POWER ELECTRONICS

Subject Code : EE602PC

Regulations : R16 - JNTUH
Class : III Year B.Tech EEE II Semester

Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
 POWER ELECTRONICS (EE602PC)
COURSE PLANNER

OBJECTIVE AND RELEVANCE:

To understand the concepts and applications of power electronics by studying the basic types of
converters used, AC to DC, DC to AC, AC to AC and DC to DC. To examine and also to understand the
specific applications, such as AC Motor Controllers. To study basic concepts of power semiconductor
devices, choppers their analysis and applications.

COURSE PURPOSE:
Power Electronics is the study of switching electronic circuits in order to control the flow of electrical
energy. Power Electronics is the technology behind switching power supplies, power converters, power
inverters, motor drives, and motor soft starters. As the trend towards electrification and renewable
energies increases, enabling technologies such as power electronics are becoming ever more important.
Power electronics encompasses the systems and products involved in converting and controlling the
flow of electrical energy.

SCOPE OF THE COURSE:

With the advent of semiconductor devices, revolution is taking place in the power transmission
distribution and utilization. This course introduces the basic concepts of power semiconductor devices,
converters and choppers and their analysis.
At the end of the course the student will be to explain –

CO1 To remember the characteristics of different types of power electronic devices

CO2 To analyze the importance of knowledge on protection, gating and commutation circuits
CO3 To understand the operation and characteristics of AC-DC converters and DC-AC converters
CO4 To understand the operation and characteristics of DC-DC and AC-AC converters
CO5 To Apply the power devices in Drives

PREREQUISITES:
1. Knowledge on the Semiconductor Device
2. Knowledge about Electronic Circuits
3. Knowledge about Network Theory
4. Concept of AC Drives
COURSE CONTENT-JNTUH SYLLABUS:

UNIT – I: POWER SEMI CONDUCTOR DEVICES AND COMMUTATION CIRCUITS:

Thyristors – Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR’s) - BJT - Power MOSFET - Power IGBT and their
characteristics and other thyristors - Basic theory of operation of SCR - Static characteristics – Turn-on
and Turn-off methods- Dynamic characteristics of SCR - Turn on and Turn off times -Salient points.

Two transistor analogy of SCR - R, RC, UJT firing circuits - Series and parallel connections

of SCRs - Snubber circuit details – Specifications and Ratings of SCR, BJT, IGBT -

Numerical problems – Line Commutation and Forced Commutation circuits.

UNIT – II: CONTROLLED CONVERTERS:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Converters: Phase control technique - Single phase Line
commutated converters - Half wave controlled converters with Resistive, RL load and RLE load -
Derivation of average load voltage and current -Active and Reactive power inputs to the converters
without and with Freewheeling Diode - Numerical problems

Single Phase Fully Controlled Converters: Fully controlled converters, Midpoint and Bridge connections
with Resistive, RL loads and RLE load - Derivation of average load voltage and current – Line
commutated inverters, semi-converters, active and Reactive power inputs to the converters, Effect of
source inductance – Expressions of load voltage and current - Numerical problems.

Three Phase Line Commutated Converters: Three phase converters - Three pulse and six pulse
converters and bridge connections with R, RL load voltage and current with R and RL load and RLE loads
- Semi Converters, Effect of Source inductance–Dual converters Waveforms - Numerical Problems

UNIT – III: AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS:

AC voltage controllers – Single phase two SCR’s in anti parallel with R and RL loads , modes of operation
of Triac – Triac with R and RL loads – Derivation of RMS load voltage, current and power factor- wave
forms , Numerical problems- Single phase and three phase cycloconverters (principle of operation only).
UNIT – IV: CHOPPERS:

Choppers – Time ratio control and Current limit control strategies – Step down choppers- Derivation of
load voltage and currents with R, RL and RLE loads- Step up Chopper – load voltage expression.
Morgan’s chopper – Jones chopper - Oscillation choppers (Principle of operation only) - waveforms ––
AC Chopper – Problems

UNIT – V: INVERTERS:

Inverters – Single phase inverter – Basic series inverter, parallel Capacitor inverter, bridge inverter –
Waveforms,. Simple bridge inverters, Voltage control techniques for inverters- Pulse width modulation
techniques – Numerical problems.

GATE SYLLABUS:
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs – static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters – fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.

IES SYLLABUS:
Power Semiconductor devices. Thyristor. Power transistor, GTOs and MOSFETS.
Characteristics and operation. AC to DC Converters; 1-phase and 3-phase DC to DC Converters;
AC regulators. Thyristor controlled reactors; switched capacitor networks. Inverters; single-
phase and 3-phase. Pulse width modulation. Sinusoidal modulation with uniform sampling.
Switched mode power supplies.
LESSON PLAN-COURSE SCHEDULE:

WEEK/ Bloom’s
Sl.No Topic Name CO Mapping Text Books
DATE Taxonomy

Unit – I Power Semi Conductor Devices and Understand

Commutation Circuit

1. WEEK - Introduction
1
2. Thyristors - Characteristics of SCR, BJT Analyze Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

