("R134A", po, To) he = h_PT("R134A", po, Tc) 1/ Answers: pe = 15.43 Ibtfin?, he = 102.4 Btu/lb3.7 Determine the value of the specific volume, in m°/kg, of ammonia (NHs) vapor at 100 bar and 420 K using (@) the compressibility chart. (Ans. 0.013m°skg) (b) the ideal gas model. (Ans. 0.021 m*/kg) (©) Which of the above values is more correct? Explain. (eS Using date frem Table A. I Pe FP = leobar 20.886 FR le.B har Fig he! Tet Ds 4ton . 034 | Ye 2 o74 Te. 406 k Thus, ve Ve (KT Fe : 3.314 AT (0.74) F526 VK (406 k) Thar on) (112.8 ary Nm? 1kT = 0.0/3 m*/%5 + v (chart) () Using the jdea/ ges egatien of state, ve ED 420) = (S33) *e em) = 0.0206 Wi /f=— y 120 Gidea [9es) © The chart value 13 more Correct, HH takes inte Qecount the veal ges behavior of Ammonia at this high pressure and temperature, The idea/ gas mode/ over- predicts the spec Le hime by about ©8%, 3-73.8 Air in a piston-cylinder assembly expands slowly from an initial state where the pressure is 30 Ibf/in.? and the volume is 0.5 ft” to a final state where the volume is 2 ft° and the temperature is 720°R. The pressure of the gas varies linearly with volume during the process and ideal gas behavior can be assumed. Determine the heat transfer, in Btu, if the mass of air is 0.075 Ib. (Ans. 7.878 Btu) Schematic ¢ Given Date! on , ye Pye Bo bby fin? Pw we ba yzos oF Uhg/in?) 0 2 V2 244 Ty 120R ‘m= 0.075 Ib Os to 4S 20 v (et) Assumptions: (\) The ai is a closed system. (2) The aii behaves as Gn tdea/ gas. (3) Kkuehe ¢ potentia/ eects are negligible. Analysis; To determine the heat transfay the work must be found Cee Eq 2.17, we (pdv Vi This integral 13 egue/ fo the area shown shaded on the pr diagcam, Te fird p, use sélea/ gas mode |. 1545 lbs! B= MEL - (Oors bana] bE (7208) ( Lee , * Ve, (2.0 fF? 144th = 10 Ibe fin? Thus, W=_p,(Ve-V,) + Ee VYUF-F) =f’? ee \e~0s) #44 £ (2-on830-2)| (Bis «\ 8) = 5.553 Ble The energ 2 ot balance is MethPe+bU =Q-W. Thus, = AU+ Ws m(u,-4,) + W Usiag the ideal 925 Louation, T,= 540%, wWi'th data From Tabe A.Z Q= (0. 075) Ib (123.04- 92,04) Bu Jb + 5,553 Ble = 7.875 Ble a 3-93.9 Two well-insulated tanks filled with carbon monoxide (CO) gas are connected by a valve. In tank A, 1 kg of gas is stored at 100 kPa and 330 K. In tank B, 5 kg of gas are stored at 500 kPa and 870 K. The valve is opened, and the contents of the two tanks are allowed. to mix until equilibrium is attained. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the carbon monoxide, determine (@) the volume of each tank, in m°, () the final temperature, in K. (©) the final pressure, in kPa. Known: The contents of two insulated tanks are allowed to mix until equilibrium is attained. Find: Determine (a) the volume of each tank, (b) the final temperature, and (c) the final pressure. Schematic and given data: Glee Assumptions: (1) The contents of both tanks form a closed system. (2) There is no work or heat transfer. (3) The CO behaves as an ideal gas. (4) There are no kinetic or potential energy effects. Analysis: (a) The volumes can be calculated using the ideal gas equation of state 330K) Ic ) 1kPa_||10°N-m| O°N- ml} 1kT (b) the final temperature is found by determining the final specific internal energy using an energy balance. ah adh av tw av -0 or With U = mu, this becomes (mtg, + My a — (OMe ay + Mgt) =O 3497Solving for uz and inserting values from Table A-26 (akg 6854kJ/kmol a 18,858 kJ/kmol 28.01kg/kmol 28.01 kg/kmole mg tmp, + S)kg = 602 Kikg Thus, 4, = 16862 kI/kmol Finally, by interpolation in Table A-26, T, = 786K (©) The final pressure is obtained using the ideal gas equation of state (otig, + tg RT, = 393 kPa W, +V_) (0.98 + 2.584) ‘Comments: (1) The solution for T2 could also be ubtained using a constant c, estimated from Table A-20. (2) The validity of using the ideal gas model can be verified by referring to a generalized compressibility chart. 