Quadratic Equations & Inequations Quadratic Equations & Inequations INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS Section -1 1.1 Real Polynomial Let ag, 4, 43,» d, be real numbers and xis areal variable, Then, JO) = ay ay HOE at a is called areal polynomial of eal variable x with rel coefficient. Forexample: feo= 24 3x4 LfQ)=243,f00= 43x? dy~ 1 are some examples of real polynomials (Nore : How to identify a polynomial ? Polynomial in x should be an expression in terms of various powers of x where every power should be a positive integer. For example: poser bea sayestrales, f() =x = x77 + 1 are not polynomials, 1.2 Degree of a Polynomial “The degree ofa real polynomial isthe highest power of xin the polynonnial FO) ag ay PE dy POP rt ay is a polynomial of degree n, as highest power of x is n where nis a positive integer and a, #0. Forexample: ‘/() =x3 2x2 +x is a polynomial of degree 3. f0) =x5 +22— Lis polynomial of degree 5 > Linear Polynomial : Polynomial of degree one is known as linear polynomial. For example: JG)=2x43, f(a) =—x+ 5 are linear polynomials. [Note > FG) = ax +b is a general degree one polynomial known as linear polynomial, 40. Polynomial of degree two is known as quadratic polynomial, Pvt 1, f(Q)=-s2+20— 1 are quadratic polynomials lore 5 f(a) = ax? + bx c, a# 0 is a general degree nwo polynomial known as quadratic polynomial. Sel study Course for ITEE wih Onine Support 1Quadratic Equations & inequations 1.3. Polynomial Equation Ify=f (x) is a real polynomial of degree n, then f (x) = 0 is the corresponding real polynomial equation of degree n. For example: If f) =»? 2-8 is a quacatic polynomial, then x2 2-8 =0is the corresponding quadratic equation, 1.4 Roots of an Equation Roots of an equation in x are those values of x which satisfy the equation. oR IL F(@) =0, then x = ais the root ofthe equation f(x) =0. For example : X=2,.x=3 are roots of 2?— 5x +6 =O because when we replace x= 2 or x=3 im the equation, ‘we get: 0=0. This implies x=2 and x= 3 satisfy equation, Hence x= 2 and x=3 are roots of the equation, > Real roots of an equation f(x) = Oare the x co-ordinates of the points where graph of y = f(x) intersects X-axis. > Anequation of degree n has n roots. (not necessarily all real) QUADRATIC EQUATION & INEQUATION Section -2 2.1 Introduction ‘The standard form of the quadratic equation is at tbxte=0 where a, b, ¢ are real numbers and a #0. 2.2 Roots of a Quadratic Equation Roots of a quadratic equation ax” + bx +c=0 (a#0,a,b,¢ R) are given by tt OB = > > Factorized form of ax* + bx + e=a (xa) (xB). IfS be the sum and P be the product of roots, then quadratic equation is: x Mustrating the Concept : (a) If and Bare the roots of equation ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0, find the value of following expressions. (OP +P Gi) Bit) By) BP gt SOLUTION: In such ype of problems, try to represent the given expression in terms of a + B (Sum of roots) and a (product of 100%). Inthe given problem 2 CECECIEINNNNNNNNNNI, vst course ori with tn SupportNic) eure Ue Quadratic Equations & Inequations @ oapPa(a+p-20p=[ (i) 4B (er B)°—3 08 (oe B)= (-) - (£\-4) (ii) + BY= (0? +B)? 202B* = [(c. +B)? 208]?—2 (a8)? ww © ot Bt= (07+ 8) (+ B)(a—B) LE) (8? ~ 2aeyyb* = 4ac (b) If @and Bare the roots of equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0, form an equation whose roots are @ 1 pst wo ist 8 BEG ae SOLUTION: ‘We know that to form an equation whose rots are known we have to find sum and product ofthe rots , -fats(ge2)- (+B) bare ny sumcs)= (0+) (+4) --0 Boe (+a)? 1 1 aL mease)=(1+4)(p-2) eae a= ‘The equation is :.2—Sx+P=0 . (Bere), oe? 0 = dex? +b(c#a)x4 (€ +a)? =0 is the requited equation . (7 ).f2 2) (2), +B @eo*) “ smo-(a45) (G+3)-(eh ope (ealle-a)-(a) The equationis: 7S + P=0 oe (uct z Product (P); > box (ac +54)x+ab~0iis the required equation Self study couse for IEE with Onine Support TTT” 5Quadratic Equations & Inequations CEUCUn Seer 2.3 Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation Nature of roots of a quadratic equation ax” + bx + ¢ = 0 means whether the roots are real or complex. By analyzing the expression )?— ac (called as discriminant, D), one cab get an idea about the natu of the roots as follows 1. @ IED <0 6% 4ac <0), then the roots of the quadratic equation are non — rea ie. complex roots. (©) If =0@?—4ac= 0), then the roots are real and equal. b Equal root (9) IfD > 06 4ac> 0), then the roots are real and unequal 2 IED ie. (2 4ac) is perfect square anda, band care rational, then the roots are rational 3. IED ie, (6*—Aac)is not a perfect square and a, b and c are rational, then roots are of the form m+n and m—n 4. a=1,b,c€ 1 and the roots are rational numbers, then the roots must be integer. 5. Ifa quadratic equation in x has more than two roots, then itis an identity in x (ie, true forall real values of x) and a= 0. IMlustrating the Concept : Comment upon the nature of roots of the following equations Pe arbx 0 (i) @t b+ -2@+byx+(a+b-0=0 (il) @- x? +(€-a)x4(@-b)=0 (iy) 42Ga45)x+2 (9a? +25) =0 ©) 0-9 0-1) +0-D0-9+0-90-a=0 SOLUTION: ‘Tocomment upon the nature of roots of quadratic equation we have to find "D’ (Discriminant) (Find Discriminant (D). D= (a+b) 40) (-2)=(ab) 44% DB O,henve the rots are rel @) D2 4(a+bP-4 a+ b+ Narb-d) =4[(at bP (at +e] 242 = (20)? > DB Oand aso a perfect squate, ence the roots ae rational ~a)?-4(b-0)(a-b) +a 2ac dab + 402 + 4ac— Abe =e +a? + Ob) —Aab— Abe + 2a =(c+a-29F = D> Oand also a perfect square, hence the roots are rational. (iv) D=4Ga+5)P°-8 Ga? +25) =-4 Ba-5)* = D-<0,sotheroots are non real if a# 5/3 and eal and equal ifa= 5/3. 4 Sel study Course for TEE with One SupportQuadratic Equations & Inequations (©) Simplifying the given equation; 3y?-2(atb+ey+(ab+be+ca)=0 Now D=4(atb+0)?