3. Characteristics of Power MOSFET and Power Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
IGBT
KB.Kanchandhani

4. WEEK - Operation of SCR Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
2
KB.Kanchandhani

5. Statics characteristics of SCR Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

6. SCR Turn ON and Turn OFF Methods & Analyze Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
Salient Poles
CO1 & CO2 KB.Kanchandhani

7. Two Transistor analysis of SCR-R and RC Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

8. UJT Firing Circuit Analyze Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

9. WEEK - Series and Parallel connection of SCR Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
3
KB.Kanchandhani

10. Snubber Circuit Details Analyze Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

11. Specification and rating of SCR, BJT and IGBT Analyze Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

12. WEEK - Numerical Problems Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
4
KB.Kanchandhani
13. Line Commutation Circuit and Forced Understand Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
Commutation Circuit
KB.Kanchandhani

14. Revision Remember

15. Mock Test-1 Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

16. Mock Test analysis and Bridge Class #1

Unit – II Single Phase Half Wave Controlled

Converter

17. WEEK - Phase control technique and Single phase Understand Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
5 line commutated converter
KB.Kanchandhani

18. Half wave controlled converter with R, RL Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
and RLE load
KB.Kanchandhani

19. Derivation of average load voltage and Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
current
KB.Kanchandhani

20. Active and Reactive power inputs to the Understand Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
converters with and without freewheeling
KB.Kanchandhani
diode

21. Numerical Problems Evaluate CO2, CO3 & Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
CO5
KB.Kanchandhani

Single Phase Fully Controlled Converter Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

22. WEEK - Fully Controlled Converter Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
6
KB.Kanchandhani

23. Midpoint and Bridge connections with R, RL Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
and RLE load
KB.Kanchandhani

24. Derivation of average load voltage and Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
current
KB.Kanchandhani

25. Line commutated inverters and Semi- Remember Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
Converters
KB.Kanchandhani
26. Active and Reactive power inputs to the Remember Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
converters and Effect of source inductance
KB.Kanchandhani

27. WEEK - Expressions of load voltage and current Evaluate Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
7
KB.Kanchandhani

28. Numerical Problems Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

Three Phase Line Commutated Converters

29. Three phase converters Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

30. Three pulse and six pulse converters and Understand Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
bridge connections average load voltage
KB.Kanchandhani
with R and RL loads and Load current with R
and RL load

31. Semi-Converters and Effect of source Analyze Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
inductance and Dual converters Waveforms
KB.Kanchandhani

32. Numerical Problems Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

33. MID Test-I

34. WEEK - Bridge Class #2

8
Unit – III AC Voltage Controllers

35. AC Voltage Controllers and Single phase two Understand Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
SCR’s in anti parallel with R and RL Load
KB.Kanchandhani

36. Modes of operation of Triac with R and RL Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
load
KB.Kanchandhani
CO2, CO4 &
CO5 Power Electronics
37. Derivation of RMS load voltage, Current and Analyze
–by MD Singh and
Power Factor wave forms
KB.Kanchandhani

38. Numerical Problems Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

39. WEEK - Single phase cycloconverter Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
 9 KB.Kanchandhani

40. Three phase cycloconverter Understand Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

41. Beyond Syllabus – AC Drives Application Apply

42. Revision Remember Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

43. Open Book Test – Self Assessment & Apply

Analytic #1

Unit – IV Chopper

44. WEEK - Choppers and Time ratio control and Understand Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
10 Current limit control strategies
KB.Kanchandhani

45. Step down choppers and Derivation of load Understand Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
voltage and currents with R, RL and RLE
KB.Kanchandhani
loads

46. Step up Chopper – load voltage expression Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani
CO2, CO3 &
47. Morgan’ s chopper Understand CO5 Power Electronics
–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

48. Jones chopper and Oscillation chopper Analyze Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
(Principle of operation only) Waveforms
KB.Kanchandhani

49. WEEK- AC Chopper Analyze Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
11
KB.Kanchandhani

50. Numerical Problems Evaluate Power Electronics

–by MD Singh and
KB.Kanchandhani

51. Beyond Syllabus – SEPIC, CuK and Luo Apply

converter

52. Revision Remember

53. Lecture by Internal Faculty Member #1 Understand

54. WEEK - Mock Test 2

 55. 12 Bridge Class #3

56. Open Book Test- Problems #2 Apply

Unit – V Inverter

57. Single Phase Inverter and Basic series Understand Power Electronics
– by Vedam
Inverter
Subramanyam

58. Parallel Capacitor Inverter Understand Power Electronics

– by Vedam
Subramanyam

59. WEEK - Bridge Inverter, Wave form, Analyze Power Electronics

CO2, CO3 & – by Vedam
13
Subramanyam
CO5
60. Simple Bridge Inverter and Voltage Control Remember Power Electronics
– by Vedam
Techniques for inverter
Subramanyam