3-103.10 Two well-insulated tanks contain air. Initially, tank A holds 1 Ib of air at 1440°R, and tank B has 2 Ib of air at some unspecified initial temperature. A valve in the line connecting the two tanks is opened and the contents are allowed to mix until equilibrium. is attained at a temperature of 1080°R. Assuming the ideal gas model with c, = constant, determine the initial temperature in tank B, in °R. (Ans, 900°R) mat 216 Tz, 11080 Assumptons: (i) The air is a closed system. (Z) @ and Ware 0. (2) hin behaves a8 an sdeo/ gas, (4) AKE and APE are O., |, Analysis: The energy balance 1s Mee wake eau ay Thus, BW =O = Myq(Uyg- U2) + Mig Ug > Uz) =o Ame my, (AT 4- Te) + mp0 Tin Te) =9 Solvma Cor Tig = ete + Mae = Mig Tia mug 7; Tyg= Glbylosok) + (11) 1080 F)- (I BYI44OR) . P0o@ —a'8 Zh 3.11 Air, initially at 0.75 bar, 1000 K and occupying a volume of 0.12 m°, undergoes two processes. The air is compressed isothermally until the volume is halved. Then it undergoes a constant-pressure process until the volume is halved again. Assuming ideal gas behavior, (a) sketch the processes on a p-V diagram. (b) determine the total work for the two processes, in kJ. (Ans. -10.74 kd) (©) determine the total heat transfer for the two processes, in KJ. (Ans. -23.27 kJ) Assumptions: (1) The air is @ closed system, (2) The air behaves 28 an Sdeal gas. (3)Kitetie and potentsd/ effects are zere. aly 313i @) Feocess 1-2 5 T= T2 Frocess 2-3) P=e T"(Y = 500k Ve.Problem 3.11 (Cont'd) (0) The work for each process 13 determined by using Eg tq Ve Ns Wig Wet Wear (pay + pd y, v, Ve =mRT, \w + pes mer, hee +p.) v1 The mass is determined by using the idea! gas equatiie a+ state |. a 7 * oF me BM = (o7shar)ovlz m) (ae (Les ET (&314 EsV(loook)S bar /\ sohWm 29.97 bk = 0.03/36 Thus, Wy, * (e.03864,\ 88425 (1e00%) dale) + 28-9 7K + us bar(o. O8-2.06)m" (Lot Nat / és \ Y bar “110% Nim ™ ~10.74 25 «<——____ w,, () The heat transfer 1s Found from He enuqy balance oO o Mees oe FAUs Qia~ Wha Thus, Qr = M(Us-4)) + Wis Usias data from Table A.22, Q = 0.08/86 (38949-72756, 94) 45 + (- 10.74 £3) = -23,a7 £7 «—___—_aQ, Comments) (1) The heat transfer could have been determined Ley, eack process separately, Qe = E+ We =- 6.2483 Qeg= SU + Wag? m(Ug-tee) + pl¥3-Ke > -/2032 5 Qis* Gz* Ghz =-23,27EF . 2) The negative 5150 associated wth Wig indicates werk mpur ts ve fired for the 2% Compression Processes, The tegative 5/54 associake/ with Bix denotes that the heat transZer 13 Jecving the system. B-/eControl Volume 4 Energy Analysis 4.1 An ideal gas mixture with an apparent molecular weight of 48 enters a device at3 bar, 157°C, and 180 m/s through a flow area of 20 cm?. At the exit, the pressure is 1.5 bar, the velocity is 120 m/s, and the flow area is 40 cm”. For steady-state operation, determine at the exit (@) the mass flow rate, in kg/s. (Ans. 1.45 kg/s) (b) the temperature, in °C. (Ans, 13.5°C) Schematic ¢ Gwen Date Tais7e Ms try, Visiéog ) peep a lS bay Aye 20cm | =4g82 | Vz =!2omls Pest Jo EME? As docu* Assumptions: (1) Idea/ gas behavier, (2) one-dimensional Clow atentronce and ext. Analysis! (a) Mass Flow rate belonece for tontro| volume is ere my-m, =P tps, 7 Ave EM (A) e Faas (3 bar SE) W143 \la wuss (om a= Ne OF Ci” 3 #8 ix) = h4s &/s eal (0) The exit temperature fs found From Be \(aeNe)= me Thus, Ar Vi = (45x05) 40) (20) hes * te 63/4) lw 3)4.2 Steam enters a turbine through a duct with a diameter of 0.2 m. The steam velocity is 100 nis, the pressure is 14 MPa, and the temperature is 600°C. Steam exits the turbine through a duct of diameter 0.8 m with a pressure of 500 kPa and a temperature of 180°C. Determine for operation at steady state (@)__ the velocity of the steam at the exit, in m/s. (Ans. 94.23 m/s) (b) the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/h. (Ans. 4.22x10° kg/h) Schematic ¢ Gwen Date! jp dzto8m djs 02m 1 peceeees V, = looms . a = Soo £R, turbi Fe a Pra M tine 3 TE egos St T. = Ge0%e Steady- State Aasum phon! Flow (s one-dimensional at entrance and ext. Analysis: (4) The Plow is Shedy-stae, So m)= mash, me Ave = AM [ui Ae Ve [Me Solving for Vy and noting that b= Td'/4 Ver eye) From Table het dz! \y Y= 2.02683 m/E, Ve 0.4045 i [85 Se) GaeE too mt) = 44.28 sy, (0) The mass Clow vate may be calculated atthe entrance or ext, m= (dA) = loz) m* (om/s) (2425) vi 4 (0.02683 w? /ds) = 4.22 10° Ls hr <—_—___m4.3 The control volume shown below operates at steady state with water as the flowing substance. Determine W,y in Btwh. Known: Water is the working substance for a control volume operating at steady state. Find: For the given operating data, determine the power. Schematic & given data: = 0 tin? hy laure Wis aon fay = -s00.000 um agp tT Bp q 1 | 3 PERT cont ft | Som f | . , _ dl IF py = 100 win? eminem i ve ioe aay 02 Assumptions: (1) The control volume is at steady state. (2) The acceleration of gravity is g = 32.2 fu/s*. Analysis: ‘The power is determined using steady-state mass and energy rate balances, as follows: tit, = ity —Hy => ity = it, — ing = rig (L— rin, Hi)or, solving for W,, y =6 +mlnr ; v2 .(, ve Woy = Qoy in| By +4 82 | Ia +--+ Bea | hl ++ Bes a) Next, the specific enthalpies are evaluated. From table A-4E, hy = 1421 Brw/lb. Using Table A-3E, hz = 298.6 Btu/lb, and hy = hs +.X3 hygs = 69.74 + (.88) (1036) = 981.4 Btwlb Inserting data into equation (1) and converting units 2 Wey = -500,000 Buh + (2.316210 1421 B® 4 1 (oop | _Mbf_||_1 Btu b To 20s? [32.31b- fas" 778R TOF +(32.2- \eor),_ er || tBu 5 32.21b-fus*|| 7788 -IbF = (4.632x10')| (298.6) +4071 IL . 2 [32.2||778| 1 1 1 1 1 —(1.853x10*)} (981.4) +— 6507 . (asso @s14)+L60"} 1 Fgeeaaveol HLH | = —500,000 + (2.316 x10°) [1421 +.798 +.0257] — (4.632x10*) [298.6 +.002]- (1.853x10°) [981.4 +.05 + .0257] =1.33x10*Btw/h 4-444 — Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 3 MPa and 320°C with negligible velocity and exits at 1.5 MPa and a velocity of 500 mvs. The mass flow rate is 2.22 kg/s. Neglecting heat transfer and potential energy, determine (@) the exit temperature, in °C. (Ans, 248°C) (b) the exit area, in cm”. (Ans. 6.71 cm?) Seh ee we D PLES MP} Pu 1 PRTLSN RR Te 820% 75 i ye Soo m]s Yzo Wt in Qy co bPEeO mez kes Assumptions! (1) Contre) volume at shady-shere. * 2) Wey eo Analy sis! Ge) Use energy babence for shady shee process. oe &- ih, evnkh ofr )- tale + Ye 9) o= hy (hit Ve’) => hes hyve o z From Table A.4, h,= 3043.4 45/6, hz* 3043. +45 - £( 500" Ee a .)