ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Tbilisi. 2011

nikoloz silagaZe

qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezis problema saqarTve-

los istoriis erT-erT urTules sakiTxs warmoad-
gens.Mmis kvlevas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs. miu-
xedavad amisa igi dRemde Semdgom Seswavlas saWiroebs.
kerZod, dasazustebelia, Tu romeli arqeologiuri
kulturis, an arqeologiuri kulturebis gavrcelebis
arealSi mdebareobda qarTvelur enebze mosaubre xal-
xebis winaresamSoblo; ra mimarTebaSia qarTveluri ene-
bi sxva enebTan da enobriv ojaxebTan. Semdgom Seswav-
las moiTxovs, aseve, ZvelaRmosavlur da antikur wya-
roebSi fiqsirebuli eTnikuri jgufebis (qaSqebis, muS-
qebis, sasperebis da a.S.) eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxebi.
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis meore na-
xevarSi eTnogenetikuri kvlevebi meTodologiurad da
Tematurad mniSvnelovnad gamravalferovnda. Tuki ma-
namde mkvlevarebi Zveli periodis eTnogenezis sakiT-
xebze msjelobisas SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis monace-
mebis safuZvelze calkeuli istoriuli realobebis
(magaliTad `protoindoevropulis~, `protokelturis~
da a.S.) postulirebiT da maTi Sesatyvisi arqeologiu-
ri artefaqtebis, fizikuri anTropologiis monacemebi-
sa da rig SemTxvevebSi istoriul-eTnografiuli cnobe-
9
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

bis ZiebiT kmayofildebodnen, sadReisod, met yuradRe-

bas am Teoriuli sistemebis istoriul interpretacias
uTmoben.1 kerZod, enaTmecnierebaSi farTod ganixileba
sakiTxi Tu ra istoriuli realoba unda davinaxoT
`protoenis~ lingvisturi sqemis qveS; izrdeba dialeq-
tologiisa da sociolingvistikis mniSvneloba; arqeo-
logiaSi, ZiriTadad neoarqeologebisa da procesua-
listebis ZalisxmeviT, gaizarda skefsisi migraciuli
koncefciebis mimarT; istorikosebi da eTnologebi
sul ufro naklebad endobian antikuri avtorebis eT-
nikur konstruqciebs; fizikur anTropologiaSi ki Se-
samCnevi xdeba molekuluri biologiis prioriteti. aqve
isic unda vTqvaT, rom bolo xanebSi gadaisinja bevri
Zveleburi kvlevis meTodi da koncefcia. magaliTad,
mkacri kritikis obieqti gaxda glotoqronologiuri
meTodi; gaizarda e.w. nostratuli Teoriis momxreebis
ricxvi; gadaisinja `protoindoevropelebis~ winaresam-
Sobloze, gavrcelebis gzebsa da saSualebebze Zveli
koncefciebi. yovelive es gvaiZulebs qarTveli xalxis
eTnogenezis problemasac odnav axali aqcentebiT Sev-
xedoT. vfiqrobT, Tanamedrove etapze saWiroa misi
kvleva or nawilad gavyoT: 1) pirvel SemTxvevaSi qarT-
veluri enebis gavrcelebis Tavdapirveli arealis geo-
grafiuli da qronologiuri koordinatebi unda ganv-
sazRvroT; 2) meore SemTxvevaSi _ ki evropuli `eTnoge-
nezologiis~ Tanamedrove miRwevebis fonze qarTvelTa
eTnikuri istoria unda ganvazogadoT. magaliTad, am
mxriv, vfiqrobT mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra

1 eTnogenetikuri kvlevebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sqematizmis aR-

mofxvris aucileblobas bevri mkvlevari XX saukunis I naxevarSi-
ve grZnobda. Tumca, am mxriv problemebis daZlevaze zrunvas ten-
denciis saxe mxolo XX saukunis II naxevarSi mieca.
10
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

istoriuli realoba imaleba `protoqarTveluri~ enis

lingvisturi cnebis qveS;2 ramdenad emTxveva kavkasiisa
da mcire aziis Sesaxeb ZvelaRmosavluri da antikuri
xanis avtorebis Sexedulebebi aqaur realur eTnikur
sinamdviles; rogor unda ganvmartoT iseTi cnebebi,
rogoricaa qarTveluri tomi, xuriuli tomi da a.S.
Tumca, winamdebare statiaSi saubari mxolod qarTve-
luri enebis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis arealis prob-
lemaze gveqneba. vfiqrobT, kvlevis Tanamedrove tenden-
ciebis gaTvaliswineba am mxriv saintereso daskvnis ga-
keTebis saSualebas mogvcems.

* * *
`protoqarTveluris~ Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis
arealze msjeloba misi savaraudo geografiuli da
qronologiuri koordinatebis gansazRvriT unda daviw-
yoT. Tuki am mxriv istoriogriografiaSi gamoTqmul
mosazrebebs SevajerebT, davinaxavT, rom qarTveluri
enebis savaraudo winaresamSoblod, sxvadasxva Teorie-
bis mixedviT, mcire azia, CrdiloeT SuamdinareTi, samx-
reT an CrdiloeT kavkasia moiazreba. istoriuli, ling-
visturi, arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnografiuli
monacemebi am hipoTeturi zonis kidev ufro gafarTo-
ebis saSualebas ar iZleva. es daskvna, erTi SexedviT
misi arc Tu mravlismetyveli xasiaTis miuxedavad, qar-
Tveli xalxis eTnogenezis problemis mkvlevarebs er-
Tob komfortul garemos uqmnis. kerZod, igi maT ori
metad arasasiamovno Temis ganxilvis aucileblobisgan

2 ver vityviT, rom es sakiTxi aqamde aravis ukvlevia. magaliTad

gamodgeba naSromebi, romlebic `protoqarTvelTa~ TviTsaxels,
musikalur fuZe enasa da religias exeba. Tumca sakiTxi ase komp-
leqsurad aravis dausvams.
11
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

aTavisuflebs: 1) warmoadgenda Tu ara qarTvelTa pir-

velsacxovrisi met-naklebad lokalur teritorias; 2)
saWiro aris Tu ara `lingvisturi paleontologiis~
monacemebis gaTvaliswineba. saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove
indoevropeistikaSi orive es problema farTod ganixi-
leba, rac `protoindoevropelebis~ winaresamSoblos
sakiTxis mkvlevarebs bevr uxerxulobas uqmnis.3 maTi
wyalobiT, zogjer, kvlevis am obieqtis (anu indoevro-
pulebis winaresamSoblos problemis) aqtualobac ki
eWvqveS dgeba.
1) qarTvelTa eTnogenezis sakiTxis kvlevisas ze-
moT naxsenebi pirveli problema (anu warmoadgenda Tu
ara qarTvelTa pirvelsacxovrisi met-naklebad loka-
lur teritorias) ganxilvis obieqti ver iqneba. gamom-
dinare iqidan, rom geografiuli areali, sadac qarTve-
luri enebis genezisi SeiZleboda momxdariyo Zalze
viwroa. es teritoria ki uamravi sxva enobrivi ojaxis
warmomadgenlebisTvisac (magaliTad, `protoxeTebisT-
vis~, xuritebisTvis, naxo-daRestnelebisTvis, afxaz-adi-
ReelebisTvis, semitebisTvis, indoevropelTa minimum
ori jgufisTvis) warmoadgenda winare, Tu istoriuli
samSoblos;
2) `lingvisturi paleontologiis~ SemTxvevaSi ki
mniSvnelovania, rom zemoT SemosazRvruli teritoria
erTi geografiuli sartyelis sazRvrebs ar scildeba.
arc aqauri istoriul-kulturuli garemos rekonstruq-
cia warmoadgens didad sadiskusio obieqts.
aqve isic unda vTqvaT, rom qarTveluri enebis Zi-
reul da afiqsur morfemebSi regularuli fonemuri