-12(ab+be+ ea) =4(@ 4D? +02 ab—be—ca) =2[(a-b) + (b- 6)" + (€-a))] 1 Using: (a4 642 -ab—be~ca) = Sab)? + (b= 6)? +(6=a)"] = D2 0, sothe roots are real Note: IfD=0, then (a—by? + (b-c} + (c-a)*=0 = a=b=e = ifa=b=c, then the roots are equal, 2.4 Condition for Common Root(s) Consider two quadratic equations a tbrte=0 and a+ bivtc'=0 (a) For two common roots : In such a case, two equations should be identical. For that, the ratio of coefficients of x”, x and x" must be same, {b) For one common root Let or be the common root of two equations. So «should satisfy the two equations. > acttbate= 0 and a'o2+b'a+e'=0 Solving the two equations by using Cramer’s Rule (or cross multiplication method) be’ Be ab —a'b wa > be =V'0)(ab’ ~a'b) = (ae ac’ ‘This isthe condition for one root of two quadratic equations to be common, Note : To find the common root between the two equations, make the coefficient of &* common and then subtract the two equations. LESSESSIEES The equation whose roots are squares of the sum and the difference of the roots of the equation 2x? + 2m + nx + m? +n? =0 is (A) P= Amn + (n= 12? =0 (B) 24 damn + (on? =n (©) 4mnx— (n= = 0 (D) x —4mx— (mn? =P =0 Selfstuy couse for IEE with Ontne Support TOTTI” 5Quadratic Equations & Inequations CEES SOLUTION: (c) Leta, be the roots of given equation (rn?) z [Now we have to make an equation whose roots are (o + B)* ancl («ty Sum (S)= (+B)? +(-B)*=2 (0? + B)=2 (a+ f)*—208]) (m+n) and of Product (P)=(a+By>.(a-B)* (o.+B)*. (0+ B)—4) P= (m+n)? om n)—2 (me? +n?)] = (mn)? The equation: 3? Sx+P=0 = The required equation is x°— 4 mnx— (m?—n (Ee 7. value of k, so that the equations 2° + kx—5 = 0 and x*—3x—4=0 may have one root in ‘common is: 27 27 () -3,-1 (B) -3 © 1-2 o 3 SOLUTION: (8) Let exbe the common root of two equations. Hence 20? + ka—5=0 and a? —30—4=0 Solving the two equations ; [Using : 2.40)] HE=15 845 ~ 6-4 BPS ks 15) (64H) > 4P439k+81=0 = 3 ork=—20/4 DONE 02? + b+ 0 and bs? + c+ a= 0 have a root in common, the relation benveen a, band ci () a=0 or a+b +c'=3abe (8) a=0 ora’ +b'+8=-3abe (©) a=0 or a= c= 3abe (D) a=0 ofa +8 c= -3abe SOLUTION: (A) Solve the two equations as done in last illustration a tbxte=0 and bxe+exsa=0 =x 1 @ abe ac-P [Using :2.4 0)] = (@=be}? = (bac?) (ac-B*) Simplify to get: a(a’ +b? +c —3.abe)=0 4 a=0 or a 4b 4e3= 3 abc ‘This isthe relation between a, band . WETTED, sr ses course for st with ontine SupportNie eau Ace Quadratic Equations & Inequations Ifthe equations 2 ax-+ b= 0 and x ~ cx + ‘equal roots, then the value of ac is : have one root in common and second equation has (Ab (B) Wb+a) «© bed (D) bd SOLUTION: (8) The equation ex + d= O hat equal roots, = D0 > D 5 is the equal root of this equation. _| As equal roots of ax? + hx + ¢= 0 are. ‘Now this should be the common root. x= wiley the tution 2 © 2 Sea(Sjes-o - Mette sn = Hence ac =2(b +d) EE i the ratio of roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 be equal to the ratio of roots of the equation 34 be +60, then the value of pre ~ (Ay -1 B® 1 © 0 @) ‘None of these SOLUTION: (C) Let a, B be the roots of x? + pr +q=0 so, a+B=~p, af and also let 3 roots of x7 + br + e= 080, 7+8=-b,yB=e 2 Now, 2 ts e + m - & * = (Apply componendo-dividendo and take square on both sides) (ot - +8 (+B) (BP (y+ 8-4-3 (erp? reo? ee dap ~ ays qe I= na The condition that the equation — + ——, = but opposite in sign is (A) Pan (B) = 2m? (©) 2 =m (D) None of these arab Is real roots that are equal in magnitude SOLUTION :(B) Clearly x= mis ar00t of the equation. Therefore, the other root must be - m. That is, Lo 2 bom bem m = P= 202 2m? of Im? = ofS COaae TITRE USE SOPOT 7Quadratic Equations & Inequations Rie ue INEQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES Section - 3 3.1 Set Theory Introduction to Sets [i] Asetis a well-defined collection of objects or elements, Each element in a set is unique. Usually but not necessarily, ‘sel is denoted by a capital letter ‘.e.,A, By... U, Vete, and the elements are enclosed between curly brackets (.) ‘The elements are denoted by small leters a, b, ... x, y ete. For example: A= Set of all small English alphabets (abe... mye) B = Set of all postive integers less than or equal to 10 = 1,2,3,4.5.6.7.8,9, 10) R= Set of real numbers = (ee cxce, xeR} The elements of a set can be discrete (eg. set of all English alphabets) or continuous (e.g. set of real numbers) ‘The set may contain finite or infinite number of elements. A set may contain no clement and such a sets called Void set or Null sot or empty set and is denoted by 6 (phi) or (). The number of elements of a set A is denoted by m(A) and sometimes referred as cardinality of set A. Hence n(0) = 0 as it contains no element. For example: The collection of gitl students ina boys college is the empty set. [il] A sets called a finite set ifthe process of counting ofits different elements comes to an end and vice versa For example: The set ofall divisors of a given natural number isa finite set Union of Sets Union of two or more sets is the set ofall elements that belong to any of these sets. The symbol used for union of sets is eA UB=Union of setA and set B= (xix € A or x © B} For example MA (1,2,3,4} and B= (2,4, 5,6) and C= (1, 2, 6,8), then AU BU C=(1,2,3,4,5,6,8) Intersection of Sets It is the set of all the elements, which ate common to all the sets under consideration. The symbol used for intersection of setsis ‘be. AN B=(x:x © Aandx © B) For example IA ={1, 2,3,4), B= (2,4,5, 6} and C= (1, 2, 6, 8), then A BA C= (2) Remember that, (WB) =n) + n(B)—n(A OB) where n(A UB) means number of elements in A union B Difference of Two Sets The difference of set A to B denoted as A ~ B, is the set of those elements that are in the set A but not in the set B ie A-B=(x:x¢ Aandx € B) Similarly B—A = (x: x€ B andx € A). In general, A~B#B-A For example ITA = (a,b, 6 d} and B= (b, ¢,¢,f).thenA~B = {a, d} and B-A=(e, f} is =A = then A=B Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations 32 33 34 35 3.6 Inequalities ‘The following are some very useful points to remember asb = Bithera ace ach SavcchsevceR a a-deb-c. > > > > a~b ie. inequality sign reverses if oth sides are multiplied by a negative number. > > ab = maOand ma > mbif m<0. > O0 and a> Hit r<0 Interval -2V a <0 and equality holds for a An infinite continuous subset of R is called an interval. Closed Interval ‘The set of real numbers between a and b (where a . ‘Thus (a, ©) = (.x:x>4 }and [a,e) = (4:x2al ‘Similarly, we define (=, a (x ix0, the parabola opens upwards, Oo Reis For a <0, the parabola opens downwards / \ ° 3. Intersection with axes : () with xaxis a<0aniD=0 > ForD>0 Kaxis Parabola cuts X-axis in two points. a andD>0 ~b+D The points of intersection are B= 2a a> OandD=0 > Ford: PParabola touches X-axis in one point nis ~ The point of contact is = 5 acoandD=0 > ForD FG)has minimum value at verexifa> Oand D b fain=~ 3 8X=— 3 > f()has maximum value at vertex if a <0 and 2 a Fro =~ tg 88 ~ 2 Note: Graph of any quadratic polynomial can be plotted by following steps (I) to (4). 