61. Pulse With Modulation Techniques Understand Power Electronics

– by Vedam
Subramanyam

62. Numerical Problems Evaluate Power Electronics

– by Vedam
Subramanyam

63. Beyond Syllabus – Multilevel Inverter

64. WEEK - Revision Remember

14
65. Revision Remember

66. Numerical Problems - Revision Evaluate

67. Bridge Class #4

68. Lecture by Internal Faculty Member #2 Understand

69. MID- Test-II

TEXT BOOKS:
1. “M.D Singh & K.B. Kanchandhani ”, “Power Electronics”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company,1998.
2. “M.H. Rashid ”, “Power Electronics: Circuit, Devices and Applications”, Prentice Hall of India,
2nd edition, 1998.
3. “V. R. Murthy ”, “Power Electronics”, Oxford University Press, 1st Edition 2005.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. “Vedam Subramanyam”, “Power Electronics”, New Age International (P) Limited, Publications,
2nd Edition 2008.
2. “Philip T. Krein ”, “Elements of Power Electronics”, Oxford University Press, 1997.
3. “M. S. Jamil Asghar ”, “ Power Electronics”, PHI Private Limited, 2004.
4. “P. C. Sen ”, “ Power Electronics”, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing, 2001.
5. “John G. Kassakian, Martin, F. Schlect, Geroge C. Verghese ”, “Principles of Power Electronics”,
Pearson Education, 1st Edition 2010.

MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT

OFPROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

Progr
am
Specif
Program Outcomes
ic
Outco
mes

PSO1
PSO2
PO10

PO11

PO12
PO1

PO2

PO3

PO4

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8

PO9

CO1 3 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1
CO2 3 3 2 1 1 - - - - - - 2 2 2
CO3 3 3 2 2 1 2 - - - - - 2 3 2
CO4 3 3 2 2 1 2 - - - - - 2 3 2
CO5 3 3 2 2 1 2 - - - - - 2 3 3
AV 0. 1. 2.
3 2.8 1.8 1.6 1.2 - - - - - 2
G 8 8 4
QUESTION BANK (JNTUH):

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS:

UNIT-1:

Short Answer Questions-

 Blooms
Program
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level

UNIT – I

PART – A (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Draw BJT Characteristics Understand PO12

2 Draw MOSFET Characteristics Understand PO12
3 Draw Snubber Circuit
Understand PO12
4 Define String Efficiency? Remember PO1
5 Define turn off time domain parameters
Remember PO1
PART – B (LONGANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Explain SCR Characteristics? create PO1,PO2
2 Explain MOSFET operation? Analyze PO1,PO12
3 Differentiate static and dynamic characteristics
create PO1
4 Explain voltage ratings of SCR Apply PO1,PO2
5 Explain Class B Commutation circuit
Remember PO1,12
6 Explain class D Commutation Create PO5
7 Explain Protection aspects of SCR
Understand PO2
8 Explain all three modes of operation of SCR. Apply PO2
9 Explain static characteristics of SCR Understand PO4
10 Explain dynamic characteristics of SCR Understand PO4

Blooms
Program
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level

UNIT – 2
PART – A (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Draw waveforms for half wave rectifier with R Load. Understand PO1
2 Draw waveforms for full wave rectifier with R Load. Understand PO1
3 Draw waveforms for half wave rectifier with RL Load.
Create PO1
4 Draw waveforms for full wave rectifier with RL Load. Create PO2
5 Draw waveforms for 3 phase half wave rectifier with R Load. Understand PO1
PART – B (LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Explain half wave rectifier with R load along waveforms.
Evaluate PO2
2 Explain half wave rectifier with R L loads with waveforms. Evaluate PO2
3 Explain full wave rectifier with R loads with waveforms.
Remember PO1,PO2
4 Explain full wave rectifier with R L loads with waveforms. Evaluate PO3
5 Explain 3 phase half wave rectifier with R loads with waveforms. Create PO3
6 Explain 3 phase half wave rectifier with R L loads with waveforms. PO2
Understand
Explain half wave rectifier with freewheeling diode with R L loads
7
with waveforms. Evaluate PO3

8 Explain line commutated inverters and Dual Converters? Create PO2

9 Explain Effect of Source Inductance? Evaluate PO3
10 Expression of Load Voltage and Load Current? Evaluate
PO3

Blooms
Program
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level

UNIT – 3

PART – A (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Define TRIAC? Understand PO1

2 Define voltage controller equation. Understand PO1
 3 Define cycloconverter equation. Understand PO1
4 Draw wave forms for Single Phase cycloconverter. Understand PO1
5 Draw wave forms for Three Phase cycloconverter. Understand PO4
PART – B (LONGANSWER QUESTIONS)

Draw and explain AC Voltage controller with R Load along

1
waveforms? Apply PO2,PO3

Draw and explain AC Voltage controller with RL Load along

2
waveforms? create PO2,PO3

3 Explain step up cycloconverter? Create PO2,PO3

4 Explain step down cycloconverter?
Understand PO2
5 Derive steady state equations of cyclo-converters? Apply PO3
6 Differentiate between AC voltage controller and cycloconverter? Understand PO2
7 Draw cycloconverter waveforms for f0 = 3fs.
Apply PO3
8 Draw cycloconverter waveforms for f0 = 1/4fs. Create PO1,PO2
9 Draw and explain TRIAC waveforms with R Load. Understand PO3
10 Draw and explain TRIAC waveforms with RL Load.
Remember PO3,PO4

Blooms
Program
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level

UNIT – 4

PART – A (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Define Duty ratio? Understand PO1