( Ver ) st lds ms?) Vo Win = agle.4 Py Interpolating in Table AA, Te* 248C+——kh (6) Use m + Lind exit area. = AY Aa > mya lm Ae z Interpolatiny th Table A. 4, Ve * 2.1812 m £5, Thes, Aes (2-22 £,/s)(0.15)2 m/s) (10%em™/n*) (S00 m/s) Az = 6.7/ ca45 Carbon dioxide gas is decelerated to negligible velocity in a well-insulated diffuser. The pressure and temperature at the inlet are 20 Ibffin.? and 500°R, respectively. The pressure and temperature at the exit are 25 Ibffin and 540°R, respectively. The potential energy change from inlet to exit is negligible. The mass flow rate is 1 Ib/s. Determine for steady-state operation (a) the inlet velocity, in ft/s. (Ans. 631.8 fis) (b) the inlet area in in.? (Ans. 1.389 in.) Sechematye Given Date! Ly Coe July) 1 I 5 Be eibefine 1 te dileuser 1% P= as Ihyfin: T+ Sook | Tz = S40 r ITM 1 z me 1 b/s TTT Yeze skady- State Assumplins Qc and Wey are zero. (2) Potentia/ ¢ kinetic effects are negligible. (8) CO, behaves as an ideal ges. Analysiields/ns the skadg- sh energy balance, 0 Wh nfl bY *EA) qa) me, =e ha y+ we = Vie (ETRY Using data from Table A. 1E = 6318 ft/s (b) A, ts found coe Bq. tlh and the ideo/ ges we of ste ft. lhe 2) %) Ay= 27 /pY(m) = ere Merve 7s 1 eg int Comment: The idea/ gas mode/ can be checked usins the generalized Compress ibility chart 4-646 Air expands with a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s through a turbine from 5 bar, 900 K to 1 bar, 600 K. The inlet velocity is small compared to the exit velocity of 100 m/s. The turbine operates at steady state. Heat transfer from the turbine to the surroundings and potential energy effects are negligible. Celculate the power developed by the turbine, in KW, and the exit area, in m?. (Ans. 3209 KW, 0.1722 m*) Ss ate. 5 Air ws ws ods /s pr Sbe Pat | baw T, = 900k Tr: 600k YF Ve = leo m/s steady-state zee Assumption! Air behaves as an idea/ qas- Ane lusis; Using the steady-state enerey balence, oe y= Wy + m[thr he) EAE) « led] Wey = ta [thy he) + ("V1 = Go ¥y/s dfs. 98-con 02) iS ego oe AEE, = o[825,9/-S] = 3209 kW Wey Note: values for h, andhz Came from Table A.22, To determine Aa, use Bg. 41h ana! sdee/ ges [end , { 7 Ars tnve = (RT /R) Ve e = (lo 6/ (E34 #. Jewot ( Lger (ee (2a m/s) (1 bar Nu aE Av = 0.1722 m™ Comments: (1) Fawer 1s Positive. (2) Change vA kinete tery 13 Neghgible Compared to the Charge iA enthalpy, (3) The’ valea/ gas mode/ Can be checked 64 referencing the generalized Contpress bl ty herk 4-7 74.7 compressor operates at steady state with ammonia as the working fluid. ‘The pressures and temperatures at the inlet and exit are 2 bar, 0°C, and 12 bar, 60°C, respectively. The volumetric flow rate of refrigerant entering is 0.5 m’/min. Heat transfer from the ‘compressor occurs at the rate of 5 KI per kg of refrigerant flowing. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, calculate the power, in kW. (Ans. -1.23 kW) 12 ber Te 2G0e = 5 = Vie Va 2-2, Ger fin == 8 £5)” Steady-state Analysis: For steady- stake operation) trie tne and sy 27 Gee ofche) + LES + 916/05] Wey = Qey + 0 (hinhe) To determme m, use m=AV . From Table kis, vi Vv, = 2.64648 m/bs + Thus, m = (0.8 ve lmin) Lain\ = 0.013 ¥5/s O.64e4¢ MY.) \60s Obtain the values for h From Table . IS. Wey = (0.013 s/s) [- sar (14¢3.59-/583.08](110) 5 ki/s = -L23kwW Wer Comment: The negative sign on Wey denoles work ints the tontrpel volume,48 ‘A pump steadily delivers water at a volumetric flow rate of 0.05 m’/s through a pipe of diameter 18 cm