4.3. Sign of a Quadratic Polynomial Let f(a)=ax" + bx-+ewhere a, b, ce Rand a #0. 1. a>0,D<0: ‘As a> 0, parabola opens upward ‘As D <0, patabola does not intersect X-axis, Sof (a) >Oforallxe R ice, fis positive forall value of x. 2 a<0,D<0: [As a-<0, parabola opens downward [As D <0, parabola does not interseot X-axis. Softs)0,D>0: ‘As a> 0, parabola opens upward ‘As D> 0, parabola intersects X-axis in wo points say a, B (@- O forall xe (~~, 0] UB, =) and f(x) <0 for allx€ (0. B) ive. f(a)is positive for some values of x and negative for other values forx. axis of symmetry axis of symmetry \Svameves Xaxis X-axis [ \sOandD>0 oN ‘X-axis Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support ANE” 1Quadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred 44 a<0,D>0 ‘Asa <0, parabola opens downward. ‘As D >0, parabola intersect X-axis in two points say , B(a:< 8 Sof(x) < Oforallx¢ (-=, 0] U[B,~) andf(a) > Oforall xe (cB). He ic f(a) postive for some values of x and negative for oer values of a0 a>0,0=0 [As a> 0, parabola opens upward ‘As D=0, parabola touches X-axis a>0andD=0 Sofa) 2 Oforallxe R we Laxis Le. f (x) is positive for all values of x except at vertex where f(x) =0. a<0,0=0 [As a<0, parabola opens downward Vertex [As D=0, parabola touches X-axis axis Sof (x) < O forall xe R. a0},weuse the following precede. p>o > Make the coeticient of 2 positive > Pactorge the expression and represent the left hand side of inequality in the form (x ~a) (xB) > Ifa) (2B) > 0, then xlies outside o and B. oo , re C=, QUG,*) _———— = € (=, 0) UGB, =) o B > If (x-@) (x- B) 2 0, then x lies on and outside ot and B. re ~,0] VIB.) st 3 re C=, a]UIB.=) <_t > If =) &~B)<0, then lies inside cand B. > xe (0,8) —— a 8 > If @—«) (XB) < 0, then x lies on and inside o and B. > xele,B) ——_—_ a6 DeOanda>0 : fQ)>0 forallxeR ©) dD DandacO + fla)0 ; fo)20forallxeR, () ~—- D=Oanda<0 : FQ) <0 forallxeR. DS0,a>0 J) 2 0forallxeR (DS 0,a<0 JO) $0 forallxe R 12 UETTTITINNNNNIIIII, set study course for Ms with ontne SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations Mlustrating the Concept : (a) ff (x) = x7 + 2x + 2, then solve the following inequalities @ fa 20 (ii) fa so fi >0 fy) fy<0 foyete red Letusfind D = D=B-dac=@P-4()@)=-4<0 = D0 Asa>OandD<0,wegel: f(x)>0V xe R [Using result 3.5 ()] @ — fa) 2 0istue y xER Gi) f(s) < Vis true forno value of xive.,x€ { Gi) FQ) >Oistue V xe R. Civ) f(a) 0 (iy fay D=0 => roots of the corresponding equation (f(x) = 0) ate teal and equal. Also observe that a = coefficient of 7 = 1>0. As D=Oanda>0,we get > fayz0vxer (Using 3.5] © FG) pOisuue y xeR @ 0) < Oisuue V xe (-2) Gi) fo) > Oise V xe R- 2) Gv) fla) 0>D>0 ‘Now factorize LHS using ‘Spliting the middle term’ method ie. Sodrtx-3<0 AHI 0=D >0, LHS cannot be factorized using spliting the middle term method. We will find roots of the corresponding equation (say o£ and B) then use result ax" + bx + ¢= a (r~ a) (xB), where ck and P are roots of ax? + bx +e=0. Ww Consider 2 += ~btVD 2a =0 Using x formula to find roots, we getx Using (i), we get - ii) ‘Combining () and (1), we get Pei [Using result given in seetion 3.5 (a)] 4,5 Maximum and Minimum values of a Quadratic Polynomial Let f(x) = ax? + bx 40,040. Case +1 (a>0) When a > 0, parabola opens upward. From graph, vertex (V) is the lowest point onthe graph, a Yy = y=/(3) possesses minimum value at x= > ED] 0 has minimum value at vertex. D=(-12)*-4x4x 15 = 144-240=-96 farZant o : foms6 wet Sox = fx) =- 3 4 Sx-4 As a=-3<0 FG) has maximum value at vertex. D=(5)-4(3)(-4) 4.6 Introduction to Logarithmic Function : If.x= a? for x > 0, a> 0 and a # 1, then logarithm for x with respect to the base a is defined to be y. In symbols, log, =, Note: Ifany of the conditions vic. (i) x>0 (i) a> and (ii) a# 1 is not fulfilled, logarithm is invalid Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support ANE” 15Quadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred Graph of Logarithmic Function y=logx.a>Lorx=@ a> () When 01, Since a>1,0 1 We have to choose those values of y for which 0 1,y<0 = ye C=,0) x ()— Whenx=1, oe fo We have to choose tht valve of y for which x becomes 1 > y=0 - x Graph of fog,x,0>1 yelogx, 00 ©) When. = y=0 (i) Whenx> 1, Sincea<1,y <0, We have to choose those values of y for which 0 < @< 1 We have to choose that value of y for which x becomes 1 We have to choose those values of y for which a” > 1 oe Graph of fog,4, 0<0<1 4.7 General Properties of logarithmic function : log,(0y)=logx+ logy + %y>0,a>0,a41 (iil) log, =ylog yx 5 a> 0,041 1 8) Tok,ag XE logyyx i x>0,a#-1,0, 1.040 0) 108 on = 5 Het il) foga=ts a>0ael loge (is) tog, x= 28, wherex.y,2>0:y 4 Leal lop. y (xi) aXe ax>Oael ill) 1f0n>0 > log,mO,ael Ia>landm>n > 0 2 log,m>log,n a> then log,x

0 then og, x>p > xd (vi) O xo (vil) 10p 2 O0 ‘Note: Whenever the base of a logarithmic term is not written, its base is assumed to be 10. Logarithm of x to the base eis usually written asin In. {b) Exponential Function yea’ where a>1 or 0 1, then y increases as x increases. ° If.0. 0. IMlustrating the Concepts : ree Prove that: (88) 1 asi Las. -[36 Fs -[" 5 8 [oF SEY 17a >0, a # 1, then the equation log, a + logg,a+ 3 loggr.a (A) exactly one real root ® pens RHS. two real roots (©) no real roots (D) infinite number of real roots SOLUTION : (8) ‘The equation can be written as 2loga toga, Sloga logh ] Tog x 10g.(@x) Jog (a?) 0 [vine oss = #8 ie | Asa>Oanda I, log a #0, ;) can be written as 2,1 3 tip Be? (where b= log @ and y=log 3) = 2+) Qb+y)+y A+ y)+3y4y abe Lby +6y Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support AUS” 17Quadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred Above equation is @ quadratic in y. On solving, we get ips yi2w?-96? 4b 2 372 As y=logxandb=loga = loge 4 1 5 . FZ loga or = 5 toga = x=e a [Using : log, b= ¢ = = a4) = Tworealroots can exist. SEED 4 the graph of the polynomial : y =x2 + kx— x +9 is above X-axis, then the possible values of k are: () ker B) keC5.7) (ke T,9) —(D)_Noreal value ofk SOLUTION : (8) ys ar? br-te has its graph above a-axis if D=(k=1)?