3 sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. C. Renfrew. Archaelogy and language. The Puzzle of Indo
- European Origins. 1987; J. P. Demoule. Realite des Indo-Europeens: Les Diverses
Apories du Modele Arborescent.vol. 208. Paris. 1991. gv. 169-202.
12
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

Sesatyvisobebis arseboba eWvs ar iwvevs. es ki TavisTa-

vad niSnavs, rom dRis wesrigSi ver dadgeba sakiTxi
qarTveluri enobrivi ojaxis saxiT enaTa genetikur,
Tu arealur erTobasTan gvaqvs saqme. maSin, roca indo-
evropul da gansakuTrebiT iberiul-kavkasiur enaTmec-
nierebaSi es problema Zalze mwvaved dgas. ase rom qar-
Tveluri enebis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis arealze
msjelobisas arc misi savaraudo adgilsamyofeli, arc
sakiTxis arsi da aqtualoba eWvs ar iwvevs.
samwuxarod, igives ver vityviT qarTveluri enebis
asakis Sesaxeb. am mxriv istoriografiaSi minimum sami
mosazreba mainc figurirebs. maT mixedviT qarTveluri
enebi Camoyalibda da maTi diferencireba moxda: 1) Zv. w.
I; 2) Zv. w. III; 3) Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi.4 xsenebul
sakiTxze msjelobisas azrTa sxvadasxvaoba erTob gama-
Rizianebelia, magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniS-
nos, rom msgavsi problema mxolod qarTveluri enebis
genezisis kvlevisas ar warmoiqmneba. saqme isaa, rom
glotoqronologiuri meTodi, romlis safuZvelzec
msgavsi mosazrebebis argumentireba warmoebs calsaxa
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iSviaTad iZleva. ami-
tom, sadReisod igi Zalze cudi presiT sargeblobs. is-
toriografiaSi misi meTodologiuri Canacvlebis mcde-
lobasac hqonda adgili,5 magram gagviWirdeba vTqvaT,
rom `protoenebis~ asakis kvleva amiT ufro damajere-
beli gaxda. gamomdinare aqedan vfiqrobT, rom msgavs
sakiTxebze msjelobisas glotoqronologiuri, Tu fi-
4 d. losaberiZe. qarTvelur enebze moqmedi ucxo enobrivi garemos
sakiTxisaTvis. qarTvelur enaTa daSlis drois sakiTxisaTvis. Tb.
1992; t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi. nawili I – qristianobamdeli epoqa.
Tb. 2005, gv. 54-58.
5 R. Gray, Q. Atkinson. Language-tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory

of Indo-European Origin. Nature. vol. 426. November. 2003, gv. 435-438.

13
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

logenetikuri meTodebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskv-

nebi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis ver iqneba. aseT SemTxve-
vaSi sxva tipis monacemebis moSveliebaa saWiro. qarTve-
luri enebis genezisis problemis kvlevas aseT argumen-
tad qarTveluri da `protoindoevropuli~ enobrivi
sistemebis siaxlove gamodgeba. `protoindoevropulis~
arsebobas ki, miuxedavad am mxriv arsebuli azrTa sxva-
dasxvaobisa, sadReisod, Zv. w. IV aTaswleulze gvian-
del periodSi aravin varaudobs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT
qarTveluri enebis asakis Sesaxeb zemoT xsenebul mo-
sazrebebs Soris yvelaze ufro marTebulad misi Zv. w.
V-IV aTaswleulebamde daZvelebis hipoTeza gvesaxeba.
qarTveluri enebis savaraudo asakisa da formire-
bis adgilis dadgenis Semdeg saWiroa mis sxva enobriv
ojaxebTan mimarTebis sakiTxsac SevexoT. mis Sesaxeb
msjeloba, vfiqrobT, qarTvelurisa da mTis kavakasiuri
enebis (naxur-daRestnurisa da afxazur-adiReuris) ur-
TierTmimarTebaze saubriT unda daviwyoT. am mxriv is-
toriografiaSi kvlevis ori mimarTuleba figurirebs.
mkvlevarTa erTi nawili, iv. javaxiSvilisa da arn. Ci-
qobavas kvaldakval, maT genetikur naTesaobas dadastu-
rebul faqtad Tvlis. meore nawili ki _ maT Soris ar-
sebuli siaxlovis sxva mizezebiT (magaliTad arealuri
kavSirebiT) axsnas cdilobs. am diskusiaSi CarTva er-
Tob arasaxarbieloa, radgan TiToeul mxares Tavisi
sakmaod saintereso argumentebi aqvs. Cveni mxriv, mxo-
lod SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri ene-
bis genetikuri naTesaobis koncefciis gaziarebis SemT-
xvevaSi ramdenime SekiTxva Cndeba: 1) Tuki `proto-
qarTveluri~ marTlac Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi arse-
bobda, rodisRa arsebobda `protoiberiul-kavkasiuri~?;
2) Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi Zalze popularulia na-
14
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

xur-daRestnurisa da xuri-urartulis gansakuTrebuli

siaxlovis hipoTeza. igives ver vityviT `protoxeTu-
risa~ da afxazur-adiReuris Sesaxeb. Tumca, tradiciu-
lad, erTmaneTTan yvelaze axlos mdgomad swored es
enobrivi sinamdvileebi ganixileba. arc is unda davi-
viwyoT, rom bevri iwereba qarTveluris erTi mxriv
indoevropulTan, meore mxriv ki `nostratulTan~
siaxlovis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca mTis kavkasiur enebs am
konteqstSi aravin axsenebs. es garemoebebi ki `proto-
iberiul-kavkasiuris~ arss da asaks kidev ufro bun-
dovans xdis. yovelive amis gamo, vfiqrobT, ar Sevcde-
biT Tu vityviT, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs Soris ge-
netikuri naTesaoba romc arsebuliyo, mas imdenad So-
reul warsulSi hqonda adgili, rom qarTvelTa eTno-
genezze saubrisas igi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis ver
iqneba. vfiqrobT, am kuTxiT (e.i. qarTvelTa eTnogenez-
ze saubrisas) gacilebiT mniSvnelovania qarTveluri
da indoevropuli enobrivi Sexvedrebis ganxilva. mis
iberiul-kavkasiurTan, nostratulTan, mediternulTan
da sxva, savaraudod ase Soreul warsulSi arsebul
`enobriv realobebTan~, mimarTebis sakiTxs ki yuradRe-
ba mxolod Semdeg unda mivapyroT.
qarTvelur–indoevropuli paralelebi didi xania
Seswavlis obieqtia. mas araerTi fundamenturi naSromi
miuZRvnes: g. deetersma, T. gamyreliZem, g. maWavarianma,
g. meliqiSvima, g. klimovma, v. ivanovma, i. diakonovma da
sxva cnobilma mecnierebma. sadReisod, dadgenilia, rom:
saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi modeli uaxloes struqtu-
rul-tipologiur paralels saerTo-indoevropul enob-
riv sistemasTan poulobs _ fonemaTa simravlis dayofa
sakuTriv xmovanTa, sakuTriv TanxmovanTa da sonantTa
qveklasebad orive maTganis fonologiuri sistemisTvis
15
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

aris damaxasiaTebeli. orive sistemaSi tipologiurad

identuria sonantTa klasisa da sakuTriv xmovanTa kla-
sis Semadgenloba. sonantur fonemaTa marcvlovani da
umarcvlo alofonebis gadanawilebis modelebic qar-
Tulsa da indoevropulSi did msgavsebas amJRavnebs.
amasTan, marcvlovani sonantebis ganviTareba qarTve-
lurSi indoevropul dialeqtebSi maTi ganviTarebis
analogiur suraTs iZleva. TvalSi sacemia, agreTve,
qarTvelur-indoevropuli struqturuli paralelizmi
sakuTriv TanxmovanTa klasSi. kerZod, xSul fonemaTa
sistemaSi.6 unda iTqvas isic, rom saerTo-indoevropuli
morfonologiuri sistema xmovanTa ablauturi monacv-
leobebis meqanizmiT aSkara tipologiur msgavsebas am-
JRavnebs monacvleobaTa saerTo-qarTveluri enisaTvis
aRdgenil modelTan. es SesaZleblobas iZleva vilapa-
rakoT qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izo-
morfizmze, romlis safuZvelzec qarTveluri da indo-
evropuli saerTo struqturul-tipologiur klass Se-
iZleba mivakuTvnoT7. msgavsi daskvnebis safuZvelze zo-
gierTi mkvlevari am enebrivi sistemebis erT ojaxSi ga-
erTianebas cdilobs.8 zogierTi – maTi saerTo winapris
arsebobasac varaudobs.9 mecnierTa umetesi nawili ki
am enobrivi paralelebis warmoSobis mizezad `proto-
qarTuli~ da `protoindoevropuli~ enebis gavrcelebis