located 100 m above the inlet pipe, which has a diameter of 15 cm. The pressure is nearly equal to 1 bar at both the inlet and the exit, and the temperature is neerly constant at 20°C throughout. Determine the power required by the pump, in kW. ‘The acceleration of gravity is g = 9.81 m/s’. (Ans. -48.9 kW) Schematie ¢ Given Dake: by Assumptions: ()Q_,*0, Analysis; Use the @) Heo is compressible, P, qe FBI m/s” shady: state eneray Dsl ext ua ao U0 ad % Steady-State. © Gl ly + ro[hehdoVEMs 464," Constant, Smee T and Pees constant, hts eho eae us, Wey = me lhtehe vy) + qa 2.)]. Using V=Vp@acte » M=(AV)2 = (Q.05 m/s Vv (Leolexa Pw) Since vz, AV), ae ross. Vee AD. s™) = 965 m/s * Fea) 3 w and Y, 7 = los los™4) 2 2.929 m/s Be” EW er So, Wey = (44.9/ “A B29 g2 ( N ) és \i i dw Ens) om | LTA #89 kW Wey 4-9 = 49.06 Ss 196 4 981 he (u00 n|4.9 Steam at | Ibffin.? and 120°F enters a condenser operating at steady state and is condensed to saturated liquid at 1 Ibf/in.” on the outside of tubes through which cooling water flows. The mass flow rate of steam is 200,000 Ibh. In passing through the tubes, the cooling water increases in temperature by 18°F and experiences no pressure drop. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects and ignoring heat transfer from the outside of the condenser, determine (@)__ the mass flow rate of cooling water, in Ib/h. (Ans. 1.16 x 10" Ib/h) (©) the rate of energy transfer, in Btuhh, from the condensing steam to the cooling water. (Ans. 2.088 x 10° Btu/h) Schemati, and Guew Dake? . Steam in gli? Condenser a oa —_ A_cooluig water Tgp? 200,200 1b — p__ Aco = be qf q ATeye 18°F steady. stale IL = —]— 3" ARy+o Pee Vb it hese? ae Set. Ip out UY Heat hensfer across walls of Condenser Is negligible. (2) AKE = APE = 0. (3) Cooling water Is mede dad as an indom pass ble hegurd; With @ Constant specie het, (ay Since the condensing steam and the coo luis Water are separate’ streams, rhj> mat Mgt Gnd Mp = mgt mew! The Steady-3tak enugy balewee becomes os Se-e vrftot is pad] + ew lhe had GZ) + 220] D Msy(hihe) + Mey €CTa-Te) => May® Met (hike) CCT) Using date from Tables A. 38 and A.48, with cz | Ble Phew = (220,000 IW \(1114.0~ 69.74) BuJ/b foe (1 Bebe) FE) F/G xX107 1h (0) Usins tnergy baleme. fer Coolas Water, Rey = Mey (Ag~hg) = they € bTew =( 116 x07 I8)/ bow Yie'e) ~ 2086 gl ’ Mew 4-104.10 Refrigerant 12 enters the expansion valve of a refrigeration system with a pressure of 14 bar and a temperature of 48°C and expands with no changes in specific kinetic or potential energy to a pressure of 4 bar. If no heat transfer occurs with its surroundings, determine the quality at the exit of the valve for steady-state operation. (Ans. 0.267) Schematic 4 Given Data: Valve ' Pix 4 bor Lonf + P 14 bar 2 48% 2 = 4 bay *, T7488 Qe 8% APE=AkE=0 + 4+ bar Assumptions ! Steady-State Wey = © v Analy sisi From the tontre! yolume eneray balance, . h,=ha+ From Table A.%, at p,= I¢ bar, Tayy= %07%, State / ts a Compressed legurd. Using data from Tabse A.7 at 49%, hy = h(n) + Cn \EP- Raalt] 82.3 KI + 0.9199, i [410 ~ 11,639 4 —_—— to alla cy ( dbar Sm) From Table A® @P,> ¢ bay, Stee 2 isa Z-phase miture. Thus, “ = 83,02 ad z Xe hy-he, _ 8302-4364 2 0. 2672—% hea, 147. 