= 36 <0, for graph to lie above x-axis a>0andD<0 Nhe <0 Given yo ek-1) 49 = -S0 and D < 0 & a>0 and 1-4a(a-2) <0 ee ) vuug aaa ee (A 5 (B) 2 (c) 3 (D) None of these SOLUTION : (A) Let f(a)=(k-2)P + Bxe kd Ja)>0 3 a>0 and D0 and 64-4(k-2)(k+4)<0 28 ETT, set study course for MsEE with ontne SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations k>2 and 16-(K +2k-8) <0 k>2 and P+2k-24>0 k>2 and ReGork>4) = As itcan be observed that & can take values greater than 4 = kd. least integral value of k=. [EEE b (D) -b (Wea Ot)<0 > Ser<-a DO 0,6, cB and a +5 + 6) €<0, then the quadratic equation p(s) = ax + bx-+ 6= 0 has (A) Anegative root (B) —Tworeal roots (©) Two imaginary roots (D) None of these SOLUTION : (8) PO) =a +bxec=0 Now, a+b be=p(I)ande=p (0) According to question, (arbtec<0 > — p(l)piO)<0 Possil lity of graph : (hh EP p()=0 has one rootin (0,1). 17 (2) =O has two real rots because if coefficients and any one root are real, then other root would also be real QOS 1, be tree cistincr real numbers such that each ofthe expressions ar? + bre, b+ ox-+aand erecta ex? + ax +b are positive for all x € Rand let a= "°°" then i wg ase ee (A) acd (B) a VA (D) a>l SOLUTION : (8) & (C) According to the given conditions @>0,b? 0, c?<4ab ; ¢>0, a <4be @ +b +c 0 HEA -eteataby>0 (Using) eat ab = eet we Ooi ve (OEE 0, < a #0 and the quadatic equation ai? + bx + 6 O has no real rots, chen (A) a+b+ce>0 (B) ala+b+c)>0 (c) bla+b+c)>0 (D) cla +b+o>0 SOLUTON : (B) & (0) Let/(x)=a.*+ bx +e Itis given that (2) = Ohas no rel roots. So, ether (x) > 0 forallx€ Ror/(2)0 3 elasb+ey>0. Also, af (1)>0 => a(a+b+c)>0. (EEE jas ssasian (A) F(X) > 0 for all x (B) Six) = lwhenx 20 (C) f() 2 Lwhenx s -4 (D) Ff @) =f (x) for all x SOLUTION : (B) & (C) Since f(s) is «quadcati expression having real roots (- D > 0). Therefore f(x) does not have the same sign forall x Now, fay21 => 24drt121 = 44x20 => xS-4 or x20 = (B) and (C) are correct. fa)=P-4x+1 > fda fio > D)is wrong [DEEL Fi cating gee stows he graph fy sa vc Ten y (aco (B) P<4ac (C) ¢>0 x (D) aand b are of opposite signs. or e0) Gd) 20 ETT, st study course for MsEE with Online Support,Ric EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations SOLUTION: (A) & (0) ‘As itis clear from the figure that itis parabola opening downwards ie. a<0. = (ADis comet. > isyae2sbeee jie. degree wo polynomial Now, if a2+bx+e=0 > ithastworoots x; and x sitcuts the ais a two dstnst point x; and x. Now, from the figure itis also clearthatsy +1,>0. (i.e. sum of root is positive) - b > zo = qs 0 = aand b are of opposite signs. = — (D)is correct. AsD>Oands(0) <0, both (B) and (C) are wrong, The diagram shows the graph of y= ax? + bx +c, Then, >| (A) a>0 (B) b<0 (© e>0 (D) P-4ac=0 SOLUTION : (8) & (C) As itis clear from the figure that it is @ parabola opening downwards ic. a<0. . o x = Misysax’ torte ie, degree two polynomial 0) G9) Nowif ax? +bx4e=0 <= ithastworootsxy and. as itcusthe axis atwo distinct point x, and x Now from the figure itis also clear that x; +x,<0, (ie, sumof roots is negative) > b > <0 > F>0 > b<0 > Ghiscomect As the graph of y=/(x) cuts the + y-axis st (0,c) wheree>0 => (C)iscomect. RATIONAL FUNCTION & RATIONAL INEQUATION Section - 5 5.1 Introduction to Rational Functions Rational function of xis defined as ratio of two polynomials of x, say P(x) and Q (x) where Q (2) #0. i. 170)=22 ; o@peo, oe) then f(x) isa rational function of x Following are some examples of rational functions of x x art? seer foy= pepe SE eres pepe ve Seed Se oy 5.2 Maximum and Minimum values of a Rational Function of x 2 sorte consider: fa)=y= SABE where ve R— (a, Bh where af are roots ofpx? +gxtP=0 di) pee ger ce R- (api adverse | ye? [et earer [ Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 2Quadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred ‘We will ind maximum and minimum values f(x) can take. ‘Cross Multiply in (i) to get atebree = (anpy2eb—g)xt (6-79 Asxisteal, D20 = (b-gP-4(a-py) (o-9) 20 Above relationship is an inequality in y. On solving the inequality we will get the values that y can take. yprsgetn) Case-1: ye [A,B] Ify can take values between A and B, then, ‘Maximum value of Y= Vypax =: y, Minimum value of y= qin =A. Case-ll: ye (-», AUB, =) fy can take values outside A and B, then ‘Maximum value of Y= yay i.e, not defined. ‘Minimum value of y= Yin i.e, not defined, Case- Il: ye (-, )ie.yeR fy can take all values, then Maximum value of y= Ymygq= °° -¢. not defined, i.e, not defined. xe R, then f(x) can take values a 69) BG S}UB=)(C) 15,91 (D) None of these SOLUTION : (8) 2+ Be xs de-7 By cross multiplying and making a quadratic ‘equation in x, we get > 2 (1k) + G4 2k) x4 Tk 71 = (k= 5)(k-9) 20 Asxe R, discriminant 2 0 = kee, 5] UL) (Using result 3.5 (a) = 4-28-40) K-71) 20 Hence k can never lie between 5 and 9. 7-b?-d- Tk-TH) 20 8P—112k +360 > 0 Let Wo 14k+45 20 uuu Be 5543 A The values ofmfor which the expression : >=. can take all el values for x € R = {zh (A) meG,6) — (B)— me [6,8] (C)— me F-6-4] (D) me [4,2] 22 ESET, st study course for Ms with ontne SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations SOLUTION : (A) 2 5x4 Aste nedinint 20 > Gk+5P-8G4m) 20 = 162+ 40-8mk+1 20 A quadratic ink is positive forall values of kif coefficient of i positive and discriminant & 0. => 40-8m)>-406 0) <0 = (S-mP?-1<0 > m=S=1(m=541) 50 > (m~H(m=4) <0 > me [4,6] lwo pe 282 S43 (#-1)(2x-3) Tom (ax=m) When m=4 => xeR-(1) and Sine eto ed a ie. Kean'take all real val for ver-{h Simiayohom=6 2 xca-{3} at i a 3 13 sine x¢3 = ket{3j- > x iG ‘) ie Kean'Ctakeall real value for xe R— 12" * th Note : Here for m=4 or 6, given rational expression reduces to lincar expression and linear expression can take all real values only when x can take al real values, ‘So for the given expression to take all real values, m should take values : m € (4, 6). 2 xt tmx) eeeel (A) me (1,8) (B) me (=, -1) US) (©) me (1,5) (D)_ None of these SOLUTION :(C) The values of m so that the inequality << 3 holds for all x € R. Weknow that lalcb = beach emt Hence |" TiS CONE Se WAR OORNE SSP. 2Quadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred 5.3 (a) (b) coset, Stmetl 2 axel 2 aot 4x (2 tme+ D307 exe o> ert Multiplying both sides by denominator, we get > =2x? + (m=3)x-2<0 (because denominator is always positive) > 2x? —(m—3)x42>0 ‘A quadratic expression in xs always postive if coefficient of :?