6 T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelaia. Teoriuli enaT-

mecnierebis kursi. Tb. 2003, gv. 546-547.
7 T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelaia. Teoriuli enaT-
mecnierebis kursi, gv. 547-548.
8 i. meliqiSvili. enaTa kontaqtebis Teoria da qarTvelur–indo-
evropuli genetikuri naTesaobis sakiTxi. qarTveli xalxis eTno-
genezi. Tb. 2002, gv. 40.
9 И. М. Дьяконов. О прародине носителей индоевропейских диалектов. Вестник

древней истории. 3. М. 1982, gv. 20.

16
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

arealis siaxloves miiCnevs.10 albaT, aqve unda iTqvas,

rom istoriografiaSi diskusiis obieqtia qarTvelurs
urTierToba romelime Zvel indoevropul dialeqtTan
hqonda Tu Tavad `protoindoevropul~ enasTan. magali-
Tad, g. meliqiSvili ufro pirveli mosazrebis momxre
Cans, T. gamyreliZe da v. ivanovi ki – meoresi.11 qarTul
istoriografiaSi imis damtkicebis mcdelobasac ki aqvs
adgili, rom qarTul–indoevropuli kavSirebi qarTul–
zanur da ara `protoqarTvelur~ doneze xorcieldebo-
da.12
istoriografiaSi qarTvelur-indoevropuli enob-
rivi kavSirebis formirebis istoriuli mizezebis Sesa-
xeb saerTo azri ar arsebobs. am sakiTxze msjeloba,
vfiqrobT, qarTvelTa pirvelsacxovrisis problemis Se-
saxeb gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis konteqstSi unda ganva-
zogadoT. T. gamyreliZe da v. ivanovi wignSi `indoevro-
puli ena da indoevropelebi~, varaudoben, rom isini Zv.
w. V-IV aTaswleulSi mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi
unda warmoqmniliyvnen, sadac, maTi azriT, indoevrope-
lebis pirvelsacxovrisi mdebareobda (`protoqarTvelu-
ris~ Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis arealad gamyreliZe da
ivanovi mcire kavkasions Tvlian).13 g. maWavariani qarT-
velur-indoevropuli kontaqtebis zonad mtkvar-araqsis
kulturas miiCnevs, romelsac igi Zv. w. IV-III aTaswle-
ulSi orive zemoTxsenebuli lingvisturi jgufis war-

10 qarTveluri da indoevropuli enobrivi paralelebis SemTxvevi-

Ti faqtorebiT axsnis SesaZlebloba Tanamedrove etapze gamoric-
xulad unda CavTvaloT.
11 Tumc ki isini am sakiTxs pirdapir ar ayeneben.
12 Р. В. Гордезиани. Кавказ и проблемы древнейших среднеземноморсих языко-

вых и культурных взаимоотношений. Тб. 1975, gv. 12.

13 Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, В. В. Иванов. Индоевропейский язык и Индоевропейцы. Тб.

1984, gv. 881.

17
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

momadgenlebis adgilsamyofelad aRiqvams.14 gansxvavebu-

li azris Cans g. meliqiSvili. igi mtkvar–araqsis kul-
turas indoevropelebis kuTvnilebad Tvlis, romlis
mosaxleobamac, mogvianebiT, samxreTidan mosuli qarTu-
li tomebisTvis substratis roli Seasrula.15 g. kli-
movs kontaqtebis es zona kavkasionis mTavari qedis ra-
ionSi gadaaqvs.16 daaxloebiT aseve iqceva i. diakonovic.
igi qarTveluri enebis gavrcelebis Tavdapirvel area-
lad da maSasadame, qarTul-indoevropuli enobrivi
kontaqtebis zonadac, maikopis kulturas miiCnevs.17 aqve
unda iTqvas, rom qarTveli xalxis Tavdapirveli gavr-
celebis arealis Sesaxeb istoriografiaSi figurirebs
hipoTezebi, romlebic qarTul-indoevropuli enobrivi
Sexvedrebis faqts naklebad iTvaliswinebs, rac, albaT,
maT naklad unda CavuTvaloT. aseTi mosazrebebis
ricxvs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT o. jafariZisa da m. qur-
dianis koncefciebi. o. jafariZe Tvlis, rom qarTvelTa
pirvelsacxovriss mtkvar-araqsis kultura warmoadgen-
da. qarTvelur-indoevropul enobriv Sexvedrebs ki ar
SeiZleboda Zv. w. III aTaswleulis II naxevarze uadres
periodSi hqonoda adgili.18 m. qurdiani qarTvelTa pir-
velsacxovrisSi didi kavkasionis samxreTi kalTidan
Sav zRvamde teritorias gulisxmobs.19 ise rom mkafiod

14 Г. Мачавариани. К типологической характеристике обшекартвельского языка -

основы. Вопросы языкознания. М. 1966, gv. 9.
15 g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobel aRmosav-
leTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb. 1965, gv. 244.
16 Г. А. Климов. Об ареальной конфигурации протоиндоевропейского в свете

данных картвельских языков. Вестник древней истории. М. 1986, gv. 158.

17 И. М. Дьяконов. О прародине носителей индоевропейских диалектов. Вестник

древней истории. 3. М. 1982, gv. 20.

18 o. jafariZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezis saTaveebTan. Tb. 2003,
gv. 297.
19 m. qurdiani. saerTo qarTveluri TviTsaxelwodebis Sesaxeb. kreb.
`mesxeTi~. axalcixe. 2000.
18
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

ar xsnis qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi Sexved-

rebis Camoyalibebis mizezebs. qarTvelebis genezisis
Sesaxeb istoriografiaSi sxva mosazrebebic arsebobs.
am kuTxiT ar SeiZleba magaliTad: iv. javaxiSvilis, s.
janaSias, t. futkaraZis, r. TofCiSvilis, d. musxeliS-
vilis, o. lorTqifaniZis da sxva mecnierebis mosazre-
bebis daviwyeba, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom zogierTi
maTgani (magaliTad iv. javaxiSvilisa da s. janaSias
koncefciebi) arqeologiur masalas naklebad iTvalis-
winebs, zogierTi ki _ ufro qarTvelebis istoriuli
gansaxlebis arealsa da maT eTnikur istorias exeba
vidre `protoqarTvelur~ siZveleebs (anu im sakiTxs,
romlis gaSuqebasac miznad winamdebare statia isaxavs).
`protoqarTuli~ da `protoindoevropuli~ enobri-
vi paralelebis arsebobis istoriuli mizezebis Sesa-
xeb mosazrebebis mravlferovnebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi
maT aradamajerebel xasiaTis ramdenime mizezi ganapi-
robebs. saqme isaa, rom xsenebul sakiTxze msjeloba
mWidro kavSirSia indoevropul enebze mosaubre xal-
xebis winaresamSoblos problemasTan, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, aseve sadiskusio sakiTxia. Tanamedrove etapze am
ori problemis izolirebulad ganxilva warmoudgen-
lad gveCveneba, amitom qvemoT indoevropuli enobrivi
sistemis genezisis sakiTxsac unda SevexoT. qarTvelTa
pirvelsacxovrisis Sesaxeb Cveneuli mosazrebebis Camo-
yalibeba ki mxolod amis Semdeg, indoevropeistikis mo-
nacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda vcadoT.
indoevropelebis winaresamSoblos geografiuli
lokalizaciis sakiTxi didi xania farTo diskusiis
obieqtia. indoevropeistikaSi, am mxriv, dRemde bevri hi-
poTeza figurirebs. Tumca, Tanamedrove etapze serio-
zulad mxolod ramdenime maTgani ganixileba. maT ric-
19
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

