land cover change on the globe.

And I think that most of us see the

solution as sustainable intensification. This approach where you produce more with,

essentially, less inputs. But, once again, that might not be the,

there's no silver bullets. But, perhaps, it has to go hand

in hand with forest governance, improving forest governance, so

that the improved agriculture doesn't spread into the forests.

>> You came with some pretty big numbers in there. You said that agriculture's responsible

for 70% of the deforestation, and, what about water?

>> It's using 70% of the water that's used at the moment.

>> 70% of the fresh water that's used at the moment.

>> But in addition, it's also putting fertilizer, nitrogen into the water

systems causing massive putrefaction of lakes in some parts of the world.

>> Of course, the fertilizers also can become

potent greenhouse gasses, so it's also related to that problem.

>> Yeah, that's correct.

>> Challenge. >> Yeah, but, once again, I think that through intensification and more targeted
fertilizer use,

you can solve some of these problems. So, for example, there are subsidies

in China to fertilizer use, and, actually,

there's over use of fertilizer. And just by reducing the efficiency,

by only 5%, you can keep the same amount of

production, food production going. And you can reduce the subsidy

bill by $1.5 billion in China. So in other words, years of trade

off between the finance system and the environmental systems. And it seems like an obvious
way to go in

terms of reducing environmental impacts. >> So you're talking about actually using economic
incentives to try and

make the changes that we need to make in agriculture.

>> Yeah, correct. And, in many cases, there are subsidies,

for example, which are not very climate smart or environmentally

smart, and they should be removed. They could still be subsidies,

but they could be better placed. They could be driving

micro-credit performance. They could be driving

insurance mechanisms, those sort of things.

>> So the bottom line, when we get right down to it, is that

sustainable development isn't possible unless we change the agricultural system?

>> That, I have no doubt of. So I would say that within a decade,

we have to see a really transformed agricultural system to very

different forms of agriculture. And in some cases it's leapfrogging. The problems that
happened in

the developed world, like Europe. So instead of going the same path

of agricultural development, to high production and environmental

impacts, is there a different path? And I belive there are different paths.

>> It's interesting to me that everyone knows that in order to meet

the climate challenge, we need to change our

energy system drastically. But it's so few people that know that we really need

to change the agricultural system as well. I wonder why that is?

>> Yeah, that is really sad. The sector which is going to be most

impacted by climate change is agriculture, probably, because it's so

dependent on climate. And it gives 30% of

the greenhouse gas emissions, so it seems like you have to deal with it. The rice subsector
gives the same

emissions as the aviation industry, for example. And the aviation industry seems

to be taking some degree of seriousness about climate change but

not the rice sector. They are 500 million small,

older farmers, for example. And so you are dealing with many,

many people with small bits of land. But, on the other hand, one of the ways

of perhaps dealing with it and using a private sector approach, would

be through some of the big companies. So, for example, Kellogg's,

which is really interested in rice. They are potentially big

players in the industry. And they're showing lots of

leadership in terms of trying to change the way of doing business.

>> In this lecture, I used food systems. That is to say, production and

consumption, to illustrate how normal everyday activities,

to which we give little thought, but upon which our lives depend

interact with the SDGs. The example clearly illustrates

that we must undertake major changes in our food systems

to achieve sustainable development. It also clearly shows that

one size does not fit all. While the SDGs are common global goals, their achievement plays out

differently at regional levels. Thus, it will be necessary

to use different levers in the sustainable transformation of

the food system in different regions. I could just as easily have used any of

the other systems critical to society, energy, transport, markets,