>0 and D <0 > (m=3)°-42)) (m-3)-4 <0 > (m-Dim+ <0 > meCLD case: 3c html gg hemp e3GF ered we aadl eal Forthisto be tre forall xe R,D<0 = (m+3)°—4(4) (4) <0 = (m+3—8)(m+348)<0 [Using a* - 6? = (a +) (a-b)] = m-NmtiN0 Rational Algebraic Inequal Solving Quadratic Inequality : {A simple and quick method of solving quadratic inequations is as follows; +++ > Make the coefficient of x* positive if necessary “ © > Check for bac. IFitis negative then the solution is either all eal x or no teal x depending on the inequality sign I 6 —Aae > 0, then solve the given quadratic to get the real roots c, and c, where c, < cy. > Ifthe final sign ofthe inequation is “> then the solution set is (—,¢,) U (ey, ®) and if he final sign is “<” then the solution se is (¢,€). Equivalence in Inequali oH ‘The inequations are said to be equivalent if every solution of one is a solution of the other, For instance, the inequations x2 (2-2) (2~3) > 0 and “> Oare equivalent. The solution set to both ineguations is (—», 2) UG, =) PROOF 2 ‘The ineguation~—>Omakes sense ifr 3, Mukiplying by (2~3)°>0 on bah side, we ge (x~2)(x—3)>0 whose solution set is easily seen to be (- =, 2) UB. =) x2 ‘The student must note carefully that the inequations (x - 2) (x-3) > Oand > 0 are NOT equivalent. The former x3 haas solution set (= , 2] U [3, =), while the latter has solution set (=, 2] UG, «). a self study Course for IEE with Online SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations GDOMD ggg OD Od (x= 2,03) are all equivalent, (Sec the section for solutions to the cubic inequations) ‘Similarly the inequations (x 1) (x= 2) («= 3)>0; {) Cubic inequations : ‘Suppose the ineguation can be writen as (x ~¢,) &~ 3) (-€,) >0, = + = + where ¢, <4 <6, a 4& 4 The solution set = (c,, ¢,) U (ey, ©) If the sign inthe above inequation is "< "then the solution set is (* ,¢,) U (€y €) (4) Generalization : ‘The solution set to the inequation (x—¢,) (r= e,) 6.) 20, where ¢, <¢, << 6, is The solution set is (€).€3) U (65.6) Uo U Gy ifm is odd and (6,6) Ue 6) Uo (ey) if mis even ‘Note: Dealing with inequations in an immatured manner leads to serious ersors. ‘The consequences ate generally (1) Allowing fake solutions (2) _Discarding correct ones {e) Rational Algebraic Inequalities : ‘Consider the following types of rational algebraic inequalities. PO) 4 PO) 64 PO 4 PO | Qt) Ox) ec) ea) ‘where P (4) and Q(x) ae polynomials in. 0 > These inequalities can be solved by the method of intervals also known as sign method or wavy curve method. How to solve Rational Algebraic Inequality : (a) Factorise P(x) and @ (x) into linear factors. ()) Make coefficient of x positive in all factors. (©) Equate all the factors to zero and find corresponding values of x. These values are known as critical points. (@) _Plotthe critical points on a number line, ertical points will divide the number line (n + 1) regions (©) Inright most region, the expression bears positive sign and in other regions the expression bears alternate positive and negative signs. Mlustrating the Concept : @ Solve 2-Sx+6>0. cis easy to see that x? — Sx + 6 = (x ~2) (v-3). ‘Thus, the critical points are 2 and 3 and since the sign, is > , the solution set is (=, 2) UG, =) Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 25Quadratic Equations & Inequations my Gi ) 0 ) Solve 28+3x-x2°>0 ‘Multiplying with ~ 1, we get x*~3x—28 <0 = &+)e-N<0 = reC47) Solve 5-232" 0, Multiplying with -1, we get 3x? + 2x52 0. = @-NGr45)20 = xe(~ Shen ~) Solve 24+3x-1<0 Now the factors of x2 4 3x — 1 are not possible by inspection although they ate real 2iv5 Solving s? + 3y -1=0, we get as critical points, Thus, the inequation can be written as Solve The critical points are 2/5 and 4/5 and therefore the smn (22) Solve (x3) (x-2)?> 0. Since (x —2)* > 0 for all x except at (2) =0. ‘The given inequation is equivalent to x— 3 >0 and x2 2 for which Solve (x - 3) (2x— 1) Gx+5)>0 Since (x— 3)? > 0 for all x except at x =3 hence the inequation ean be written as (2 - 1) Gx + 5) > 0. ifxe3. 2 e{=2}{ba}ameres ErOMcurimcred 4 3 2 3 Now x3 > 0 is obviously satisfied in (3, ») which does not include 2, Thus the required solution is GB.) Hence, the required solution is 26 CUES, 5+ study coure fo rite with onthe supportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations (ill) Solve Ue >=1 1 atl <+1>0 0 ‘The critical points are ~1 and 0 Hence, the required solutio = -1U 0%) (x) Solve (= 2) Gx—2) (r+ 1) <0. ‘The critical points in the ascending order are -1, +e + 2/3 and 2 using our algoritim for exbie inequation a 3 3 Hence the solution is (~«.-1)u| =, 2 3 ey ses, fle for x: OT ayaa)” SOLUTION 8x? +16x-51 @x- dora 7? = 8x7 + 16x-51-32x-9 +4) = 2x? +x-15 >0 = Qx-) (x49) (2x -3)(x+4) (Qx-3(a+4) (x3) (x44) Citcal points ate:x=—4,-3,3/2,52. “The soltion from the number ine is - oo . 3) (5 a recm pu [adju[Z- a 3S se eee) 4 Solve for x: + SOLUTION 4 Tex I-x< 1 Pa de45 On solving the above inequality, we get; —74*3 Co) —! _.a oe) —1 _s6 aed xe 1) UG, [As 245 >0 forall xe R (because D <0, a> 0)] the real values of x for which y takes real values (i.e. domain) (xe C,0)U,2) B) xeC%-Dvl1) (© xeO,DU@3) () xeChy Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 7Quadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred SOLUTION :(8) Foryto take real values ; 20+D-7 +1 z val = Gs) go wane =x “Multiply both sides by x2—x+1to get, [Asx2—1 +1 > 0 forallre R (because D <0, a > 0), we can nnultiply both sides aust <0 by 2? x41) Critical points are x=! 