33 Comments Note that h, = he(T.), 4-14.11 An open feedwater heater operates at steady state with liquid water entering at inlet 1 at ‘50°C and 1.0 MPa. A separate stream of water enters at inlet 2 with rity /riy, = 0.22 and a pressure of 1.0 MPa. A single stream of saturated liquid water exits with a pressure of, 1.0 MPa. Ignore heat transfer with the surroundings and neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. For the stream entering at inlet 2, determine the temperature, in °C, if, superheated, or the quality, if saturated. (Ans. Supetheated, 405°C) 2 RIM 7 ma Oe 20.22 =) Steady-State oon =O ; MKE= APEZO Analysis: To fix state z, do an enerqy and mess balance on Contre! Volume: 2 4° = o> fly eta ie go)e riers fedemalt igh) z z z and me=mtme to Thus, OF tay hy tmzha #(m,4m,)hs hae (ot tholm) hae hi Mmy/m. 1 . Stete | 150 Compressed hauid, Use Eg 3/4 Grd Table A‘2. hy hg (Tt) + V5 (TL P-PeatlT)| . = 209, s3us + (O12) x/0* pi )[lo-0.1235] bar 5 10% N/m™ ( eg bar ) 1083Hm = 210.3 21/é hg = 762, ¥/ ofe, from Table A.3 Thus, hp o[(/4 0.22) 762.8) - 2103 ]/0.22 = 32762 £5 /ky her hg Babar =? supuheated vapor, From Table At, 72 x ¢08’C «-————_ fz 4-12The Second Law of 5 Thermodynamics 5.1 An inventor has developed a system that undergoes a cycle while receiving energy from a reservoir at 1000°C and discharges energy to another reservoir at 300°C. A thermal efficiency of 65% is claimed for the cycle. Evaluate this claim. (Ans. Impossible) schematic ¢ Sven? Deta ‘ Assumption: System Undergoes a power cycle Tense = 65% : Weyele Analysis! The maximum for any power cyele Is Ee S.8, = 1- §73 .0.s5 Be nes 1273 The claimed thermal e. PPreiency > Amey * There fore, impossible. 5.2 A proposed power cycle receives energy by heat transfer from saturated steam at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and discharges energy by heat transfer to a nearby lake, which is at 70°F. Is it possible for this cycle to achieve a thermal efficiency of 30%? (Ans. No) Assumptons ; (1) Tower Cycle} (2) Steam 4 lake Gre hot ptold Teseryoirs, respectivelg, (3) Steam 'sSatuekd. Analy sis as mMaumum rd For any ates 8 Es 8 With eae aa R (ez) “are Te = 530 B (70°F), 2 /- S302 07)! Anas th The desired thermal etlicienery 13 30%, Which 18 eater than 211% (may. This Cycle 1s fot Peseak. s-/5.3. Atsteady state, a certain vapor power plant generates electricity at a rate of 10°kW. The average temperature of the steam passing through the boiler is 600 K, and the average temperature of the cooling water passing through the condenser is 300 K. Determine the minimum theoretical rate at which energy must be transferred to the cooling water, in kW. What consequences might result from transferring this energy to the surroundings? Known: Data are provided for a vapor power plant at steady state. Find: Determine the minimum theoretical rate at which energy is discharged by heat transfer to condenser cooling water. het sates | enter Schematic and given data: | _|__$Qe To _ i teen i at ® np See = tote ‘ — I~ 1 1 1 I a — 4 I se tee Assumptions: (1) The system shown by a dashed line on the accompanying figure operates at steady state. (2) Hot gases in the boiler and the condenser cooling water play the roles of the hot and cold reservoirs, respectively. Analysis: ‘The following equations result, respectively, from an energy balance and the definition of thermal efficiency Wore = Qn ~ Que W, 2, Combining these expressions and solving for 0,., tol heSince Wye. is specified, O,., is a minimum when the thermal efficiency is a maximum. The maximum thermal efficiency corresponds to the case where Q,, is received from a hot reservoir at Ty = 60C K