xvSi SegviZlia davasaxeloT paleoliTuri uwyvetobis

Teoria (m. alinei); mosazrebebi, romelTa mixedviTac
winaresamSoblod CrdiloeT evropa ganixileba (l. ki-
liani, a. hausleri, m. zvelebili); Tavisi momxreebi
hyavs indur hipoTezasac (m. vitzeli, k. elsti). es kon-
cefciebi Tanamedrove etapze didi popularobiT ar
sargeblobs. Tumca, arc mTlianad uaryofilia. gacile-
biT meti momxre hyavs winaresamSoblos balkaneT-kar-
patebsa (v. safronovi, b. gornungi, i. diakonovi,
l.Qmakkai, g. devoto) da wina aziaSi lokalizebis mxar-
damWerebs. winaaziur hipoTezebs Soris yvelaze meti
popularobiT k. renfrius anatoliuri Teoria sargeb-
lobs, romelic indoevropelebis saxels neoliTuri
meurneobis gavrcelebas ukavSirebs (k.Qrenfriu, a. dol-
gopolski). SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceva indo-
xeTur (e.Qsturvenanti, b. dardeni) da gamyreliZe-iva-
novis koncefciebs. miuxedavad erTvari msgavsebisa, es
hipoTezebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. aqve
unda SevniSnoT, rom calkeul niuansebSi renfrius
Teoria balkanur-karpatul hipoTezebTan erTad upiris-
pirdeba pontiur-kaspiuri Teorias. am ukanasknelis mi-
xedviT indoevropelebis winaresamSoblod volga-ura-
lis stepebi ganixileba, xolo indoevropelebis dasav-
leTiT gavrceleba brinjaos xanis movlenad aris aRq-
muli. winaaziursa da balkaneT-karpatul banakebs SeiZ-
leba mivakuTvnoT, agreTve, e. Sera Tavisi e. w. `meoradi
sameurneo revoluciis~ koncefciiT. igi adre brinjaos
xanaSi indoevropelebis volga-uralis stepebidan dasav-
leTiT gadanacvlebis koncefcias anaqronizmad Tvlis.
pontiur-kaspiuri Teoriis mTavar momxreebad m. gimbu-
tasi, d. entoni, j. melori da d.Qadamsi gvevlinebian.
maTTan axlos SeiZleba davayenoT j. nikolsic, rome-
20
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

lic Tavisi e. w. sogdianuri hipoTeziT indoevropele-

bis aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT migraciis Teoriis sa-
sargeblod mniSvnelovan lingvistur argumentebs gvTa-
vazobs.
Tu zemoT aRnusxul Teoriebs ganvazogadebT davi-
naxavT, rom aq or ZiriTad mimarTulebasTan gvaqvs saq-
me. erTis mixedviT `protoindoevropulis~ formireba
neoliTis (an kidev ufro adrindeli) xanis centra-
lur-aRmosavlur evropul arqeologiur kulturebs
ukavSirdeba. meore mxriv _ eneoliT-brinjaos xanis
uralispireTis teritorias. pirvel banaks SegviZlia
mivakuTvnoT k. renfrius anatoliuri hipoTezac. maSin,
roca T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis, indo-xeTuri da
sxva wina aziuri koncefciebi, maTi erTgvari Sualedu-
ri poziciis miuxedavad, vfiqrobT, met saerTos meore
mimarTulebasTan amJRavneben.
Tavidanve gvsurs aRvniSnoT, rom CvenTvis savsebiT
miuRebelia koncefciebi, romlebic indoevropelebis
winaresamSoblos neoliTur evropas ukavSireben. Tun-
dac imitom, rom qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi
Sexvedrebs formirebis istoriul mizezebs isini, Tun-
dac nostratuli Teoriis farglebSi, Zalze aradamaje-
reblad xsnian.20 arc enobrivi meTodebiT `rekonstruq-
tirebuli protoindoevropuli sinamdvile~ Seesatyvise-
ba neoliTuri evropis arqeologiur kulturebs. am
mxriv, Tundac is garemoeba rad Rirs, rom es mxare ve-
rafriT moTavsdeba cxenisa da borbliani transportis
genezisis arealSi. maSin, roca kulturis es ori ele-
menti calsaxad `protoindoevropuli~ samyaros ganuyo-
fel nawilad iTvleba. mis mixedviT evropis araindo-
20am mxriv erTgvar gamonaklisad i. diakonovis mosazreba SegviZ-
lia CavTvaloT.
21
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

evropeli xalxebis eTnikuri istoriac aradamajereb-

lad gamoiyureba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom indoevrope-
lebis evropis avtoqtonebad gamocxadeba maTTvis Zal-
ze mcire geografiul areals tovebs. am koncefciebis
CarCoebSi anatoliuri da Toxaruli enebis mermindeli
gavrcelebis arealSi moxvedris istoriuli gzebis
axsnac kritikas ver uZlebs.
aseTi logikis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi indoevro-
pelebis pirvelsacxovrisis Sesaxeb yorRnul, indo-xe-
Tur, sogdianur da T. gamyreliZe_v. ivanovis koncef-
ciebs Soris mogviwevs arCevanis gakeTeba.21 yvela maTga-
ni Taviseburad sainteresoa. Tumca, vfiqrobT, isini bo-
lomde damajerebelad ver xsnian `protoindoevropele-
bis~ genezisis yvela saidumlos. pontiur-kaspiuri (igi-
ve yorRanuli) Teoriis SemTxvevaSi Zneli aRsaqmelia
Tu ram gamoiwvia `protoindoevropuli~ da wina aziuri
sinamdvilis didi msgavseba. T. gamyreliZe da v. ivano-
vis Teoriis arqeologiuri sarCuli ki Zalze aradama-
jerebelia. sogdianuri da indo-xeTuri hipoTezebi bevr
saintereso mignebas Seicaven, magram isini ufro
lingvisturi Teoriebia da erTgvar Sevseba-dazustebas
saWiroeben.

* * *

`protoindoevropuli~ da `protoqarTveluri~ ene-

bis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb msje-
loba, vfiqrobT, e. w. nostratuli Teoriis mimarT Cve-
ni poziciis dafiqsirebiT unda daviwyoT. am ukanaskne-
lis mixedviT evraziis kontinentis bevri enobrivi oja-

21 induri hipoTeza, Cveni azriT, metismetad aradamajerebelia.

22
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

xi (indoevropuli, semituri, qarTveluri, uraluri,

alTauri, draviduli) saTaves kidev ufro msxvili nos-
tratuli `protoenidan~ iRebs,22 romlis arsebobasac
mezoliTur epoqaSi (Zv. w. XII-VIII aTaswleulebi) varau-
doben. lingvistikaSi nostratuli Teoriis mimarT ara-
erTgvarovani damokidebuleba arsebobs. mkvlevarTa er-
Ti nawili mas did ndobas ucxadebs. meore nawili ki _
aramecnierulad Tvlis. vfiqrobT, rogorc ar unda ga-
dawydes lingvistebs Soris arsebuli es dava (Tu ki
misi gadawyveta saerTod SeiZleba), nostratuli Teo-
riis mniSvneloba CvenTvis mainc didia. gamomdinare iqi-
dan, rom am Teoriis farglebSi saubaria evraziis kon-
tinentis mxolod zogierTi da ara yvela23 enobrivi
ojaxis gansakuTrebul siaxloveze, rac maT `proto-
enobriv erTobas~ Tu ara mezoliTis xanaSi maTi winap-
rebis gansaxlebis arealis erTmaneTTan sxva enobriv
ojaxebze met siaxloveze mainc metyvelebs. Cvens SemT-
xvevaSi am kuTxiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qarTve-
luri, indoevropuli da uraluri enebis siaxlovis
(ufro swored indoevropulis erTi mxriv qarTvelur-
Tan, meore mxriv ki uralurTan siaxlovis) faqts aqvs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxs, xSirad, aranostrati-
kosi lingvistebic exebian. bevri maTgani `protoindo-
evropulis~PerTgvar narev bunebasac usvams xazs. es ki,
albaT, uflebas gvaZlevs indoevropelebis winaresam-
Soblod qarTveluri da uraluri enebis gavrcelebis
arealis Sualedur teritoriaze veZeboT.