1 rsd Expression is negative forx€ (=,-1) U0, 1] + + t Soreal values of x for which yisreal are xe =, -1DU(0.1] TEESE solve for x, if! x-123, SOLUTION : Given x= 1123 > xs-2or xe 4 = x-1s-30rx-123 Hencex © ,-2) U [4,). SOLUTION On squaring, we get On verification, 4/3 does not satisfy the given Bxt44x-442 JGx44)x-4) = 4x equation, ‘On simplifying, we get (Gx+4)(x—4) =0, whose Hence x = 4 is the only solution. roots are easly sen to be x = —4/3 and x=4, (ELLY sone Jo5=2 2-0 SOLUTION Proceeding as eater we get. 25=8-+VO¥8 =2 Both x= 0 and x = 16, do not satisfy the orginal ts ned4n02 fOSDTH 4 cxuation, They appear because of squaring a the step (0 = -8-/B=erH ve ‘Thus the given equation does not have any roots. ‘Squaring and simplifying, we get: x° ~ 16x = 0 = 120,16 28 QUESTS, set study course for MsEE with online SupportDic Eu Reed Quadratic Equations & Inequations (PETE Solve 3x—21=1 SOLUTION Method 1: 13x-2I=1 = 3x-2= 41 Considering positive sign, we get Considering negative sign. we get x = 1/. ‘Thus the solution set is (1/3, 1} Method 2: Assume 3x - 22 0 ie., x2 2/3, the equation becomes 3x—2= Lor x= 1 Now as 1 2 2/3 is satisfied, Hence x = 1 is a root, Next, assume 3x —2 <0, i, x < 2/3, the equation becomes 2-3 x 13, which satisfies WB <1 Hence x 3 is also a root, ‘Thus the solution set is (18, 1). considering method 2 for most of the time, ‘Note: Method 1 has its limitations. It can not be applied to all type of problems involving modulus sign. Hence we will be CEE sores SOLUTION: Over [3, ), the equation is x-3.=7-2x =2x or x= 10/3, since 10/3 2 3, itis a root Over (~ ~, 3), the equation becomes 3 ~x=7—2x. = x=4 which does not satisfy x < 3, Tate encanto rose. = 12 (EE sot sececas SOLUTION: ‘The ertical points are -1 and 1/2. Therefore we will divide R into three disjoint ses ie. Rem, NU EL IVR, =) Over (==, =I]. the equation is equivalent to - 2 +143 wr-143e = x= 5/4, which does not lie in (~ », 1]. Thus there is no root in =, 1] ‘Again over (-1, 1/2], the equation is equivalent to xe Le3e=1-2043 =3 x= 1/2is a solution as it belongs to [+1, 1/2] Finally over (1/2, =), we get xt 143v=2r-143 =3 x= 1/2, which does not lie in (1/2, ). ‘Thus there is no root is (1/2, ) ‘Thus the given equation hss only one root [EE sa SOLUTION: Ixlza = xe , -a] Ufa)... tra then ie forall eal vies o Now, following the above result, the given inequation implies 3x-2> 1/2 or 3x-2.<-1/2 Bee SR or 3x< 32 = x25 or veld = xe ©, 12) UI6, «) TiS CONE Se WAR OORNE SSP. FeQuadratic Equations & Inequations Prete eeed (EEE savin sowmon: ‘We must have -1/2 $ 2x +5 <1/2 = - 4x s-9/4 s iipene.op rept, -91) CEE soves- tc. sowTion: The expression 3~ can bo potve or some values ‘Therfe the above ineqution des not have teat of and neue for some ther vale; bt for al roltions. the values 13 =x 120 (Nove tat 13 Te 1> -1 ise forall el values [EEE sn-P ono sowmion: Over [0, o), the inequation is equivalent to ‘Again, over (~<, 0), we have Str-12<0 > re C43) xo 12<0. Gatco 3 xec3a) But as the equivalence is over (— », 0), the solution set becomes (~ 4, 0) But as the equivalence is over [0, =), the solution set ‘Thus the salon othe becomes (0, 4), 1s the solution to the given equation is 4,0) 410.4) =(4,4) CEE ssotve x1 — 1x-21=2 SOLUTION: Over (=, 0], we get x= (2-3) =2 Over (2, =), we get = -2=2 which is absurd xo@-2)=2 of 22 ‘Thus no solution in (==, 0] => Allreal x >2 are the solutions. Over (0,2), we have Hence the complete solution set is (2, «). x-@-y=2 or x=? > x=2isasolution [EEE Sa fotoning equations @ vx-3>2 (ii) Vx-3>2 Gil) vx-3<-2 (iv) vx-3<2 SOLUTION (i) The inequation makes sense ifx—3 2 One, x23. Now as Jx=3 20 forall permissible x we musthave /x—3 > -2 for all permissible x. Thus the solution set is set of all those x's for which the inequation makes sense, which is [3, +). 30 ETN, set study course for MsEE with Online SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations ( ‘The domain D of the inequation = (3, to gerx>7, since both sides are non negative in the inequation, we can square both sides Hence the solution set = (7, ©) 013, 1, e) (ili) Since V¥=3 20, for all permissible x the given inequation has no solution (iy) Proceeding as in (ii), we get after squaring x < 7. Taking the intersection with [3,=), we get the required solution set as [3, 7). CEEEEREELY soive the fotlowing inequations x2 x2 i i >I 22 et Gy “ i <= ai = (sy SOLUTION: () All those 2's for which the inequation has meaning Taking the intersection with D, we get the required will be solutions. The inequation makes sense solution set as (1/3, 3/4). Solution set = 9, as LHS is non negative and RHS is negative x2 ie. wae? = xe (13,2) (iy) D = (1/3, 2] where D denotes the domain of the Hence the solution set = (1/3, 21 function (i) D =A}, 2), where D denotes the domain of the proceding a in (i, we gers 223.50 function Baad ‘We square the inequation to get: 3 eG #1) GI,» x? = x72 og Taking intersection with D, we get the required . * io3s solution set as (3/4, 2]. a <0 > xe (1/3, 3/4) 3x-1 . g CEE sone: i) xs Vote i) SOLUTION For al parts of the problem, D = (~ =, 24/5] Suppose x € D,, then on squaring we get |) Forsolving, inequation is to be squared. The squaring Boh Se is possible if both sides are non-negative. The LHS. SP 4Sx-24>0 “x's negative in (~, 0) and positive in (0, 24/5) > +8) G-3)>0 Let ~.0) 3 reG#,-9UG.%) mi D, (On taking inerscetion with D,, we get Sy 3, 24/5] Now no value in D, is a solution since a negative quantity can not be greater than a non-negative Thus required solution set = $, US, = (, 24/5] quantity (1) Now, each value in D, isa solution. Thus, solution set S, over D, is 6. Thus S, = (~, 0} on D,, we get Ve UMA-Sx = re (8,3) Ce GEN SIE IS aQuadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred DE i Je=5-aa>1 SOLUTION ‘Clearly, the domain of the function is D = [5, 9] ‘Writing the given inequation as pievonx @ simplifying, we get Forx € [15/2, 9], we get 2 2 2 bStHS*4 ‘Taking the intersection above interval with (15/2, 9], SOLUTION : On dividing by 6*, we get ‘On squaring (both sides are non negative), and _[i4ey7 weaet: 5, =|“ 9 2x15 32 Jo=e «i ‘Thus the required solution Set is Consider D = (5, 15/2] v (15/2, 9], no value in (3% [5, 15/2] is a solution, Hence S, 2 (Qk- 15% > 4-2) > 4x? — 56x + 189 > 0 TELL Soive :6.4°-13.6°+ 69"=0 32 : 7 > it Ay -is46f3 23 caren 2032 ay = [3] -Z02 ow 2] swoon 3 > yslor-i > 6P-13r+6=0 = 6rn3+& Hence the solution set SOLUTION : ‘On dividing the given equation by 2", we get epttote pas? os 229 4 4928 39 Poae Put 2°? =r, we get P4132 Now 1 = -8 is inadmissible since 2""-** > ofor all real x ‘Therefore 1 = 4 is the only possibility. geet > = eo2r=2 SS Pame2s0 rele Hence the solution set $ = {1 -V3, 1 +5 }. 