THE USBORNE BOOK OF SCIENCE EXOpR MER PL PEM mW ay MO by NM ae yl) ee A eee Nee ES MEA eos MONI MN i ez LEE EOSABOUT EXPERIMENTING Seience can be inti when you try things out for at first become much easier to understand, How to use this book: “The books vide into over thirty scientific toples, soch as "Fating and sinking “investigating acs” nd “Making mois work. You can ry any experiment on ts own, or werk your way through ample topic. ‘Clear explanations and diagrams show you exactly ‘what is happening in the experiments and “Did you know?” boxes link your investigations to examples In the real world. What you need ‘You don't need expensive 4 _apparalus to experiment. All the projects in tis book use ordinary household objects or things you ‘ean buy from your local shops. ‘This instrument, i which shows Mg changes in wind | speed, is ade from | things you can ‘easily find at home ‘Gee page 50), ing, but This book will help you explore basic principles of physics, yourself, ideas that seemed hard chemistry and biology by ‘experiments on your own and with your friends, Ss 8 (On pages 60454, you can find more advanced scientific information alist of science words ‘with thelr definitions, and an index. Getting it right Don't worry i your experiment doesnt work a fist. Ty to 8 think what could have gone ‘wrong, adjust your equipment and try again, Fc \ Taking notes This good idea to keep | a scienhtic notebook fo record your results and | observations. Youcanuse | | it for sketches, charts and | Watching results Some results happen very slowly, but others are ‘almost instant If you missed what happened the fst time, ry the experiment again Safety first Allthe experiments in this the symbols shown below. book are safe, as long as They warn you of possible you folow the instructions dangers and remind you to Carefully. Watch out for take extra care. Experiments with eletriity have this -symbol. Never use household electricity for experiments tis much too song. ‘This symbol warns you about chemicals. ‘Wash your hands ater handling chemicals and keep them away from young children. ‘This isa general warning symbol. Be very careful whenever you se it, and take exira ‘care with hot liquids, flames and sharp knives. Why experiment? Experimenting helps you discover more about the way things work and why things happen in the world around you. = ‘The cane ina gla, on page 7. uses up is ‘oxygen ina few seconds. visingaa | \ Stig ro tag eee iad help you caw your bicycle br workYou will need Ping-pong bail — * | BALANCING AND GRAVITY ‘Make aclown that won'tliedown = Ifyou drop a ruler, an invisible balances in the ar. The Allobjects havea centre of bases have a ow centre of force called gravity pulls It to Earth, experiments on these two pages tet wher tect agaviy. which makes them more | HEA PApEE 'Oam xem Ifyou rest its mid-point on your show you some ways of using the Bdances and alts weiaht seems stable. Folow the isiictins | srg finger, gravity pulls down equally force of gravity to make things uel foheee a Wah pier treuny nang is couke of ‘pealy Sticky tape on both sides ofthe rulerand it balance, stay upright or fall over. ies eee need hada oe done ae totip over. Objects with heavy has oni “Mobiles balance perfectly when gravity pulls equally cardboard covered with fo. Then experiment with Chevery partie. Flow the sep elo fo. each pat of your mobile ed the pot where Make wbie rom garden cane heads and balances bet This cle is ere ofa in Bee Pshonebad ofyour Rolthepapersothat Rt Tapethebatom ofthe Your down wot and ‘Satur tothe page fvatugy ue one al papereotnetale up. res pain io Eicnttehinioe Ca ctinetal-Thertpeun Drewaleeeenthe paper, Ueconsbate ome slttevayroind ike theadealthe perio” supporting rome” Sand Then yo psh é ‘once se, EXEuiiwotnges, Hover Useastarpknfetocat Cites can cmpty Useancuteto end foe thnarencane cl packet ee tong ses of ; froone.en(i3m)" paper gta ace fecnonitheatcmered athe toot a he Whytheclownwon'tliedown Iengand tice 1m miu ff" om otha Theneat ot be Shapes Then ot hem [tee (Gaenst Stesore Sipe — aro [1 Balancing the mobile ee Kotor tape the arson §- Teast the three short XC Sexizpatgs < Segre rove Then lance each Soars a : ce =i ‘thot plascneinits base, the When you pushin the plastic, When you yt tip over the Glvn's centre of gaviy is theckn Rasa new centteof weighted clown, gravity tl pls around its middle. Gravity pulls gravity in tsbase. Now gravity on lisbase, but not on its head, so equally on the clown's head and pulls on the clown's base, soit _the base stays down and the nits bse, sit slays down, Sands up. head fips up Now try this Take the plateine ‘Stand your clown ona gentle ium out ofthe ping ‘ope. til flip fom head to pong ball and drop in a marble. Now tape the ‘other half ofthe ball to the open end ofthe paper tube. ‘centre of gravity move: from one end ofthe ‘lown to the other. * Plast modelting clay (US).