22 nostratuli Teoriis Sesaxeb ix. A. Bomhard. Indo-European and the

Nostratic Hypothesis. Charleston.1996.
23 magaliTad nostratul erTobaSi ar moiazreebian: eniseuri, mTis
kavkasiuri, sino-tibeturi da sxva enebi. ufro xSirad afraziuli
enebic damoukidebl, daaxloebiT nostratulis xnovanebis enobriv
realobad aRiqmeba.
23
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

am konteqstSi, vfiqrobT, logikas ar iqneba mokle-

buli, Tu mezoliT-neoliT-eneoliTis xanis wina aziis
eTnolingvistur rukas Semdegi saxiT warmovidgenT.
gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom naxur-daRestnuri ene-
bis gavrcelebis zonas aRmosavleT kavkasia warmoad-
genda. enobrivad maTTan bevri saerTos mqone (Tu maT
monaTesave) xuri-urartuli enebs ki samxreT kavkasiis
nawili, daaxloebiT Sulaver-SomuTefes kulturis gav-
rcelebis areali ekavaT. istoriuli, arqeologiuri da
enaTmecnieruli monacemebi, vfiqrobT, kargad adastu-
rebs am postulats. arqeologiurad dasturdeba, rom
Sulaver-SomuTefes kulturis SeqmnaSi Crdilo–aRmo-
savleT kavkasiis mTianeTSi gavrcelebulma Coxis neo-
liTuri arqeologiuri kulturis xalxebma mniSvnelo-
vani wvlili Seitanes.24 Sulaver–SomuTefes kulturis
gavrcelebis zona brinjaos xanaSi, ZiriTadad, emTxveva
mtkvar–araqsis kulturis araratuli variantis areals.
istoriul periodSi ki am miwebze xuri-urarteli tome-
bi cxovrobdnen. lingvisturad xels araferi gviSlis
igive zona xuri-urartuli da naxur-daRestnuri enebis
divergaciisa, Tu konvergaciis adgilad CavTvaloT.25
kavkasiis dasavleTi nawilSi naxur-daRestnuri
enebis monaTesave afxazur-adiReuri enebi vrceldebod-
nen. mcire aziaSi ki, ZiriTadad, `protoxeTuris~ tipis
enebis arseboba unda vivaraudoT.26

24 o. jafariZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezis saTaveebTan, gv. 265.

25 am konteqstSi Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom aRm. saqarTveloSi
mravlad vxvdebiT naxur-daRestnur toponimebs. maT aq arsebobas
bevri istorikosi (magaliTad, iv. javaxiSvili) qarTvelebis araav-
toqtonobis damadasturebel argumentad Tvlis. es ki avtomatu-
rad imasac gulisxmobs, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloc, Tavdapirve-
lad, naxur-daRestnuri enebis gavrcelebis areals warmoadgenda.
26 afxazur-adiReurisa da `protoxeTuris~ naTesaobas Tanamedrove
etapze dadasturebul faqtad ver CavTvliT.
24
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

vfiqrobT, rom e. w. nostratuli enebis formire-

bisa, Tu gavrcelebis areali SedarebiT ufro samxre-
TiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. logikas
ar iqneba moklebuli, Tu vivaraudebT, rom qarTvelurs
_ SuamdinareTis CrdiloeTi, indoevropuls ki iranis
CrdiloeTi da Sua aziis samxreTi nawili ekavaT. neo-
liT-eneoliTis xanaSi maT amuki_mersini, hasuna-xala-
fis (qarTvelurs) da jeiTun-hisar kelteminaruli (in-
doevropuls) kulturuli wreebi warmoadgenda. aseT
SemTxvevaSi samxreT irani da CrdiloeT indoeTi buneb-
rivad rCebaT nostratuli enebis sxva warmomadgenlebs:
dravidebsa da zagros-elamelebs, romlebis enobriv
siaxlovezec bevri iwereba; centraluri azia ki – ura-
lelebsa da alTaelebs; semitebis adgilsamyofeli
qarTvelurisgan samxreT-dasavleTiT, siria-palestinaSi
unda vivaraudoT. Tumc ki Zalze rTulad gveCveneba ma-
Ti sacxovrisis arqeologiuri identificireba, radgan
neoliTis xanis aqauri kulturuli wreebi e.w. medi-
teranuli Teoriis konteqstSic didi mniSvnelobas ata-
rebs.
aqve gvsurs aRvniSnoT, rom winamdebare statiaSi
Tavs varidebT imis gansazRvras Tu ra istoriuli rea-
loba unda moviazroT nostratuli da sxva aRwerili
enobrivi sanamdvileebis qveS. mxolod imas vityviT,
rom aq, ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmobT mkafio sazRvre-
bis mqone gacnobierebul lingvistur erTobebs. zemoT
naxseneb terminebSi (magaliTad, qarTvelurSi, dravid-
ulSi, indoevropulSi, uralurSi da a.S.) ubralod geo-
grafiuli sivrceebi ivaraudeba, romlis wiaRSic, al-
baT ukve mezoliTis xanidan, yalibdeboda calkeuli
enobrivi izoglasebi, ramac, sabolood, CvenTvis sain-
tereso enobrivi ojaxebis formireba gamoiwvia. vfiq-
25
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

robT, neoliTis xanaSi es procesi mwarmoebluri meur-

neobis formirebas didad unda daeCqarebina. brinjaos
xanaSi ki qarTvelursa da indoevropuls imdenad mkveT-
rad gamoxatuli saxe unda hqonoda, rom calkeul
raionebSi ukve maTi infiltraciis SesaZleblobazec
SegviZlia visaubroT.
SemoTavazebuli msjelobis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi,
bunebrivia, ramdenime sakiTxi Semdgom dazustebas moiT-
xovs. kerZod: 1) rodis da rogor gavrcelda qarTvelu-
ri enebi TavianT istoriul samyofelSi; 2) rodis da
rogor gavrceldnen evropaSi indoevropul enebze mo-
saubre xalxebi; 3) rodis da rogor gavrcelda wina
aziaSi anatoliuri enebi; 4) sad da rogor Camoyalibda
`protoqarTvelur-protoindoevropuli~ enobrivi para-
lelebi.
1) rodis da rogor gavrcelda qarTveluri enebi
TavianT istoriul sacxovrisSi _ qarTveluri enebis
formirebis arealis CrdiloeT SuamdinareTTan dakav-
Sirebis idea istoriografiaSi axali ar aris. XX sau-
kunis I naxevarSi igi kvlevis wamyvan mimarTulebasac
ki warmoadgenda. am SemTxvevaSi enobrivi TvalsazrisiT
myar arguments qarTveluris Suamdinarul enebTan (ma-
galiTad, SumerulTan da semiturTan) arsebuli enob-
rivi Sexvedrebis faqti warmoadgenda.27 Tumca, am kuT-

