Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Alongamento Viscoelastic Properties of Muscle-Tendon Units Ki6xo7 PDF

    Uploaded by

    عمرو دراغمة
    18 views10 pages

    Original Title

    alongamento__viscoelastic_properties_of_muscle-tendon_units_ki6xo7.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    18 views10 pages

    Alongamento Viscoelastic Properties of Muscle-Tendon Units Ki6xo7 PDF

    Uploaded by

    عمرو دراغمة

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 10
    | | (9452 5485/90/1803-0300802.00/ "Dak AMERICAN JOURNAL OF Si ©1990 American Orthop ers MEDICINE, Vol. 18, No.3 i Society for Sporte Medicine Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units The biomechanical effects of stretching * DEAN _C. TAYLOR, MD, CPT, MC, USA, JAMES D. DALTON, JR, MD, ANTHONY V. SEABER,t AND WILLIAM E. GARRETT, JR, MD, PhD From the Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, ABSTRACT Most muscle stretching studies have focused on defin- ing the biomechanical properties of isolated elements of the muscle-tendon unit or on comparing different stretching techniques. We developed an experimental ‘model that was designed to evaluate cinically relevant biomectiaricel stretching properties in an entire muscie- leinton urit. Our objectives were to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of the musclé-tendon unit and to consider ihe clinical applications of these viscoelastic properties. Fabbit extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscle-tendon units were evaluated using methods designed to simulate widely used stretching tech- niques. Additionally, the effects of varying stretch rates and of reflex influences were evaluated. We found that muscle-tendon units respond viscoelastically to tensile loads. Reflex activity did not influence the biomechani- cal characteristics of the muscle-tendon unit in this model Experimental techniques simulating cyclic stretching and static stretching resulted in sustained muscie-ten- don unit elongations, suggesting that greater flexibility ccan result if these techniques are used in the clinical setting. With repetitive stretching, we found that after four stretches there was litte alteration of the muscie- tendon unit, implying that a minimum number of “Prosonied at fw 18th arrual mestag of te AOSSM, Traverse Cty Metigan ly 1888. The ogrens xpresea nthe ancl ae howe te ‘avoual authors and do not rocaseay etect the rans oe AMY Hea! beara Th Beprenex othe Ary, of The Dope of ‘Address curespondonss ana ron requests te: Anthony. Seater, ‘beeermort of Surgery, PO. Bex 3092 Bute Uniersty Mode! Coie aera Ne 2770 300 Durham, North Carolina stretches willlead to most of the elongation in repetitive stretching. Also, greater peak tensions and greater energy absorptions occurred at faster stretch rates, ‘suggesting that the risk of injury in a stretching regimen ‘may be related to the stretch rate, and not to the actual technique. All of these clinically important considera tions can be related to the viscoelastic characteristics of the muscle-tendon unit Stretching advocates have published numerous ani cles 255 books," and stretching technique Gescriptionst® “68 hat adress the positive effets of stretching. These authors feel that stretching can be bene ficial in several areas. In sports medicine, stretching has ‘been recommended t0 prevent injurytt sh2081 550 and to improve performance"** ©." In rehabilitation stretching is used asa method to regain range of motion and toimprove overall function." DeVries*™* has ree- ‘ommended stretching asa method to reduce muscle soreness following activity. Stretching has even been put forth as ‘say 10 enhance one's general well-being."” General categories of stretching techniques include ball ti, static, passive, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facl- itation, Ballistic stretching is characterized by repetitious bouncing movements where the muscles are rapid length ened and immediately returned to resting length. Baliste exercises aze considered to be less beneficial than other regimens."**!""'* The inhibitory effets of stretch re fiex on ballistic stretching ore frequently mentioned a: a reason for the reduced efficacy of this technique.”'” The possibilty of injury to the muscle-tendon unit, especially in rehabilitation, has also been associated with ballistic stretching Static stretching refers to the technique of stectching @ Vo. 18, No. 3, 1990 ‘musele group to a length just short of causing pain. This length is then maintained for an extended period of time (anywhere from 6 to 60 seconds has been recom: mended). Advocates of this technique feel that the stretch reflex influences will be minimized by gentle motion and the absence of pain. Static exercises are recommended in some cases because they are easy to perform and have little associated injury risk.***-* Passive stretching can be applied to both ballistic and static techniques. In passive stretching, a partner applies additional external stretching force. Several techniques use tenets of proprioceptive neuro- muscular facilitation (NF). PNF was established by Kabat to aid in the therapy of paralyzed patients, PNF uses the concepts of reflex activation and inhibition, and reversal of antagonists in attempts to achieve improvement in active and passive motion.” Holt® applied similar concepts to athletic exercises, He ealled his technique the 3- S system (Scientific Stretching for Sport). This technique includes voluntary contraction of the muscle group being stretched, contraction of the antagonist muscle group, and finally, passive static stretch of the target musele group, Voluntary isometric contraction of the stretched muscle inhibition through Golgi tendon organ metric contraction of the antagonist ‘muscles causes a subsequent reflex inhibition of the muscle groups being stretched. The muscles are then passively stretched to a new lengthened position. ‘Throughout this discussion on techniques one finds a ‘great emphasis placed on reflex activity. The goel of many stretching routines is t positively influence reflex activity in order to bring about increased muscle-tendon unit length. ‘However, the basic biomechanical properties that influence hhow the muscle-tendon unit responds to stretch have re ceived little attention in the sports, medicine literature. ‘Tension in muscle ean be considered to be comprised of active and passive components as defined in classical muscle physiology.” **" Any stretching effects mediated by reflex activity must involve the active component. Tension in the passive component may also respond to stretch, independent of the active component. The passive compo- nent resides in part in the connective tissue of the muscle- tendon unit. As with most biological tissues, muscle is thought to act, viseoelastically.""" "2" Therefore, muscle is considered to have both elastic and viscous properties. Elasticity implies that length changes, or deformations, are directly propor. tional to the applied forces, or loads. Viscous properties are characterized as time-dependent and rate change-depend tent, where the rate of deformation is directly proportional 10 the applied forces. In biomechanics, true elasticity is represented by Hooke's model of a perfect spring (Fig. 1A), and viscous elements are represented by Nevton’s model of 4 hydraulic piston known as a dashpot (Pig. 1B).°°" The perfect spring represents the reversible nature of elastic Iaterials in which deformation depends solely on the ap- plied force. The dashpot represents viscous materials in ‘Viseoelastie Properties of Muscle 301 ®& PAV | Figure 1. The two fundamental elements of a viscoelastic model. A, the Hookean body: This perfect spring provides 2 model for elastic behavior. Deformation is proportional only to force. B, the Newtonian body: Here, a hydraulic piston, or

    You might also like