—<—— IT'S A GAS ‘The air around you is made up of diferent {gases. When you breathe in, you absorb ‘oxygen from the air. Tis is the gas that keeps you alive. When you breathe out, you send a waste gas called catbon dioxide into the air. Try the experiments on these two pages to find out more about oxygen and. carbon dioxide. wv Using oxygen Flames need ‘oxygen to burn just ike human beings need oxygen to breathe, Here is Your body produces carbon dioxide as as a wast product, butit can be made in other ways. ook in your ltehen cupboards {or vinegar and bicarbonate of sola, oF buy them ata Supermarket. Then make the ‘pparatus shown inthe picture below. falls stip i plscine rou he short cad ot abenty Stow, ang care | tacontne maw ont other end of the straw and slide itinside the second straw, s0 fs igi. Phe gass with water. ‘Then at ina drop col food colourings How you make the gas. When you mix an acd tke vinegar (thanoie acid) with a carbonate like bicarbonate of soda, they react and make carbon dioxide gas, The Plasticine 2 bendy drinking straws Scissors Tall glass Food colouring Bicarbonate of soda Vinegar Plastic bottle Small piece of paper Pour bala tablespoon of bicarbonate of soda down a bottle ax shown in the picture ‘above. Then pour vinegar unt the bot is 8 quarter fl, Quickly push the platcine around the top ofthe bottle land put the end ofthe second ‘raw inte gas of coloured 1g builds up and is pushed along the straw into the water. Carbon dioxide gas is less dense than water so it bubbles tothe surface. {olged piece of paper into the glass ‘water, Watch what happens inthe ‘an experiment that uses a burning candle in 2 glass to show: how much oxygen there isin the ai. Bevery careful with lighted matches ‘and candles, ‘compressed carbon di ‘Many extinguishers contain puts out fires by preventing oxygen What ae happens to =i the oxygen ne Platiine a Water ‘The candle burns in unt thas used up A all the oxygen in the gas. AB oxygen sted, rater aes Place The water Tises about one- fit of the way wp Sick pastin pieces onthe Light tbe candle Allow tio | the las because Dasedfacandicandon bumforafewscconds then | oxygen males up Conposte sds ofthe rim of sande las overt What ound oneifh of {aga Sand thecanein happens ote candle? i gas ‘bow and pour in water, as Shoven here joxide which from reaching the flames. Here isan experiment to make carbon dioxide as and testi on a nightdight candle. Wheres the water level in the glass? Why the flame goes out “The acid and the carbonate reaet to make earbon a dioxide gas, which isheavier than ‘oxygen. The oxygen is pushed Riestemate 2 << | | away, so the ie pele J? Ge bum, Denied re aiiaiacad watinia dire eatin fetlaraieerd, Medan er ccpe Ne ee ae eee ae ‘smal gas battle, Did you know? use carbon dioxide to. mitre should fz, Plants and trees help to keep the balance of ‘oxygen and carbon dioxide gases inthe air. At night, they take in oxygen and send out carbon 7s foamed ee dine gieere Peet Bae . ora tater = band = Flow steadily across the top of the | Vibrates faster, — Boccia F Sawelevinengeusprcesof | making a higher ste ( it Do this very carefully. How does | sound. s | ‘te sound change € x ee Bottle sounds Cut the base off the bottle Stretch the piece of plastic Light nightsght candle “Tap the piece of plastic ‘When you tap the piece of plastic you make tiny particles in the air beside it vibrate. These vibrating Particles make the particles beside them vibrate, 00. ‘The vibrations travel through the bottle and blow ‘out the flame, ‘Then cata pice from the tightly aver the end ofthe Then hola the bottle sharply with your Plastic bag to cover the bate Securestwithan about Sem (lin)away ‘fingertips. What happens fend of the bottle elastic band. from the candle. ‘othe lame? How sound travels 0 Find two identical glass botles and ill them with Afferent amounts of water. Then