27 Cvens SemTxvevaSi aseve sainteresoa qarTveluris Suamdinarul

enobriv sinamdvilesTan mimarTebis sakiTxi. samwuxarod, aqauri
toponimikis Sesaxeb informacia ar mogvepoveba, romelsac SeuZlia
uaryos, an daadasturos aRniSnuli hipoTeza. samagierod, Cvens
xelT aris qarTvelur da Sumerul enebs Soris arsebuli parale-
lebi, romlebis arsebobasac jer kidev m. wereTelma SeniSna. qarT-
velur da semitur enebs Soris arsebuli siaxlove ki kargad SeiZ-
leba avxsnaT rogorc nostratul, ise istoriul konteqstSi.
kvlevis am mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tanamedrove tenden-
ciebis Sesaxeb ix. Г. А. Климов. Введение в кавказское языкознание. М. 1986.
26
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

xiT gamoTqmuli hipoTezebi sakmaod aradamajereblad

aRwerda qarTveluri tomebis kavkasiaSi infiltraciis
process gadahqonda ra igi Zalze gviandel istoriul
periodSi. vfiqrobT, `protoqarTveluri~ enis asakisa
da misi protoindoevropulTan kavSirebis gaTva-
liswinebiT savsebiTYlogikuria es procesi gvianneoli-
Tur da adre brinjaos xanas davukavSiroT. am period-
Si (Zv. w. V aTaswleulis miwuruls da IV aTaswleu-
lis dasawyisSi) CrdiloeT SuamdinareTidan da aRmo-
savleT mcire aziidan kavkasiis mimarTulebiT, rome-
lic afxazur-adiRuri naxur-daRestnuri enebis gavrce-
lebis areals warmoadgenda28 xalxTa mniSvnelovani
masa inacvlebs. arqeologiurad, yovelive aman gamoxa-
tuleba Tefe gauras (mesopotamia), amuki (siria) da gan-
sakuTrebiT arslan Tefe VII (anatolia) tipis Zeglebis
gavrcelebaSi hpova.29 Cans, samxreTidan jer kidev gvia-
ni eneoliTis xanaSi unda dawyebuliyo migraciuli
procesebi kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. amis argumentad,
amukiFfazis dros, adremaikopuri tipis keramikis siria-
Si gamoCena gamodgeba, romelic, rogorc fiqroben, Te-
fe gauradan unda Semosuliyo.30 rogorc Cans, es migra-
cia Sulaver–SomuTefes, sions da dasavleT saqarTve-
los teritoriaze arsebul arqeologiur Zeglebsac
mniSvnelovnad Seexo. CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleT da
SesaZloa centralur nawilSi ki misi (e. i. migraciis)
wyalobiT maikopis kultura Camoyalibda.

28 afxazur–adiRiuri jgufebis gansaxlebis areali adrebrinjaos

xanaSi, albaT, nawilobriv, dasavleT saqarTvelosac moicavda.
sxvagvarad Znelia avxsnaT aq afxazur–adiReuri toponimikis arse-
boba da misi enobrivi kavSirebi protoxeTurTan.
29 o. jafariZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezis saTaveebTan, gv. 277.
30 o. jafariZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezis saTaveebTan, gv. 277–
278.
27
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

aqve SeiZleboda gvesaubra, Tu ramdenad aris Se-

saZlebeli qarTvelTa mermindel gansaxlebis terito-
riaze maikopis kulturis kontiniumis danaxva. Tumca,
vfiqrobT, amis aucilebloba ar arsebobs, radgan mai-
kopis kulturis siaxlove dasavleT qarTul arqeolo-
giur sinamdvilesTan savsebiT dadasturebul faqtad
iTvleba.
2) rodis da rogor gavrceldnen evropaSi indo-
evropul enebze mosaubre xalxebi _ SemoTavazebuli
msjelobis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, alterna-
tiul axsnas evropaSi indoevropuli enebis gavrcele-
bis sakiTxi saWiroebs. am mxriv, vfiqrobT, saintereso
iqneba, Tu yuradRebas uralis stepebis `neoliTizebis~
(e.i. aq mwarmoebluri meurneobis gavrcelebis) proces-
ze gavamaxvilebT. qrestomatiuli WeSmaritebaa, rom
qveynis am nawilSi mwarmoebluri meurneobis gavrcele-
ba mxolod sami SesaZlo centridan: dunaispireT–bal-
kaneTidan, kavkasiidan da samxreT Sua aziidan wamosu-
li impulsebis saSualebiT SeiZleboda momxdariyo31.
neoliTisa da eneoliTis xanaSi kavkasiis stepebTan
kontaqtebi ar dasturdeba. igives ver vityviT samxreT
Sua aziis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom indoevropeis-
tikis sakiTxebze msjelobisas uralispireTisa da samx-
reT Sua azias Soris arsebul am kavSirebs SedarebiT
naklebi yuradReba eqceva, ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT,
rom rogorc mezoliTis, ise neoliTisa da eneoliTis
periodSi es regionebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod iyo dakav-
Sirebuli.32 arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom stepebis aTvi-

31 E. Kuzmina. Origins of Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes. Prehistoric Steppe

Adaptation and the Horse. Ed. by M. Levine, C. Renfrew, K. Boyle. 2003, gv. 203.
32 am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. В. Н. Даниленко. Неолит Украины. Киев, 1969. gv.

181; Энеолит СССР. отв. ред. В. М. Массон, Н. Я. Мерперт. М. 1982, gv. 327-328.
28
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

sebasa da iq nomaduri meurneobis CamoyalibebaSi gadam-

wyveti roli mecxvareobis kulturam Seasrula. cxvari
ki, iseve rogorc Txa da msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi,
uralis stepebsa da mis mimdebare mxareebSi bunebrivi
saxiT ar binadrobda.33 Zalze logikuria vifiqroT,
rom igi aq samxreT kaspiispireTidan gavrcelda, rome-
lic misi domestikaciis erT–erT uZveles keras war-
moadgenda.
ra Tqma unda, Cven sruliadac ar gvsurs volga-
uralis stepebis `neoliTizebis~ procesze saubrisas
dunai-balkaneTis keris mniSvnelobis daknineba. aq, ub-
ralod aRvniSnavT, rom, arqeologiuri monacemebis mi-
xedviT, mwarmoebluri meurneobis Camoyalibeba uralis-
pireTsa da mis aRmosavleT nawilSi, ZiriTadad mainc
samxreT Sua aziuri gavlenebis Sedegad moxda34. indo-
evropuli `kilokavebis~, ufro sworad misi araanato-
liuri da araToxaruli nawilis evropaSi gavrcelebac
xsenebuli mimarTulebiT eTnikuri da kulturuli di-
fuziis Sedegad migvaCnia. am mxriv Cveni pozicia gansx-
vavdeba pontiur-kaspiuri Teoriebis momxreebisgan, rom-
lebic qveynis am nawilis indoevropizirebis process
ufro dasaleTidan wamosul impulsebs ukavSireben.
vfiqrobT, rom sakiTxisadmi Cveneuli midgoma n. dani-
lenkos SemoTavazebuli arqeologiuri argumentebisa35
da j. nikolsis lingvisturi daskvnebis36 urTierTda-

33 G. Matyuishin. Problems of Inhabiting Central Eurasia. Mesolithic–Eneolithic Ex-

ploitation of the Central Eurasian Steppes Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse,
gv. 375.
34 gansxvavebuli pozicia SeiZleba viqonioT volgispireTTan mi-
marTebaSi.
35 В. Н. Даниленко. Энеолит Украины. Киев. 1974.
36 J. Nichols. The Epicentre of the Indo-European Linguistic Spread. Archaeology and

Language. Ed. R. Blench and M. Spriggs. London. 1997, gv. 122-148.