2 Define PWM method Understand PO1

3 Define Chopper frequency? Understand PO1

4 Define Step Up chopper equation Understand PO1

 5 Define Chopper current equation? Understand PO1

PART – B (LONGANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Derive steady state equations of chopper? Understand PO1,PO12

2 Derive step up chopper equations Apply
PO2,PO3
3 Derive step down chopper equations Remember PO2,PO3
4 Explain voltage commutated chopper? Understand PO1,PO12
5 Explain current commutation of chopper? Apply PO2,PO3
6 Explain chopper commutation. Understand
PO1
7 Explain four quadrant chopper. Understand PO1,PO12
8 Explain regenerative breaking using chopper? Understand
PO1,PO12
9 Derive steady state equations of chopper? Apply PO1,PO2
10 Derive step up chopper equations Apply PO2,PO3

Blooms
Program
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level

UNIT – 5

PART – A (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Define inverter? Understand PO1,PO12

2 Define series inverter? Understand PO1,PO12
3 Define parallel inverter? Understand PO1,PO12
4 Define voltage commutated inverter?
Understand PO1,PO12
5 Define PWM Techniques? Remember PO1,PO12
PART – B (LONGANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Draw and explain half wave inverter with wave forms Understand PO1
 2 Draw and explain full wave inverter with wave forms PO1,PO12
Remember
3 Draw and explain series inverter with wave forms PO1
Remember
4 Draw and explain parallel inverter with wave forms PO1
Understand
5 Draw and explain voltage commutated inverter with wave forms
Understand PO12
6 Draw Mc-Murray bed ford inverter? PO2
Evaluate
7 Draw modified mc-Murray bed ford inverter? Understand PO1
8 Explain Pulse width modulation techniques? Understand PO1,PO2
9 Explain multi pulse width modulation?
Remember PO1,PO3
10 Explain sinusoidal pulse width modulation? Remember PO1,PO3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

UNIT-1:

1. During forward blocking state, the SCR has

(a) Low current, medium voltage
(b) Low current, large voltage
(c) Medium current, large voltage
(d) Large current, low voltage
Answer: B
2. Once SCR starts conducting a forward current, its gate loses control over
(a) Anode circuit current only (b) Anode circuit voltage only
(c) Anode circuit voltage and current (d) Anode circuit voltage, current and time
Answer: C

3. In a SCRs
(a) Both Latching current and holding current are associated with turn-off process
(b) Latching current is associated with turn-off process and holding current with turn on process
(c) Holding current is associated with turn-off process and Latching current with turn-on process
(d) Both Latching current and holding current are associated with turn on process
Answer: C
4. The SCR can be termed as
(a) DC switch (b) AC switch (c) Square-wave switch (d) Either A or B
Answer: A
5. In a thyristor, the magnitude of anode current will
(a) Increase if gate current is increased (b) Increase if gate current is decreased
 (c) Decrease if gate current is decreased (d) Not change with any variation in gate current
Answer: D
6. Turn on time of an SCR can be reduced by using a
(a) Rectangular pulse of high amplitude and narrow width
(b) Rectangular pulse of low amplitude and wide width
(c) Triangular pulse (d) Trapezoidal pulse
Answer: A
7. Turn off time of an SCR in series with RL circuit can be reduced by
(a) Increasing circuit resistance R (b) Decreasing circuit resistance R
(c) Increasing circuit inductance L (d) Decreasing circuit inductance L
Options:
1) B, C 2) A, D 3) B, D 4) D only
Answer: 4
8. A forward voltage can be applied to an SCR after its
(a) Anode current reduces to zero (b) Gate recovery time
(c) Reverse recovery time (d) Anode voltage reduces to zero
Answer: B

9. Turn-off time of an SCR is measured from the instant

(a) Anode current becomes zero (b) Anode voltage becomes zero
(c) Anode voltage and anode current become zero at the same time
(d) Gate current becomes zero

Answer: A

10. In an SCR, anode current flows over a narrow region near the gate during
(a) Delay time td (b) Rise time tr and spread time tp
(c) td and tp (d) td and tr
Answer: B