try making high and low sounds, like thi Blow across the top ‘ofeach ofthe battles. ‘hich one makes the hngher note? ‘Tap each ofthe bots with a spoon Which botle makes the higher note now? ‘When you blow across the top ofthe bolls, the air inside them vibrates. When you tap them witha spoon, the Water vibrates. ‘Small amounts of ar or water vibrate fast and ‘make a high sound. Larger amounts vibrate more slowly and make alow sound.SURPRISING SENSES ‘You use your senses all the time, but have _of these experiments concentrates on a ‘you ever thought what happens when you different sense to help you find out more hear, see, touch, taste or smell things? Each about the way your body works. TL Why you need two ears ave you ever wondered why witha jar halfful of ied you have twoears? Try thistest beans, a blindfold anda tiend, | Youneed twoears tS soyourbrancan——}! Sar ate the jar tn compare noise ston a ctr and tots optnces. levels reaching anal yours each ear ‘Tren ask your friend to Seeee rate the rin ciferent gia ar sees sree yo ie ‘When a sound t comes from a pint that is equally Pont to where you ‘sant from both your ears, tis hard Ba ink to judge where that point ‘ta you gt ne Why you need two eyes vy ‘Two eyes give you two When you close one slighty different views. eye, you have only one ‘Your brain compares view, soit is much these two viewsto harder for your brain to work out exactly where judge the distance things are. between objects aa to work out exactly where things are. Tis ‘experiment shows you why two eyes give you better vision than one, ‘tose one eye, then hold up 4 peninone hand ands top ‘nthe other, so they are level with your eyes. With your farms slighty ben, ry to put the top on the pen. Can you tellif the top isin ron or bend the et Now ey ‘again using both eyes: seelfitisease, Keep one cye Did you know? Animals that pounce on their prey, such as ovis and cals, have forward-acing eyes, ike human beings, \whiel help them judge distances accurately. The animals they prey on, such as mice and rabbits, have eyes in the sides of their heads, This gives them better allyound ‘Make a tongue map Did you know you use diferent par of your tongue to taste tongue like the one here. Then try the tests below and filin your tings that ae sour, sy, sweet resus" Some ats are ie rdbiter? Draw a map ol your detected in more than one place) er detects Sala yar Teka fer Drinking a TATA Vin ear Pr Hgua Filfouregg-cups ith _—Cutwo strawsin halfto Carefully release drops of Note on your map where Ciferent tsing iquids: make droppers. Dip ‘liquid onto each ares of you taste the vinegar ‘vinegar our say water dropper ino the vinegar. your tongue shown on the most strongly. Rinse your (sat sugary water (sveet)-and black cofee (biter, Inthis experiment, you stop your sense of smel from. Gate raw apple, carrot ‘ard potato into three bows Then blindfold yourself and hold your ase. Ask a fiend to feed you spoonful ofeach fod, one at ‘rime, Can you Fecognize whieh food yu are tasting? ‘working so you can see how it affects the way you taste things. Tap, drying your tongue mouth then do the same wrth bread between test for he theee other ops. tases, How your nose helps you taste ‘Tiny particles of food in the ar andin your Nose ‘mouth iravel into your nose, so you taste and smell together. Your tongue tells you that apple, polato and cart, laste sweet, ut You Mouth need your nose to recognize their lavours. Tonae Did you know? Fes use thelr feet to taste thei food. Before they eat anything, they wale allover itLIGHT AND SIGHT Light travels through the air in straight lines, Iit did not, there would be no shadows and you would not be able to see. Try these experiments in the dark to discover mote about how shadows are made and how your eyes use light to see things, You will need Because light avels in straight Yogurt por lines, something srange happens Y Black poster paint when light rays from an object Dishwashing liquid pass through a small hole and land Drawing-pit fester Fallow the Elastic band instructions below to mab Greaseproof papers Simple viewer. Then pint it at a Magatghe candle nightlight in a darkroom and look ae alts screen. G sc pat reduces c econ inde pot Drawingin | | Eat Ho he ewer BA Sour cj @ 4 Gremeproat Pinhole | D, paper ecren Paint the inside ofthe When the paints dry. Stretch piece of Light the candle make yogurt