and Q,,, is discharged to a cold reservoir at Tc = 300 K. 300 _ 9.5(50%) 600 Accordingly, the minimum value of Q,., is (ms = (ign fot =torew 0.5 If the cooling water is drawn from a lake or river, the retum water can result in an increase in the temperature of the lake or river, known as thermal pollution. Comments: (1) As the actual thermal efficiency would be less than 7),,, , the quantity of energy discarded to the cooling water would be greater than the minimum value calculated. (2) Although considerable energy is carried away by the cooling water, it has limited usefulness because the cooling water is typically raised in temperature only a few degrees above the ambient temperature.54 55 At steady state, a power cycle having a thermal efficiency of 38% generates 100 MW of electricity while discharging energy by heat transfer to cooling water at an average temperature of 21°C. ‘The average temperature of the steam passing through the boiler is 482°C. Determine - (a) the rate at which energy is discharged to the cooling water, in MW. (Ans. 163.2 MW) (b) the minimum theoretical rate at which energy could be discharged to the cooling water, in MW. Compare with the actual rate and discuss. (Ans, 63.8 MW) Schematic, ¢ Gwen Data! Analysis: | Qy Twe7ss1e (a) 1 Weyele 5 Gy = Get Meyete 4 Weyele — Wleyele = wd) Tet 296K = 163.2 MW <——QGe (b) IF cycle 1s vevers'ble , C1 (nan® (Bie = 0.6106, Weyele = 2oMW = 38% Thus, 0.61062 Weyle => Q. = toomw (L a ™n 106 7 The d/'fFerence between the aelea! = 63.8MW<—@,, Ue esents Fhe ES Lik Phe power cqcle-. A certain system collects solar radiation to provide energy by heat transfer at 100°C to a power cycle that discharges energy by heat transfer to the surroundings at 20°C. Another system focuses solar radiation to provide energy by heat transfer at 200°C. On the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, which of the systems would be preferred? Discuss. Qout Caurp = 2784) (Ans. System 2) dh Weyete Analysis: For Ty * 378k, i; = [= 2932 0.21456 nay = I Rin Ts ofOa7ee (2) 473K For Ts = 473k, 21-293 20/38|, Tmax 473 Ch the bass of the parimum possiple thermal efhicrency, System Z has the potentia/ to Produce larger Weyefe For the sane Qine Thus, System 2 /s preferred, 5-45.6 Apatent application describes a refrigerator that maintains a refrigerated space at 20°F while operating within surroundings at 75°F. The coefficient of performance is listed as 9.0. Is this coefficient of performance value feasible? Discuss. (Ans. No) Schematic, € Given Data! Got ace case) surrboundiags The maximum Coeklicrent of performance possible for ce Yefrigeration cycle 13 (ven by Eg. 5.4 Thus, ree = Te = 490 __ 2 8-78 Te Te = SBS-480 Therefore, the Clam for @ tsset feasible. 5.7 A heat pump driven by a 1-kW electric motor provides heating for a building whose interior is to be kept at 20°C. On a day when the outside temperature is 0°C and energy is lost through the walls and roof at a rate of 60,000 ki/h, would the heat pump suffice? . (Ans. No) . Bout = 0, 0008S] tie fe. f Tus zor w 298k Mogae 1eW The mauimun coefticientok - 0% = 873K performance poss ble for a heat pump cycle 18 91Ven by ees Thus, “wey = Te = 293 = 14.652 Raman sume in 293-273 Weyele For a IKW power input jor the cycle, the Maximum heat butput 1s Qy = 14:65 (1 RW) = 14.65 We Thu, Qulpay = U4 GS HWM! #5/s/4W) (Stoo ]h) = 52, IMokt Therefore, Phi heat pump Is tet acleguate rn AP to maintain Tw = 20°C. a-5