UNIT-2

1. Gate characteristic of a thyristor

(a) Is straight line passing through origin (b) Is of the type Vg = a + bIg
(c) Is a curve between Vg and Ig (d) Has a spread between two curves of Vg-Ig
Answer: D
2. Surge current rating of an SCR specified the maximum
(a) Repetitive current with sine wave (b) Non-repetitive current with rectangular wave
(c) Non-repetitive current with sine wave (d) Repetitive current with rectangular wave
Answer: C
3. The di/dt rating of an SCR is specified for its
(a) Decaying anode current (b) Decaying gate current
 (c) Rising gate current (d) Rising anode current
Answer: D
4. For an SCR, dv/dt protection is achieved through the use of
(a) RL in series with SCR (b) RC across
(c) L in series with (d) RC in series with
Answer: B
5. For an SCR, di/dt protection is achieved through the use of
(a) R in series with SCR (b) RL in series with SCR
(c) L in series with SCR (d) L across SCR
Answer: C
6. When a line commutated converter operates in the inverter mode
(a) It draws both real and reactive power from the AC supply
(b) It delivers both real and reactive power to the AC supply
(c) It delivers real power to the AC supply
(d) It draws reactive power from the AC supply
Answer: C
7. A chopper operating at a fixed frequency is feeding an RL load. As the duty ratio of the chopper is
increased from 25% to 75%, the ripple in the load current is
(a) Remains constant
(b) Decreases, reaches a minimum at 50% duty ratio and then increases
(c) Increases, reaches a maximum at 50% duty ratio and then decreases
(d) Keeps on increasing as the duty ratio is increased
Answer: A
8. To turn off a SCR, the reverse bias should be applied for a period ....... the turn-off time of the SCR
(a) Equal to (b) Longer than (c) Less than (d) Irrespective of
Answer: B
9. In class A and class B commutation the resonating circuit has to be
(a) Over damped (b) Critically damped (c) Under damped (d) Negatively damped
Answer: C
10. In phase controlled rectification power factor (PF)
(a) Remains unaffected (b) Improves with increase of firing angle α
(c) Deteriorates with increase of α (d) Is unrelated to α
Answer: C

UNIT-3

1. Three-phase to three-phase cycloconverter employing 18 SCRs and 36 SCRs have the same voltage
and current ratings for their component thyristors. The ratio of VA rating of 36 SCR device to that of
18 SCR device is
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
Answer: C
2. Three phase to three phase cycloconverter employing 18 SCRs are 36 SCRs have the same voltage
and current ratings for their component thyristors. The ratio of power handled by 36 SCR device to
that handled by 18 SCR device is
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/2
Answer: A
3. The number of SCRs required for single phase to single phase cycloconverter of the midpoint type
and for three phase to three phase type cycloconverter are respectively
(a) 4, 6 (b) 8, 18 (c) 4, 18 (d) 4, 36
Answer: C
4. For dynamic equalizing circuit used for series connected SCRs, the choice of C is based on
(a) Reverse recovery characteristics (b) Turn-on characteristics
(c) Turn-off characteristics (d) Rise-time characteristics
OPTIONS:
1) A2) B, C 3) D 4) A, B, C, D 5) None of the above options
Answer: 1
5. The function of connecting zener diode in an UJT circuit, used for the triggering of SCRs, is to
(a) Expedite the generation of triggering pulses
(b) Delay the generation of triggering pulses
(c) Provide a constant voltage to UJT to prevent erratic firing
(d) Provide a variable voltage to UJT as the source voltage changes.
OPTIONS:
1) B, C 2) C 3) A 4) D 5) None of the above options
Answer: 2
6. An SCR is considered to be a semi-controlled device because
(a) It can be turned OFF but not ON with a gate pulse

(b) It conducts only during one half-cycle of an alternating current wave

(c) It can be turned ON but not OFF with a gate pulse

(d) It can be turned ON only during one half-cycle of an alternating voltage wave

Answer: 3

7. The current Source Inverter shown in figure is operated by alternatively turning on thyristor pairs
(T1, T2) and (T3, T4). If the load is purely resistive, the theoretical maximum output frequency
obtainable will be
 (a) 125 kHz b) 250 kHz (c) 500 kHz (d) 50 kHz

Answer: C

8. In the chopper circuit shown, the main thyristor(TM) is operated at a duty ratio of 0.8 which is much
larger the communication interval. If the maximum allowable reapplied dv/dt on TM is 50V/μs, what
should be the theoretical minimum value of C1? Assume current ripple through L0 to be negligible.

(a) 0.2μF (b) 0.02μF (c) 2μF (d) 20μF

Answer: A

9. Match the switch arrangements on the top row to the steady-state V-I characteristics on the lower
row.The steady state operating points are shown by large black dots. [GATE]
 (a) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (b) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

(c) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-II (d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Answer: C

10. ‘Six MOSFETs connected in a bridge configuration (having no other power device) MUST be
operated as a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)’. This statement is [GATE 2007] (a) True, because
being majority carrier devices, MOSFETs are voltage driven
(b) True, because MOSFETs have inherently anti parallel diodes

(c) False, because it can be operated both as current source Inverter (CSI) or a VSI

(d) False, because MOSFETs can be operated as excellent constant current sources in the saturation
region

Answer: C

UNIT-4
1. Comparing with the full wave rectifier using two diodes, the four diode bridge rectifier has the
dominant advantage of
(a) Higher current carrying (b) Lower peak inverse voltage requirement