potwithblack make pinholein the _greasepront paper tightly the room dark and point Poster pain {you mix 8 ‘hop of dishwashing quid rite pat tw tik beter. vith the carefully How the viewer works Some light from the flame travels through the pinhole and ands on the paper sereen. Light rays from the top ofthe flame hil the 7) Pinhole { Vy =e Mata base ofthe yogurt pot ‘Then eae the pin out the viewer's base athe candle, from about 50cm (2oin away. What do you see onthe sreen? ‘over the top ofthe pot ‘and socur it with an ‘elastic band, This s your drawing. bottom part ofthe screen and rays from the bottom hit the top part of the screen, making an "upside dawn image. Mi) Sen viewer's base is Sack exposed. What do you — =Q> see on the screen?” Did you know? esa How shadows are made When rays fight mec an objet Anite, se» they bounce reflect offi A frend tostandby @ shadow is made behind the object ‘ose doo, Then se ‘where no ight gets through. AS lina You move your forch coer, more large pice of paper ight is blocked an the shadow Reon igs locked andthe shad behind sets bigger “Turn of the ight and thine tore at ert a ha tint story move your When you have made a gant a torch dos is shadow tat yu ke, a a ea, Wit happets 0 another endo draw aro ion Neti the shadow no? theplece of pepe reaches tere Spooky shadow When lightrays meet smooth, shiny you see a reflection. ** This surface, tie a mirror, they bounce off experiment combines shadows with Youuwill need the miror like abaloffa wall and reflections Bek paer ick Tope Scissors eee Sticky tape Mirror eee Table tamp ere, without @ shade mee Putte imp onthe 4 for and tun on, Ak a ‘fiend to standin front of mene thelanp ose cats site Sfadow on the wall a mB as Cut out a piece of black paper old the miror behind tof over the mirror Draw a the lamp, Move face on the paper and cut ot und ei nipevis ae ore here Shapes ate reflected onto ven Staiow on the wal. 4 ‘Flashlight (US). ** See pages 16-17 for more about reflections ee Your eyes work ike the yogurt pot viewer. Light o travels through a tiny hole called a pupitandlands tina a on a screen called a retina, making an upside-down image. The oplic nerve joins your retin to your \ bralnhichtumsthe image te rgh way ypand Ome” els you what you ae seeing Fedsto Ligiteay tran tolBOUNCING LIGHT When light meets a shiny surface like a mirror, it bounces off it and is reflected back, ‘The experiments on these two pages will Bouncing spotlight Can you predict how a i ‘beam wil reflect off a mirror? ‘Try this test with a torch, a book Darke heroom Beeteinor fchat the mir eep changing the Bgl ote torch un there a brn hts op the watt you can predict how light will be reflected, ‘an use mirrors to help you se things. The Dave a simple shape and stand a mirror behind it. Look in the ‘mirror and try to draw ‘over your shape. What you draw ‘When you lookin the mirror, the top of your picture ‘becomes the bottom, This makes it very dificult to ‘draw around, especially when the lines change ddrection and a watch, arranged as shown, in the picture below. help you understand more about reflected light and mirrors. You can also use rellections to create some strange effects. How light bounces Light always bounces off a mirror in the same wa. ‘Whatever the angle at which it his the meron it wil be reflected at the same angle — aw eee ees wale in several “ferent postions You have probably tried “mleror writing” with a flat mirzor, but have you ever used a shiny can ta send a secret message? Stand the canon a piece fof paper. Then write a rssige 30 i ooks <=] ‘ortet inthe can. The Sy Tees onthe paper wil heupsdedown and reversed Your fiends ‘willbe able to read your ‘message ina can ofthe Keep ooking ‘ne ean You will need Perspex picture ‘The trick of reflection shown through walls. You can create the above can be used! on stage to same effect in a peep-hole theatre make ghosts appear to walk made from a shoe box. “Tape the postcard to the back ofthe box, then eu a sit in the box beneath the stead, (se a ballpoint pen tomake Deepal inthe shoe bx facing the card ‘ook through the peepole ake & ghost from tif whitepaper gy Secure the perspex rae like the one shown below. Tape the ‘ardboard strip to the ghosts back and thn bend the strip upwards, Side the era ofthe strip through the sit a the buck ofthe box. with plasticine soit stands sagonaly in front ofthe peep- hole. Now