32 ETT, set study course for Ms with ontne SupportQuadratic Equations & Inequations Dic Eu Reed Illustration - 43 AOE aces SOLUTION : ‘We cannot solve this equation by standard methods. By hit and trial we note that x = 2 is a root. Let us show that a number different from 2 cannot be a ‘A number greater than 2 cannot be solution of the given equation. We can similarly prove that a number smaller than 2 cannot be solution either. solution of the above equation Thus the only solution is x =2 Let yy > 2 then 3° > 3? =9 and 5% > $2=25=3 45" >34 (ESSN EMME Solve 2+ 2°13 <0 SOLUTION Pucdt=1,we gets + 2-3<0 a 1 0) <8+2<0 of G-1)G-2<0 > re 2) log 1 excl ‘Note From the inequality a < ¢ 0 and (ii) log is taken ‘at a base which is greater than unity. SOLUTION: ‘The given inequation can be written as Now since 5* > 0 for all x, () is equivalent to 502-25) <0 (ne... SOLUTION 8u25<0 = rE C5,5) = xp IR and xed = xe (121) case Il:4*—2<0 and x- 150 case |: '-2>0and x-1<0 = xe URandx>t = #520 ond xe] = Hence no real value of x exists Thus the complete solution set tothe given inequality, is (2, 1) Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 33 = #542 and x0 = <0 > 1626) = D=C=,0UA=) ‘Taking intersection with D, we get the required For these values, the given inequation is equivalen solution as ve (4,6) to = POSITION OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION Section - 6 Let f(x) = ax? + bx + 6, where a, b, © © R be a quadratic expression and & ky, be real numbers such that ky < ND, -b+b L214 B (aA) be the root ofthe equation fa) =Oie ax? + br4+.6=0.TRen a= AP apg Bae where ‘Dis the discriminant of the equation, 6.1 Conditions for a number k to lie between the roots of a quadratic equation IFanumber lies between the roots of a quadratic equation (x)= ax? +bx-+.e=0, then the equation must ave real roots and the signoff) i opposite othe sign of ‘a ais evident from Fig. 1 and2 > Fig. f() =a? +bk+e<0 LO) ~ aks bk + e>0 0 a fh<0 0 af <0 «i Combining () and (i), af (K) <0 for k to li between roots, |Note: Forroots to be eal, D > 0, There is no need to take this condition as when af (K) <0, then D will always be positive ie. D2 0. Hence af (k) <0 is necessary and sufficient condition for k to lie between roots, ‘Thus, a number k lies between the roots of a quadratic equation f(x) = ax? + bx +e =0 i afhy<0. 34 QUEST, st study course for Ms with ontne Support6.2 Conditions for both k, and k, to lie between the roots of a quadratic equation Ifboth k; and k; lie between the roots « and B of a quadratic equation, then f(x) = ax? + bx +¢=0, then sign of f(K) and _F(kz) should be positive or negative depending upon sign of a as itis evident from figure 3 and 4 Fig. 3 Fig. a Dand f(b) >0 Combining () and (ii), af) <0 and af (ky) <0 Hence for k, and k, to lic between roots, af (ky) <0 and af (k) <0. 6.3 Conditions for a number k to be less than roots of a quadratic equation [a mumber is smaller than the rots ofa quadratic equation (x)= ax? +bx+o then the equation must have eal and distinct roots andthe sgh of f(s same asthe sign of ‘a’ as is evident from Figs, Sand 6, Also kis less than the x-coordinat of the ‘vertex of the parabola y = ax? + bx + ce, k<—bi2a, y Fig. 5 Fig. 6 a<0 FB>0ands,>k 0) (8) “i Contig ative nseteOshte ~E>kantD20 ‘has, a number k is smaller than he roots of « quadratic equation a? + bx + ¢=0,if © p20 (i) af)>0 ill) Rex, =— ba Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support UNE” ss6.4 Conditions for a number k to be more than the roots of a quadratic equation Ifa number kis larger than the roots of quadratic equation f(x) = ax" + bx-+c, then the equation must have real and distinct roots and the sign off(k) is same as the sign of ‘a’ as is evident from Figs.7 and 8. Also, kis greater than the x-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola y= ax? + by-+e ie. k>—bI2a. y Fig. 7 Fig. 8 aco F(R) >Oandx, .< be “Ze ekantD20 ‘Thus, anumber k is more than the roots of a quadratic equation ax? + br + ¢=0, if @ D20 Gi) af) >0 (ii) k> ba, 6.5 Condition for both the roots of a quadratic equation to lie between numbers k, and k, If both roots o and B of a quadratic equation f(x) ~ ax + bx +e = 0, lie between numbers ky and ky, then equation ‘must have real roots, signs of /(k,) and f(k,) are same as sign ofa! as is evident from fig. 9 and 10, Also x, = must be between k, and k, y Fig. 9 Fig. 10 a 0, Stk) <0, Fk) >, Fb;) <0, kensh, “ hexchy “ Combining (i) and (i), we get: af (k,) > 0, af) > 0, 0,aFk)>0 i) hen Bek 36 ETT, st study course for MsEE with ontne SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations 6.6 Condition for exactly one root of a quadratic equation to lie in the interval (k,, k,), where ky 0 ” a0 Combining () and (i), we get: FOG) fk) <0 (ky) > O and fk) <0 [Note: Exactly one rot lies between k, and ky. Therefore graph of quadratic polynomial will cross x-axis only once between k, and ky. This implies signs of f(,) and f(f,) would be different, Hence f(y) f(y) <0 ‘Thus, exactly one root of the equation ax2 + by + ¢= 0 lies in the interval (ky, k,) if fay F&)<0 6.7 Some More Result on Roots of Quadratic Equation > Bosh soot off (0) =0 are negative, if sm ofthe oot <0, product ofthe roots > 0 and D > 0 ie Peo, £50, o? -dacz0 > Both roots of f(x) = 0 are positive, it sum of the roots >0, product ofthe root > 0 and D > 0 ie 20, £50, -4ac20 > Roots of f(x) = 0 are opposite in sign, ifpotettierns <0 le, £ <0 (DRESSED rte roots ofthe equation x2 2ax-+ a? + a—3= 0 are real and less than 3, then (as? (8) 2sas3 (© 34 Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support ATE” 37Quadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred SOLUTION: (A) Let f)= 2 2av ta band As both roots of f(a) =O ae less than 3, we can ake af(3)>0,-bMa<3andD 0 {Using seotion 6-4) Consider a f(3)>0: + 19-6a+ a +a-3]>0 > @-Sa46>0 > ae (-w,2UG,%) vee a) Consider -b/2a-<3 <3 5 acd a 2 Consider D 0: da~4(a+a~3)20 = -4(a-3)20 = a-350 = 26,3] iii) Combining (), ii) and (ii) onthe number'line, we get: a € (-2,2) RESEEMREL he vanes ofp for which the roots ofthe equation (p 3) 2—2px- Sp'=0 are real and postive are 15 1s (A) pe3} B)ope ( =| (pe Hue, @) pe (2 5) SOLUTION : (8) ‘The roots are real and positive if D 2 0, sum of the roots > 0 and product of the roots >0, [Using result 67) D20 => dp? 20p(p—3) 20 > -4p?