(c) Lower ripple factor (d) Higher efficiency

Answer: B

2. A SCR is rated at 75A peak, 20A average. The greatest possible delay in the trigger angle if the dc is
at rated value is
(a) 47.5° (b) 30° to 45° (c) 74.5° (d) 137°
Answer: B
3. The applied sine voltage to a SCR is VM=200V and R=10Ohm. If the gate trigger lags the ac supply by
120°, the average load current is
(a) 15/π A (b) 5/π A (c) -5/π A (d) -15/π A
Answer: A
4. A sine voltage of 200Vrms, 50Hz is applied to an SCR through 100ohm resistor. The firing angle is
60°. Consider no voltage drop. The output voltage in rms is
(a) 89.7 V (b) 126.7 V (c) 166.7 V (d) 200√2 V
Answer: B
5. A 100VDC is applied to the inductive load through a SCR. The SCR's specified latching current is
100mA. The minimum required width of gating pulse to turn on the SCR is
(a) 100μS (b) 100S (c) 1mS (d) 50μS
Answer: A
6. A cycloconverter is a
(a) Frequency changer from higher to lower frequency with one-state conversion
(b) Frequency changer from higher to lower frequency with two-stage conversion
 (c) Frequency changer from lower to higher frequency with one-stage conversion
(d) Either a or c
Answer: D
7. The cycloconverter require natural or forced commutation as under
(a) Natural commutation in both step-up and step down cycloconverter
(b) Forced commutation in both step-up and step-down cycloconverter
(c) Forced commutation in step-up cycloconverter
(d) Forced commutation in step-down cycloconverter
Answer: C
8. In synchronized UJT triggering of an SCR, voltage VC across capacitor reaches UJT threshold thrice in
each half cycle so that there are three firing pulses during each half cycle. The firing angle of the SCR
can be controlled
(a) Once in each half cycle (b) Thrice in each half cycle
(c) Twice in each half cycle (d) Four times in each half cycle
(e) None of the above
Answer: A
9. In a GTO, anode current begins to fall when gate current
(a) Is negative peak at time t=0 (b) Is negative peak at t = storage period ts
(c) Just begins to become negative at t = 0 (d) Is negative peak at t = (ts + fall time)
Answer: B
10. The SCR can be turned on by
(a) Applying anode voltage at a sufficiently fast rate
(b) Applying sufficiently large anode voltage
(c) Increasing the temperature of SCR to a sufficiently large value
(d) Applying sufficiently large gate current
OPTIONS:
1) A, B 2) C, D 3) B, C 4) A, B, C, D 5) None of the above options
Answer: 4
UNIT-5
1. In a SCR,
(a) Gate current is directly proportional to forward break over voltage
(b) As gate current is raised, forward break over voltage reduces
(c) Gate current has to be kept on continuously for conduction
(d) Forward break over voltage is low in the forward blocking state.
Answer: B
2. In a SCR, at switch on, there is a sudden increase of current, then
(a) The tolerance limit of di/dt varies from 3 to 30A/us
(b) di/dt upper limit is 3A/us
(c) di/dt rating can be increased by having an inductive load
(d) di/dt rating can be increased by a resistive load
Which of the above statements are true?
 (1) a, c (2) c, d (3) a, b, c, d (4) a, b
Answer: 1
3. The following PNPN device has a terminal for synchronizing purpose
(a) SUS (b) DIAC (c) TRIAC (d) Schmitt trigger
Answer: A
4. In single phase full wave controlled rectifier, maximum output voltage is obtained at conduction
angle ________ and minimum at conduction angle _________
(a) 0°, 180° (b) 180°, 0° (c) 0°, 0° (d) 180°, 180°
Answer: A
5. A thyristor is triggered by a pulse train of 5 kHz. The duty ratio is 0.4. If the allowable average
power is 100W the maximum allowable gate drive power is
(a) 100√2 W (b) 50 W (c) 150 W (d) 250 W
Answer: D
6. The consequence of introducing inductance in the load circuit of SCR is
(a) Anode current through SCR rises slowly
7. (b) Anode current reached is more than without it
(c) SCR has to be derated for anode current (d) SCR's current rating can be raised
Which of the above statements are true?
(1) a, c (2) a, b, c, d (3) b, d (4) a, d
Answer: 4
8. When a SCR is in the forward blocking state,
(a) All the 3 junctions are reverse biased
(b) The anode and cathode junctions are forward biased but the gate junction is reverse biased
(c) The anode junction is forward biased but the cathode and gate junctions are reverse biased
(d) The anode and gate junctions are forward biased but the cathode junction is reverse biased
Answer: B
9. When we need to drive a dc shunt motor at different speeds in both directions (forward and
reverse) and also to brake it in both the directions, which one of the following would you use?
(a) A half-controlled SCR bridge (b) A full controlled thyristor bridge
(c) A dual converter (d) A diode bridge
Answer: C
10. The frequency of the ripple present in the output voltage of the 3 phase half controlled bridge
rectifier depends on the
(a) Firing angle (b) Load inductance (c) Load resistance (d) Supple frequency
Answer: D
11. A fully controlled thyristor bridge drives a DC motor. The system is capable of
(a) Motoring and braking in both directions
(b) Only motoring in both directions, no braking
(c) Motoring in forward direction and braking in reverse direction
(d) Only motoring in forward direction, no braking
Answer: D
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
GATE:
1. A single phase full - wave half controlled bridge converter feeds an inductive load. The two SCRs in
the converter are connected to a common DC bus. The converter has to have a free wheeling
diode [GATE 2007]
(a) Because the converter inherently does not provide for free wheeling

(b) Because the converter does not provide for free wheeling for high values of triggering angles

(c) Or else the free wheeling action of the converter will cause shorting of the AC supply

(d) Or else if a gate pulse to one of the SCRs is missed, it will subsequently cause a high load current
in the other SCR