the ghost faces the frame, but cot be seen from the peeprtole. Copy this Why it works Your friend sees the unit candle and your finger through the frame. Atthe same time, light from the lighted candle is reflected by the frame. So your finger appears to bein the flame, Basteard (or scenery) ricky Pape Baroony pont pen Shire hate paper Saraboard Sitip BSc tem feopeeoitire 4 picture Frame Plasticine How the ghost appears ‘When you look through the peeprhole, you see the scenery ‘through the frame and the host reflected by the frame. Light fromBENDING LIGHT You see things when light is reflected from them and travels straight through the air to your eyes. Things look strange underwater, Watch light bend Here isa way to see what and then back into the ai again. ‘happens when a beam of ight Do it in the dark, so you can see travels from the air into water the light beam clearly. sciors to cut a arrow itn one fend ofa shoe box. Have you noticed that things atthe bottom of a pool or river always look closer tothe surface than they really are? This isan effect of refracted light. ‘To see i for yourself, try ths experiment with a fiend, lla fatsided lass jar with ‘water. Then stand itn the box tan ange to the sit because light travels from them in a different way. These experiments show you how light travels through water. Why light bends Light moves more slowiy through water than it moves through air. As the beam of ight enters the water, it lows down and bends. As it renters the air, the light beam speeds up and bends back again. Tiss called refraction. Putacoin inachinaor Aska friend to pour water plastic Bowl Then walle slowly ito the bow ‘backwards unt you Watch the bowl from ‘cannot see the coin in the where you are standing bow! any more. What do you see? 18 Why the coin seems to rise Al fist, you see the coin nse the bow, because light travels straight from the coin toyour eyes. When. ‘you move away, light from the coin no longer reaches your eyes, 0 you only see the bowl. ‘As the bow fills with water light from the coin i refracted by ‘the water. Now light from the coin reaches your eyes ‘again, so you see the ‘coin in the bowl, Why the egg won't stop STARTING AND STOPPING It's hard to get things moving, especially if or keep moving because of something called they are heavy, and once they are moving it inertia. All the experiments on this page js hard to make them stop. Things stay still investigate inertia, Coin challenge ‘This experiment works, like the one on the left, because heavy objects have greater inertia than light objec. Lay a posteard on a mug. Stand a matchbox cover in {he midéle ofthe card and balance an orange on top oft, Now pal the card away quickly. ‘What happens tothe orange? Tw clne orient Why the orange drops y oe “Make a pile of five ‘Knock the bottom coin: Heavy ting, tke the orange; have more inertia | | entice con then withthe edge of ate ‘han ight tings, ike the card and the matchiox | | chenge you fenton wl sige ‘over. Inerla stops the orange fom geting removethebitom ein ieway bit era wi sing, 0 it drops into the mug. without tooching there prevent the oer eos otthepie. from moving whit Stop the egg Wearing seatbelts Inertia makes things difficult to started, Try this experiment with When a car crashes, itis forced a sitiaoo to op sddenly, butts stp, as wel as hard to get ed a. SS ee in iii, Sethe egg spinning Assoonastheceg {ool the pasengers are not ona plate Then ope take your ‘wearing satel their inertia You tight wth your finger awey, What. Wwilkeep them moving forwards finger oo happens othe fn the could go trough the windsereen." ‘Car manufacturers use plastic ‘dummies, lke the one shown here, to test their seatbelts ‘When you put your finger on the the moving contents make the 9 you stop the shell, but ‘egg start spinning again. hard- inertia keeps the white and the boiled egg would not start again yolk spinning. When you let go, because it contents are soll.happens. pushed agains is side. Raise the ball Make a plastcine ball ‘about the size ofa marble, Putiton a table and stand ajar with nee over py cealienge a friend to it the Dall the table ‘without touching the bal or ping thea: 2» TURN AND TURN AGAIN ‘Things which are moving always travel in straight lines, unless something forces them to change direction. The experiments on Have you ever been pushed against the side door, when the car