29
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

kavSirebis saintereso saSualebas iZleva.

aqve gvsurs, aRvniSnoT, rom pontiur–kaspiuri Teo-
riebi, vfiqrobT, sxva Sesworebebsac saWiroebs. es, pir-
vel rigSi, evropaSi maT mier SemoTavazebuli indo-
evropuli jgufebis distribuciis sqemebs exeba.37 Tum-
ca, imasac gavimeorebT, rom isini evropis `indoevropi-
zirebis~ sakiTxze saubrisas WeSmaritebasTan ufro ax-
los dganan, vidre evropaSi indoevropelebis gavrce-
lebis balkanur-karpatuli, anatoliuri da miT umetes
Crdiloevropuli modelebi.
3) rodis da rogor gavrceldnen wina aziaSi ana-
toliuri enebi da 4) sad da rogor Camoyalibda `pro-
toqarTvelur-protoindoevropuli~ enobrivi paralele-
bi _ migvaCnia, rom anatolielebis wina aziaSi gavrce-
leba mtkvar-araqsis arqeologiur kulturas ukavSir-
deba. sadReisod, ra Tqma unda, mtkvar-araqsis kultu-
ris genezisSi samxreT Sua aziidan da CrdiloeT ira-
nidan mosuli elementis monawileoba dadasturebul
faqtad ver CaiTvleba,38 magram, vfiqrobT, ramdenime ga-
remoebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam, am TvalsazrisiT,
SesaZloa kvlevis saintereso perspeqtivebi gviCvenos.
kerZod:
a) mtkvar-araqsis kulturiT kavkasiasa da mis mim-
debare teritoriaze brinjaos xana iwyeba, rasac wina
aziaSi mniSvnelovani kulturuli, sameurneo da, SesaZ-
loa, eTnolingvisturi cvlilebebi mosdevs. maTi kvali

37 am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. n. silagaZe. halstatis arqeologiuri

kulturis genezisis problema. saistorio vertikalebi. Tb. 2008,
gv. 14-19.
38 CrdiloeT iranis teritoria arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT bo-
lomde Seswavlili ar aris. igive SeiZleba iTqvas qveynis am nawi-
lis arqeologiuri Zeglebis kavkasiuri masalebis konteqstSi gan-
zogadebis Sesaxeb.
30
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

aSkarad etyoba Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis arqeologiur ma-

salas. kerZod, xalxTa mniSvnelovani talRa inacvlebs
samxreT Sua aziidan uralispireTis mimarTulebiT. Ta-
vis mxriv, samxreTeli migrantebi samxreT Sua aziaSi
modian, rac aq anaus kulturis formirebis safuZveli
xdeba.39 amave periodSi kavkasiaSi vrceldeba leila Te-
fes tipis Zeglebi da samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT xalxTa
mniSvnelovani nakadi inacvlebs, romelmac maikopis
kulturis formireba gamoiwvia.40 arc is unda daviviw-
yoT, rom swored am periodSi Cndebian Sumerebi samx-
reT SuamdinareTSi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maTi ga-
daadgilebac raime formiT zemoT xsenebul movlenebs
ukavSirdebodes. indoevropuli (anatoliuri) `kilokave-
bis~ dasavleTiT gavrcelebac, vfiqrobT, am konteqstSi
unda ganvixiloT. xazs vusvamT, rom am etapze Cveni
mizani araa, ganvsazRvroT indoevropuli `kilokavebis~
dasavleTiT gavrcelebas migracia, Tu romelime sxva
logikuri kulturul-istoriul procesebi sdevda Tan;
b) xeTebis mcire aziaSi yofna mxolod Zv. w. III
aTaswleulis miwurulidan dasturdeba.41 amave periods
emTxveva mtkvar-araqsis kulturis dacema. Cans, rom mi-
si mosaxleoba nawilobriv Crdiloeli mezoblebis, na-
wilobriv ki klimaturi pirobebis gauaresebis gamo ma-

39 Х. Юсупов. Страницы Истории Туркменистана. С древнейших времен до араб-

ского завоевания. М. 1997, gv. 24-26.
40 o. jafariZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezis saTaveebTan, gv. 277-278.
41 xeTologebs Zalze uWirT Zv. w. III aTaswleulis II naxevarSi
mcire aziaSi indoevropeli xeTebis gavrcelebis damadasturebeli
arqeologiuri monacemebis povna. indoevropelebis winaresamSob-
los centralur, an aRmosavleT evropaSi ganTavsebis Teoriis po-
pularoba maT maTi evropidan balkaneTis, an kavkasiis gziT migra-
ciis marSutis daxazvas aiZulebs. aseTi Teoriebi, rogorc wesi,
Zalze aradamajereblad gamoiyureba.
31
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

sobrivad tovebs gansaxlebis Zvel adgilebs.42 swored

es xdeba siriaSi kirbeT-kerakis kulturis genezisis
mizezi. xom ar unda veZeboT anatolielebis mcire azia-
Si gavrcelebis istoriuli safuZveli am movlenebis
konteqstSi? sakiTxis Sesaxeb daaaxlovebiT aseTive xed-
vas gvTavazoben j. melaarti da l. vuli. amdenad,
mtkvar–araqsis kulturis kulturis Sida qarTluri
variantis indoevropeli xeTebis kuTvnilebad cnobis
SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, maTi anatoliaSi migraciis
problemisac efeqturad gadavWriT.
g) yuradReba unda mivaqcioT wina aziaSi Sinauri
cxenis gavrcelebis problemasac. cxeni da borbliani
transporti indoevropeistikaSi `protoindoevropuli~
sinamdvilis ganuyofel nawilad iTvleba. bevri arqeo-
logi Tvlis, rom mtkvar-araqsis mosaxleoba cxens
icnobda43 jer kidev maSin, roca mas ar hqonda saSua-
leba kulturis es elementi stepebTan kavSirebis Sede-
gad aeTvisebina. axali monacemebiT44 aseve ikveTeba, rom
CrdiloeT iranis teritoriaze Sinauri cxeni SesaZloa
Zv. w. IV aTaswleulSi, an kidev ufro adreul period-
Si vrceldeboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom wina aziis sxva
mxareebSi am mxriv gansakuTrebul masalebs ver vxvde-
biT. Tu gavixsenebT zemoT ukve aRniSnuli Sua aziis
tradiciul kavSirebs uralis stepebTan, romelic cxe-
nis moSinaurebis uZveles kerad iTvleba da gavizia-
rebT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac cxenis moSinau-

42 o. jafariZe. qarTveli tomebis eTno–kulturuli istoriisaTvis

Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi. Tb. 1998, gv. 170–174.
43 o. jafariZe. qarTveli tomebis eTno–kulturuli istoriisaTvis
Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi. Tb. 1998. gv. 108-109.
44 M. Mashkour. Equids in the Northern Part of the Iranian Central Plateau from the

Neolithic to Iron Age. New Zoogeographic Evidence. Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and
the Horse. Ed. by M. Levine, C. Renfrew, K. Boyle. 2003, gv. 129-139.
32
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

reba im zolSi unda momxdariyo, romelSic Sinauri vi-

ri iyo gavrcelebuli,45 vfiqrobT, Cvens winaSe Zv.w. IV
aTaswleulSi Sinauri cxenis gavrcelebis saintereso
areali gamoikveTeba, romelic Zalze uaxlovdeba Cven
mier indoevropul sivrced aRqmul teritorias;
d) vfiqrobT, yuradsaRebia is garemoebac, rom
mtkvar-araqsis kultura wina aziasTan sust kavSirebs
amJRavnebs (gansxvavebiT regionSi misi winamorbedi ar-
qeologiuri kulturebisgan) maSin, roca misi Crdiloe-
li mezobeli maikopis kultura am mxriv sakmaod dawi-
naurebuli Cans. xom ar aris es mtkvar-araqsis kultu-
ris SeqmnaSi araadgilobrivi elementis monawileobis
argumenti?
maSasadame, gamodis, rom qarTvelebis pirvelsac-
xovrisi SuamdinareTis CrdiloeT da mcire aziis aRmo-
savleT nawilSi mdebareobda. indoevropelebis Tav-
dapirveli gavrcelebis areals ki CrdiloeT irani da
samxreT Sua azia warmoadgenda. am geografiul area-
lebSi, jer kidev mezoliTis xanaSi, unda dawyebuliyo
qarTvelurisa da indoevropulis damoukidebeli ling-
visturi maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibeba. es procesi di-
dad unda daeCqarebina wina aziaSi mwarmoebluri meur-
neobis gavrcelebis process. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
misi wyalobiT neoliT-eneoliTis xanaSi msxvili kul-
turuli wreebi Camoyalibda. qarTveluri enebi amuki-
mersinisa da hasuna-xalafis kulturebis gavrcelebis
arealSi moeqcnen. indoevropelebis sacxovrisSi ki je-
iTunisa da hisaris arqeologiuri kulturebi Camoya-
libda. unda vifiqroT, rom brinjaos xanis dasawyisSi
qarTvelursac da indoevropulsac ukve sakmaod mka-

45 Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Ed. D. M. Pearsall. Vol. 1. 2008, gv. 441-442.