+15p20 > 4p*-15p <0 = pe [0, 15/4] ‘Sum of the roots > 0: 2p Pos p-3 po = pp-3)>0 > pee=,UG.=) i) Product of the roots > 0: Pp 20 > pip-3)>0 > peC@ UB) ns Gi p-3 ‘Combining (), ii) and (ili) on the number line, we get: pe (3. 15/4) (REESE) he values of a for which 222 a+ 1) x+a(a+1)= root greater than a are given by (A 1>a>0 B) -10ora<-1 ‘may have one root less than a and other SOLUTION : (0) ‘The given condition suggests that « lies between the roots. Let /(x) = 22-2 2a + 1) x +a (a + 1). For ato lie between the roots, we must have f(a) <0 22a Qa4 1) Falary0 > a>Oora<-1 3 ETT, set study course for iE with Ontne Supportaudi Eastin & regions The values of a for Which both the rook of 2 = 4ax 2a? 3a 4 5)= Olare preaier than 2) are (aed. ®) © seem ©) eon, SOLUTION : (D) Let f(x) =x” -4ax + 2a” —3a 4 5, The conditions for both the roots to exceed 2 are © De0 W) f@0ed i) m2 Now consideD 2 0 Ube? = 420-304 5)20 > 20-30-5230 > QatS@-N20 = ae(--,—S5/2)U[1, =) wee) Now consider f(2)>0 + tar(2ets0r5)>0 3 tattle 920 = (2-9) (a-1) >0 = ae ai) Now consider x, >2 =a “2 > al ceil) once iva nest: oe (2) TRANSFORMATION OF EQUATIONS Section -7 7.1 Transformation of an equation into another equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of the given equation Let fa)= apt ea tae eta eka, @ be the given equation. Let x and y be respectively the roots of the 1 = ret y Patings= + in, weet Stet pe yey ‘This is the required equation, 1 a Fone 0 = ayy tay yh + tay y+ ag: ‘Note + Thus, o obtain an equation whose roots are reciprocals ofthe roots of a given equation is obtained by replacing x by Ux in the given equation, sn sty cous or TEE whe Soper »Quadratic Equations & Inequations Prete eeed [DREW Find contin har te von of he equation Pps ea (A) 277 + 9pqr +24 =0 (B) 277 9pqr-+ 24° (CUP +9%pqreg (PD) 27P-9pqr+g? SOLUTION: (8) = 0 be in HP. ‘The equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of the given equation is given by ge +px-1=0 @ a-44 zo or re Since the roots of the given equation are in FLP. so, the roots of this equation are in A.P. Let its roots be a—d, a and a+ d. Then, (a-d)+a+(a+d) oad Since a is aroot of (), $0, ra) —qa?+ pa > a etlshe > MP -9pqr 2g = > h-34! + 9pqr-21°-= 7.2 Transformation of an equation into another equation whose roots are negatives of the roots of the given equation. Let the given equation be flx)= ag x" +a, x"! 4 ax"? +, ta, e+a,=0 Note Letxbe a root ofthe given equation and y be a root ofthe transformed equation. Then, transformed equation is obtained by putting x ‘and is therefore f(— y) ~xorx=~y. Thus, the or ayy'=ayyP! ea yh? Ea, =0 Mlustrating the Concepts : The equation whose roots are negative of the roots of the equation + x Sx? -7x-3 =0 (98-5 602-7 62) -3 2001-9 5u2 7x3 20 ora + 5x27 43-20, 7.3. Transformation of an equation of another equation whose roots are square of the roots of a given equation Let x be a root ofthe given equation and y be that of the transformed equation. Then, yer = xevy [Note : Thus, an equation whose roots are squares ofthe roots ofa given equation is obtained by replacing x by fx in the given equation 4 self study Course for IEE with Online SupportRic EME cs Quadratic Equations & Inequations 74 Mustrating the Concepts : Form an equation whose roots are squares of the roots of the equation : x* — 6° + 11x - 6 =0. Replacing x by Vx in the given equation, we get Wa) 6a? +1Ne-6=0 3 M4VE =eH6 = Ve + I=6040) > xs IP=360+17 > 1d? + 49x-36=0 Transformation of an equation into another equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of the given equation. Let x be a root of the given equation and y be that ofthe transformed equation. Then, y=x? => x=y! [Note : Thus, an equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of a given equation is obtained by replacing x by x1” in the given equation. 7S Mlustrating the Concepts : Form an equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of equation : ax’ + bx” + ex+d=0. Replacing xby x!” in the given equation, we get al Pedal +e(xl)+d=0 > ax+d=-(be? ex!) art dae ex > a) 430? de? + 3ad?x +d? > oP x 43a di? + 3ad*x +d =~ (b? x? +? x 3bex (ax +d} = x8 4x° Ga? d—3abe +b?) +x Gad? —3bed+ 0°) +0 =0 IB + Ox + Shex (bx? + ex!) ‘This isthe required equation, Relations between Roots and Coefficients Hf, Fs, ate roots ofthe equation so JA) = ag (= 04) (= 03) (= 5). (8) age ay hay 2 ayy 8 dy = dy (8 chy) (XO). (20%) ay M ba bays 2 4 ay xa, =0, then ‘Comparing the coefficients of x" ~1 on both sides, we get _coetfof x" Syr 0, +0, +..40,= Sa, = os rma teasotans Daves cot 0f a ‘Comparing the coefficients of x" on both sides, we get CY coett.of 2277 oS, coeff. of x” Se aareiasra= Bey Ce GEN SIE IS AQuadratic Equations & Inequations ErOMcurimcred ‘Comparing the coefficients of x"~# on both sides, we get 5,20 00; +0, qj04¢.-2 Leyejoy (ay 2 safer % on D? coeff. of x"73 " coeff. of x” fa _ qyp Sonstant term $91 a4 B= GS OY ett of x" Here, 5, denotes the sum of the products of the roots taken & at atime. Particular Cases : Quaratic Equation + If, Bare roots ofthe quadratic equation ax? + bx += 0, then b € a+p=—> and oB= Cubic Equation If, B, yare roots of a cubic equation ad +b + cxt d=! . then a+ B+ y=—bla, oP + Bye y= (C1? <== d d and ofy=(-1 $ =-£ Biquadratic Equation : Ifo By. Bate roots of the biquadratic equation ax! + bx? + x2 + dx +e =0, then Syea4 preys b= cpp ies 5, = 0B + By+ 05 +ory+ BB + y= 2 a Salary Drop se 5, = aBy+ 818+ ya of5= (1)? 4=-4 oe Ss=aBcys8)+6(+P)=-2 and, 5,=aByS=C* SH = Ifthe sum of two roots of the equation x° ~ p+ gx—r=0 is zero, then: (pase ®) pr=q © @ (D) None of these SOLUTION: (A) Let the roots of the given equation be ot, B, such that a + B = 0. Then, P) a+ B+ys- > atBeyep = Pp by @+B=0) 1 But yis a root of the given equation. Therefore, PopPegrr=0 > plpiegp-r=0 = pgsr a self study Course for IEE with Online Supportaudi Eastin & regions ENREPMEETW Find she condition that the roots ofthe equation —pi? + qr =O may be in AP (A) 2p + 9pq+2Ir=0 (B) p+ 9pq+27r=0 (©) 2p} 9pq+27r=0 (D) pp -9pq+ 27r=0 SOLUTION : (A) Let the roots of the given equation be ad, a, a +d. Then, a = 7 = a=p Since a is a root ofthe given equation, Therefore, (@-d+as(ard) =r=0 = 2p>-9pq+27r=0 a —pa?+ga-r=0 = This isthe required condition. sn sty cous or TEE whe Soper ®