in which you are traveling turns a ‘corner sharply? Try thi test, using a light coin as the passenger and a tay as the car, to see why this Put the coin in the mde of the ray. Push the tray forwards then tum it sharply tothe right The coin should keep waveling forwards untlit hits the side of the tray. Like the coin the pastenger inthe car contintes travelling forwares asthe ear turns, until hes gy Tr he or sharply to set the bal spinning. Lift the ar. The spinning ball willbe ted up inside it these two pages will help you understand some of the strange effects of forcing things toturn ‘This surprising experiment works in the same way asthe one withthe coin on a tray, but instead of ‘making the bucket turn a corner once, you keep on turning it around. Halt ita plastic bucket with Wate. Stand outside and swing ina rte you make the bucket swing fast enough, 0 ‘water will pil cout of ‘What happens in the bucket When you swing the tries to travel in straight Inucket,you keep. nes. The water is forcing itto change ished against the lrection, but the water inside of the bucket and Inside the bucket sil cannot fll out Did you know? Bobsleghs are pushed tbat carve ale < oft ack te the ie ball is pushed against the ve inside of the jar in the k eon Draw a circle from straight lines Here isa good way to understand what is happening in the other experiments on these two pages. The straight lines show the direction that a spinning, object would take, it were not being forced to turn. “The circle shows the direction that the spinning objects forced to take. Draw line along the {op ofthe ruler. Now Cut these panel of ‘cereal packet, Tmakingsure hat is edges Drewins turn the euler slightly and fr straight. This is your rule another line along fer, the top. Sick a érawingpin Keep turing the trough the middle ruler and ruling lines, unt you have drawn a ‘complete cele from straight ines. ofthe ruler and pin it toa Set of paper, en top of magazine Why the pot lifts Can you make a hard sweet lit pot of stones? “his experiment shows You how to do Zen ‘ou wil need Sa agry pen ease roe ‘acon pen “rae knife ee tard sweet, fate spo pall tthe ee sweet with ake ae Bing ores fei the sweet ml 10 itioine fhe end of he sting. toed pl ‘ting tno te groove heen! Male two olesin thesis othe Now stand the “The spining sweet the pen case, the ‘yegurt pot wih ball Your potonatable | tres totravel away — faster the sweet spins Dain pen Make audit the pen caset0. | fromthe end ofthe around. When the Randle by threading a setthe sweet spinning. | pencase but the plo the sweet stot sing trough Genty ate the pen cae. | eight ofthe stones Stronger than the Uhetoes Fea 4 When te sweet kabler” otted ma she aeemees gene comes ‘moves in acitcle. stones, the sweet lifts henle and thread Wilt thepotottones | movesinaccle, | stones, ‘through the pen case. off the table. me pos Did you know? Satelite circle the Earth because the Earth's gravity pul on them and makes them turn just ke the pot ‘of stones palled onthe sweet. Because there is no ‘connecting string between a satelite and the Earth, ‘thas to travel ata precise speed to keep moving in circle| ee \ FOLLOW THE FOOD TRAIL. ‘These observations will help you find out mote about the things small animals eat and the ways they search for their food. “Treat the ans worns and A Seats tar yore watching Yr cael Pal the back where you found them afer Soulave fished dying the, ‘Ants are social insects that live together in ness. ‘When an ant finds some food, it makes a tail for ‘others to follow. Puta smal piece of apple on a sheet of paper ancl ay the paper close to an ants! nest. Then watch the ants carefully. Wait or some 7 ants to find the ys apple. They should flake the sme path Now move the apple. Do the fants go straight to How ants follow the trail oF feelers, to sense this scent, Even after the food has moved, the ‘ants sil fllow the old tral untila new one is lai. Once an ant has found some food, it produces special chemicals that leave a scent trail (Other ants from the nest use their antennae, Now try this Rub out an ant tall by sprinkling it with soil ‘The ants should scurry around until they find the food and make a new tral 2 Where to find ants, worms and woodlice Look for an trails in summer. tone end will, be some food and atthe other, anes. ‘Woodie lke damp, dak, places, Lok for thern an * XL amttralt ' + Watching