Ans: B

2. A single phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is operating at a firing angle of 25
degree, and an overlap angle 10 degree with constant dc output current of 20A. The fundamental
power factor (displacement factor) at input ac mains is [GATE 2007]
(a) 0.78 (b) 0.827 (c ) 0.866 (d) 0.9
Ans: A

3. A three phase fully controlled thyristor bridge converter is used as line commutated inverter to feed
50KW power at 420V DC to a three phase 415V (line), 50Hz as mains. Consider DC link current to be
constant. The RMS current of the thyristor is [GATE 2007]
(a)119.05A (b)79.37A (c)68.73A (d) 39.68A

Ans: B

4. A three phase to single phase conversion device employs a 6 pulse bridge cycloconverter. For an
input voltage of 200V/phase, the fundamental rms value of output voltage is
(a) 600/π V (b) 300√3/π V (c) 300/π V (d) 600√3 /π V
Ans: A

5. A three phase to single phase cycloconverter consists of positive and negative group of converters.
In this device one of the two component converters would operate as a
(a) Rectifier if the output voltage VO and output current IO have the same polarity
(b) Inverter if VO and IO have the same polarity
(c) Rectifier if VO and IO are of opposite polarity
(d) Inverter if VO and IO are of opposite polarity
Options:
1) A, D 2) A 3) D 4) C, D
Ans: 1
6. A 3 phase to 3 phase cycloconverter requires
(a) 18 SCRs for 3-pulse device (b) 18 SCRs for 6-pulse device
(c) 36 SCRs for 3-pulse device (d) 36 SCRs for 6-pulse device
Options:
1) A2) A, D 3) B, D 4) D
Ans: 2

7. Which of the following statements are correct for cycloconverter?

(a) Step down cycloconverter works on natural commutation
(b) Step up cycloconverter requires forced commutation
(c) Load commutated cycloconverter works on line commutation
(d) Load commutated cycloconverter requires a generated emf in the load circuit.
Options:
1) B, D 2) A, B, C 3) B, C 4)A, B, D
Ans: 4

8. The functions of connecting a resistor in series with gate-cathode circuit and a zener diode across
gate-cathode circuit are, respectively to protect the gate circuit from
(a) Over voltages, over currents
(b) Over currents, over voltages
(c) Over currents, noise signals
(d) Noise signals, over voltages
Ans: B

9. When an inductance is inserted in the load circuit of SCR

(a) The turn on time of SCR is increased
(b) Output voltage is reduced for the same firing angle
(c) Conduction continues even after reversal of phase of input voltage
(d) A free wheeling diode is connected in such circuits
Which of the above statements are true?
(1) a, d
(2) b, c, d
(3) a, b, c, d
(4) c, d
Answer: 3
[10] Snubber circuit is used to limit the rate of
(a) Rise of current
(b) Conduction period
(c) Rise of voltage across SCR
(d) None of the above