33
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

fiod gamokveTili saxe unda hqonoda. brinjaos xanaSi

momxdar umniSvnelovanes socialur da ekonomikur
Zvrebs, romlebmac arqeologiurad asaxva brinjaos xa-
nis kulturebis formirebaSi hpoves, vfiqrobT, enobri-
vi TvalsazrisiT indoevropelebis anatoliuri frTis
dasavleTiT gavrceleba da `qarTvelebis~ kavkasiaSi
infiltracia unda mohyoloda Sedegad. CrdiloeTiT
gavrcelebulma qarTvelurma tomebma maikopis kultura
Seqmnes. anatolielma indoevropelebma ki _ mtkvar-araq-
sis kulturis Sida qarTlur variants daudes saTave.
maSin, roca am arqeologiuri kulturis araratuli
varianti xuri-urartuli enebis gavrcelebis areals
warmoadgenda.
movlenaTa aseTi logikis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi
qarTvelur-Sumeruli da qarTvelur-semituri enebrivi
paralelebis genezisisaTvis istoriuli sarCulis mo-
Zebna did sirTules ar warmoadgens. `protoqarTvelur-
protoindoevropuli~ paralelebis axsna ki ori SesaZ-
lo variantis farglebSi SeiZleba: 1) Tu nostratuli,
an `postnostratuli~ Teoriis farglebSi qarTveluri-
sa da indoevropulis Soreul naTesaobas virwmunebT;
2) SegviZlia aseve CavTvaloT, rom `protoqarTveluri~
da `protoindoevropuli~ enobrivi sistemebis siaxlove
maikopisa da mtkvar-araqsis kulturis pirobebSi qarT-
velTa da indoevropelTa mezoblobam ganapiroba.
aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi
qarTvelur–indoevropuli enobrivi Sexvedrebis isto-
riis kidev erTi momentis axsna SeiZleba. saqme isaa,
rom `protoqarTul~ enas kontaqtebi uCans sadReisod
CvenTvis ucnob romeliRac indoevropul enasTan, rome-
lic yvelaze met siaxloves indoevropuli ojaxis bal-

34
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

tiur–slavur–germanikul frTasTan amJRavnebs.46 `pro-

toqarTulis~ gavrcelebis arealad maikopis kulturis
gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi ki qarTvelTa mezoblad am
jgufis indoevropelebis arsebobis SesaZleblobac ad-
vili SesaZlebelia, radgan Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi samx-
reT ruseTis stepebSi da aRmosavleT evropis terito-
riaze indoevropelebi ukve farTod iyvnen gavrcelebu-
li.
dasasrul, saWiroa, kidev or mniSvnelovan sa-
kiTxs SevexoT. vfiqrobT, axsnas saWiroebs, Tu ratom
ar viyenebT zemoT fizikuri anTropologiisa da mole-
kuluri biologiis monacemebs da ra damokidebuleba
gvaqvs qarTveluris iberiul-kavkasiur, baskur da medi-
teranul enobriv sinamdvileebTan mimarTebis sakiTxze.
daufaravad gvsurs aRvniSnoT, rom eTnogenezis sa-
kiTxebze saubrisas fizikuri anTropologiisa da mo-
lekuluri genetikis47 monacemebs nakleb ndobas vucxa-
debT. miuxedavad imisa, rom l. kavali–sforcas, a. amo-
rimis, d. rangs da sxva mkvlevarebis wyalobiT, bolo
xanebSi, am mxriv, sakmaod saintereso tendenciebi ga-
moikveTa.48 saqme isaa, rom Zveli msofliosa da Sua sau-
kuneebis istoriis eTnikuri procesebis dinamikis kanon-
zomierebebis Tvalis midevneba gvarwmunebs, rom am pe-
riodSi ar dasturdeba romelime jgufis mier jgufis
X teritoriaze sruli Canacvlebis faqti. im SemTxveva-
Sic ki, roca regionSi lingvisturi da politikuri
landSafti radikalurad icvleboda, mosuli elementi

46 g. meliqiSvili. qarTvelebi da maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi. sa-

qarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. I. Tb. 1970, gv. 346-352.
47 am dargis mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis II naxevarSi
gaizarda.
48 L. Stone, P. Lurquin. A Genetic and Cultural Odyssey. New York. 2005, gv. 125-127.

35
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

umetesad `superstratul umciresobas~ warmoadgenda.

magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba: romis imperiis
Semdgomi xanis e.w. `barbarosuli saxelmwifoebis~, aR-
mosavleT evropis Turquli gaerTianebebis, spartuli
da kelturi sazogadoebebis saxiT. swored es aris mi-
zezi imisa, rom evraziis Zalian bevri regioni (Tu yve-
la ara) arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT uwyveti ganviTa-
rebis suraTs iZleva. es garemoeba asazrdoebs indoev-
ropelebis winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb paleoliTuri uwy-
vetobisa da Crdilo–evropuli Teoriebis msgavsi hipo-
Tezebis momxreebs. es garemoeba, vfiqrobT, fizikuri
anTropologiisa da molekuluri genetikis monacemeb-
sac mniSvnelovan kvals daaCens. ra Tqma unda, Znelia
uarvyoT am dargebis mniSvneloba, roca saqme zeda pa-
leoliTur da mezoliTur periodebs exeba, magram neo-
liTsa da mis Semdgom periodSi am TvalsazrisiT uf-
ro TavSekavebuli msjeloba gvmarTebs.
qarTvelurisa da iberiul-kavkasiuris (anu afxa-
zur-adiRurisa da naxur-daRestnuris) Sesaxeb msjelo-
bisas ki, samwuxarod, Riad mogviwevs davtovoT sakiTxi:
qarTveluri da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi odesRac `pro-
toenas~ warmoadgendnen (qarTveluri Semdeg aRmoCnda
enaTa nostratul wreSi), Tu aseT erTobas realurad
adgili arasodes hqonia. aq saboloo sityva lingvis-
tebs ekuTvniT. Cveni mxriv ki mxolod imas davamatebT,
rom qarTveluri da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis siaxlo-
ve Tavisuflad SeiZleba aixsnas imiTac, rom maikopis
kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi mTis kavkasiurma enebma
samxreTidan mosuli qarTveluri `superstratisTvis~
`substratis~ roli Seasrules.
SemoTavazebuli msjelobis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi,
vfiqrobT,AqarTvelur-mediteranuli da qarTvelur-bas-
36
 nikoloz silagaZe. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis

kuri enobrivi siaxlovis Camoyalibebis istoriuli mi-

zezebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac saintereso daskv-
nebis gakeTeba SeiZleba. Tumca, am sakiTxze msjeloba
damoukidebeli kvlevis obieqtad migvaCnia.
Camoyalibebuli Teoria, Cveni azriT, qarTvelTa
pirvelsacxovrisis geografiuli lokalizaciis sakiT-
xisaTvis mniSvnelovan yvela sakvanZo sakiTxs iTvalis-
winebs. am kuTxiT Semdgomma kvlevebma ki, SesaZloa, uf-
ro saintereso daskvnebamdec migviyvanos.

37
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Nikoloz Silagadze

TOWARDS THE QUESTION OF THE GEORGIAN

ETHNOGENESIS

Summary

The article concerns about issues of the localization of the first

spread of the Georgian languages. We discuss the interrelation of the
Georgian languages with the Indo-European, Ibero-Caucasian and
Nostratic languages.
The article provides conclusion that in the epoch of Neolithus and
Eneolithus the area of dissemination of the Georgian languages might
had been the Northern Mesopotamia and the East of Asia Minor. During
the Early Bronze age they (Georgian speaking population) shifted to the
direction of the Northern Caucasus, towards the area of Maykop Culture.
The hypothesis which is stated in our article is generalization on
the basis of the most important linguistics and archaeological issues.

38