woodlice 4 Wooddlce have sensitive antennae that help them. ¥ tofind food, even when they cannot see i. Make this Tjuneton in a box, then collect about six ‘woodlice ina container witha li Gently release them into the box and watch how they use their antennae. (Cut the fron panel Tit the cereal packet ‘Then eut the pane into three long strips. Cardboard strips should be est logenou “Tape down the id of 2 ihe packet, making a tray. Bend and iape the tree sips to make a T junction in the tay “under fous, under ples of ead faves and in walls Never pullon worms, ‘They are covered with bristles that ap hell ghuy ‘Worms lve under stones in freshly ug sail oF near compost heaps. “They came tothe surface at right. You will need ‘Scissors Dead, damp leaves, Sheky rape 2 sofF paintbrushes Mini cereal packer (or small caralboard box Let your woodce walk along the passage one at aime, Wren they seach the junction, some wil ue left and some wil um ight Now put some damp leavesin 4 the righthand ie ofthe box nll the woodlice walkthrough v box again. This time, thelr antennae shold guide them Covardsthe fod Did you know? Woodlice are crustaceans, ‘hich means they have & hard shell and are "dated to crabs and losses. Make a wormery ‘Worms are hard ta study because they are sensitive to light. To see how they ive and feed, make a special home, lke the one shovwn below. Then find two oF three worts to put in it Tape the tid onto one side of the shoe box soit apens lke 8 dor. Pierce holes in the top of the box with ballpoint pe, 0 let air into the wormnery. Cut the top off the bottle ‘Then iit with loosely Dacked layers of sll and sand, as Shove here. Scatter the food on the surface Gently drop in your worms and stand the wormery in ts box wih the door closed. Leave it outside Ina coo, dy place for four days What happens in the wormery. underground. Worms usually feed on Aaays inter ‘The worms mix up the soil by coming to the surface for food and then tunneling decaying plant leaves and stems, so they should eat all the food in your wormery. You willneed Shoe box Sticky tape Balt-point pen Large plastic bottle Scissors 3 mugs of damp, crumbly soil Imag of Sand Dry teaves ‘Sail cubes of onion and potato Hotes Dey leaves Onion and Polat ees pei) damp Jean 0.59 = Did you know? Worms are useful in gardens because they ‘mix up the soll and letin ar. They also ‘make the soll icher by palling food downoes INVESTIGATING ACIDS ‘Acids are chemicals that occur naturally in lots of different substances, including food and drinks. Did you know, for example, that cola, cheese and tea all contain acid? Adding acid Food and drinks which ‘contain a lot of acid have a sour taste. Ilan acid is added to another ‘substance it can make it sour too, See what hhappens when you add lemon juice, which ‘contains cite aci, toa lass of fresh mil, ‘which is only very slightly acai Make your own yogurt you leave mill in a warm place instead of a ‘efigerator, minute bacteria will develop in it These ‘bacteria produce lactic aid whic turns the mile sour. Here isa way to make yogurt by controlling this process. You will need some longsife milk,*a ‘vacuum flask and a small amount of fresh pain ‘yogurt, which alzeady contains the bacteria, to get the process started. On the next four pages you can discover ‘more about acids and the way they react with other substances. You can also try a colourful acid test. What the acid Taste the milk does [Then a drops of Temonuceandstrthe | When you add cite acid to fresh milk, it ‘makes itstrongly acidic. ‘Thatis why the milk turned sour. As you add ‘more aci, it changes rll until it begins to thicken, How doesit taste now? Keep adding the chemicals in the lemon juice and | milk so they separate sing the misture into solid curds and ‘What bappens tothe | liquid whey. silk? ‘Wash your hands ‘thoroughly, and make sure that ll your equipment is really clean before you prepare food. Take {great care with hot guid wi and yoqurt ae —% — mo Heat 2500] (02) of Jonge iin a saucepan unit starts to Dol Turn off the heat Stir two teaspoons of plain yogurt ito the ml, pour {he misture into the Hask fan srew on id [Now preset a vacuum Leave the mixture inthe ‘lak by filing it with flask for seven hours so boiling water andthen the acterla ean make cemprying it again, lactic ai Pour the yogutintoa Cover the bow witha bowl Standhe bow! ina plate and puttin the