IES:
1. The provision of a free wheeling diode across an inductive load is
(a) To restore conduction angle on phase
(b) To avoid negative reversal voltage drop
(c) To reduce the PRV
(d) None of the above
Answer:A
2. While working in series operation, equalising circuits are added across each SCR to provide
uniform
(a) Current distribution
(b) Firing of SCRs
(c) Voltage distribution
(d) None of the above
Answer:C
3. When the SCR conducts, the forward voltage drop
(a) Is 0.7V
(b) Is 1 to 1.5V
(c) Increases slightly with load current
(d) Remains constant with load current
Which of the above statements are true?
(1) a only
(2) b, c
(3) d only
(4) a, c
Answer: 2
4. The latching current of a SCR is 18mA. Its holding current will be
(a) 6mA
(b) 18mA
(c) 54mA
(d) 12mA
Answer:A
Exp: Latching Current = 3 x Holding Current
5. The turn off time is longer than turn on time because
(a) The anode and cathode junctions get reverse biased while gate junction is still forward
biased
(b) There is flow of reverse current
(c) The gate pulse has been removed
(d) The forward break over voltage is high.
Which of the above statements are true?
(1) b, c
(2) c, d
 (3) a, b
(4) a, b, c, d
Answer: 3
6. The thyristor will turn on faster with
(a) Pulse signal applied to the gate terminal of the SCR
(b) Continuous signal applied to the gate terminal of the SCR
(c) Both are same
(d) Pulse signal but with minimum duration
Which of the above statements are true?
(1) a only
(2) b only
(3) a, d
(4) none of the above
Answer: 3
7. In an SCR,
(a) The holding current is less than latching current
(b) The holding current is greater than latching current
(c) The two currents are equal
(d) The latching current is about 3 times the holding current
Which of the above statements are true?
(1) a only
(2) d only
(3) a, c, d
(4) a, d
(5) b only
Answer: 4
8. When a positive voltage is applied to the gate of a reverse biased SCR
(a) It injects more electrons into junction J1
(b) It increases reverse leakage current into anode
(c) Heating of junction is unaffected
(d) Failure of junctions occurs due to thermal runaway
Which of the above statements are true?
(1) b only
(2) a, b ,d
(3) b, d
(4) d only
Answer: 3
9. Silicon based rectifiers are preferred than germanium based rectifiers because
(a) Si is available easily compared to Ge
(b) Only Si has a stable off state
 (c) Ge is very temperature sensitive
(d) Si only has the characteristics α1 + α2 < 1 at low collector currents and reaches 1 at high
currents
Which of the above statements are true?
Options:
1. A, B, D
2. B, D
3. B Only
4. D Only
5. None of the above options
10. In a triac,
(a) The triggering pulse to main terminal 1 should be of the same polarity as the anode
potential between MT1 and MT2
(b) The triggering pulse should be of opposite polarity to that of anode potential
(c) When the triggering pulse is positive and anode is positive, it is operating in the first
quadrant
(d) When the triggering pulse is negative and anode is negative its sensitivity is highest.
Which of the above statements are true?
Options:
1. A, D
2. A, C
3. C, D
4. A, C, D
5. None of the above options
Answer: 4
11. In a single phase full wave SCR circuit with R, L load
(a) Power is delivered to the source for firing angle of less than 90°
(b) The scr changes from inverter to converter at α = 90°
(c) The negative dc voltage is maximum at α = 180°
(d) To turn off the scr, the maximum delay angle must be less than 180°
Which of the above statements are true?
Options:
1. C, D
2. C Only
3. D Only
4. A, B
5. None of the above options
Answer: 1
12. While comparing triac and scr,
(a) Both are unidirectional devices
 (b) Triac requires more current for turn on than scr at a particular voltages
(c) A triac has less time for turn off than SCR
(d) Both are available with comparable voltage and current ratings
Which of the above statements are true?
Options:
1. A, C
2. B, C
3. A, B
4. D Only
5. None of the above options
Answer: 2
13. Which of the following statements are true
(a) If the SCR, even with proper gate excitation and anode-cathode voltage does not conduct
for a particular load resistance, then it would
be necessary to decrease the load resistance to turn ON the SCR
(b) The SCR would be turned OFF by voltage reversal of the applied anode-cathode ac
supply of frequencies up to 30kHz
(c) If the gate current of the SCR is increased, then the forward breakdown voltage will
decrease
Options
1. A, B, C
2. B, C
3. A , C
4. A, B
5. None of the above options
Answer: 3
14. Which of the following statements are true
When gate triggering is employed, a SCR can withstand higher values of di/dt, if the
1. Gate current is increased
2. Rate of rise of gate current is increased
3. Gate current is increased
4. Rate of rise of gate current is decreased
OPTIONS:
(a) 3, 4
(b) 1, 4
(c) 2, 3
(d) 1, 2
(e) None of the above options
Answer: A
15. In a SCR based converter, the free wheeling diode is used to
(a) Add to the conduction current of thyristors
(b) Oppose the SCR conduction
(c) Conduct current during the OFF period of the SCR
(d) Protect the SCR by providing a shunt path
Answer: C

WEBSITES:

1. http://www.gcet.ac.in/departments/IT/courses/newspu/EE151.pdf
2. http://www.iitd.ernet.in.
3. www.electrical4u.com/corona-effect-in-power-system
4. www.electricaleasy.com/2016/07/corona-discharge.html

EXPERT DETAILS:

1. Transmission network by Prof. Paithankar, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT

Bombay
2. Prof. S. Majhi, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati
3. Dr. SS Tulasi Ram, Department of Electrical Engineering, JNTUH, Hyderabad

JOURNALS (NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL):

1. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education( ISSN: 2050-4578)

2. The International Journal of Electrical Engineering (ISSN 0974-2158)
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering (ISSN: 2302-4046)

LIST OF TOPICS FOR STUDENT SEMINAR:

1. POWER MOSFET, POWER IGBT operation and characteristics

2. Two Transistor analogy of transistor
3. Static characteristics of SCR
4. Turn on and turn off methods of SCR
5. Series and parallel connections of SCR’s
6. Snubber circuit
7. Line Commutation and Forced Commutation circuits.
8. Mid-point converters, Bridge converters
9. Half controlled converters with RLE load, Derivation of average load voltage and current
10. Active and Reactive power inputs to the converters without Freewheeling Diode and with
Freewheeling Diode
11. Fully controlled converters-Bridge connections with RLE load, Derivation of average load voltage and
current
12. Three pulse and six pulse converters
13. Effect of Source inductance in single phase and three phase converters
14. Dual converters (both single phase and three phase) - Waveforms
15. AC voltage controllers – Single phase two SCR’s in anti parallel with RL load
16. Cyclo converters – Single phase mid point cyclo converters with RL load (Principle of operation only).
17. Step down choppers Derivation of load voltage and currents with R loads
18. Step up Chopper- load voltage expression
19. Morgan’s chopper, Jones chopper (Principle of operation only)
20. Basic series inverter, Basic parallel Capacitor inverter, bridge inverter – Waveforms
21. Mc Murray and Mc Murray, Bedford invertersVoltage control techniques for inverters
22. Pulse width modulation techniques

CASE STUDIES / SMALL PROJECTS:

1. PWM Techniques.
2. Speed control of DC motor using 1-ф converter.