basin ofeold water and refrigerator. Leave ito keep siring the yogurt so thicken for four hours. hati cools quickly. This Will sop the bacteria fram yogurt on ils own or ‘making any more lactic mixed with ies fut ora acd spoontul of honey. Now you can eat your m4 * You can also use pasteurized milk, but boil it thoroughly before adding the yogurt. Acid attack Dd you know that many buildings ae attacked or ‘carroded by acid? Fumes from factories, power stations and trafic all contain acids that are released into the atmosphere and fall as acid ‘ain. Try this tes to see hove acid affects building materials, look forasmalllump of Putthecement ina glass Leave your experiment cement on apathorat” and pour in vinegar for toto thee days, te botiomofancld —_(ethanoicacid), toeover What happens to the bce wal, the cement. coment? ‘You can find out substance contains acid by ‘esting it with something called an indicator which ‘changes colour when itis nixed with an add. Follow the instruction below to make your own indicator from half a red cabbage, then ue it for the experiments on You will need Half a red cabbage Knife ‘Large non-ename! saucepan Wooden Carefully hop the Bring ‘ebage into smal peces. Patthe iecesin the the cal ‘saucepan with enough ‘vate to cover them. * Check your results on page 60. leave itto cool fr 30 minutes, the water othe boil Tur othe hea, sti Pour the cabbage water through he sieve into the jar. The liquid inthe ars ‘your ingeator. Keep iin ihe refrigerator. age mixture and je 8 Dangerous acids Strong acids, ike sulphuric aci in car batteries, can corrode, metal and eat awayatl > hhuman skin, Keep away. fom cheanieals marked *acidir Noor ose”. ‘Once you have made ‘your red cabbage Indicator, you ean use it totes for acids. Try testing aspirin, yogurt, water, orange squash, sugar, lemonade, our or apple juice. (Only some fof them contain acid)” Pour some indicator nto the bottom ofa ass. Sir Ina few drops or some ‘crumbled bits of the substance tat you want to test If the indicator turns Dink, te substance ‘Contains acid 25COLOURFUL REACTIONS ‘The experiments on these two pages will help you find out more about a group of ‘chemicals called alkalis. You can also see Red cabbage indicator liquid reacts with another group of chemicals called alkalis. Try the test below to see this for turns pink when it is mixed with acid (ee the “Aci test” ‘on page 25} The indicator also yoursel cover the bottom of = ass with toothpaste. Adda few drops of indeator liquid an Stir the mixture thoroughly Red cabbage dye Here isa way to use red cabbage indicator to dye a ‘white handkerchief three diferent colours. You how alkalis react with acids.* All the experiments use red cabbage indicator, so tum back one page and make some first. Alkalis at home Alkalis are a group of chemicals that ‘make some things dissolve and are often used for cleaning. Toothpaste and liquid floor cleaner are alkaline. So are some indigestion remedies, and bicarbonate of soda, which s used for baking = Strong alkalis can burn your skin, Keep all alkalis away from ‘your eyes, need lemon juice and bicarbonate of soda to react with the indicator and produce the colours. Soak the handkerchief in ‘a bow! af inleator liquid for five minutes unt st tums poe purple. Then Gry the handkerchiet between two sheets of Jtchen paper. Cover a plate with kitchen paper and lay the bandcerehiet on top, Squeeze afew drops of lemon julee onto the Ihandkerchiet. What bappens? ‘Leave the handkerchief for five minutes so the ‘erica ean react, together. Rinse the handkerchief quickly in ‘old running water and hang itp to dry. Change the kitchen paper. ‘Now mica teaspoon of barbonate of soda with alii water to make a solution. Drop tonto the handkerchiet What happens now? Now try this lo this surprising experiment, three Prepare the ice-cubes and “drinks” in sdasses of clea liquid turn diferent ‘colours when you add ice-cubes ‘made from red cabbage indicator. Why the cocktails change colour advance and then amaze your frend, but don't drink the liquid, as they wil taste disgusting ¥. cmc, Bicarbonate of soda is alkaline o the indicator tums bluegreen. (To ‘make itrealy green, ‘add more bicarbonate.) Pour red cabbage Indicator qui int si ‘compartments of an ce try, Freeze the qu for tout an hour unt it forms ce-cibes. ofa, Mixing acids and alkalis Something surprising happens ‘when you mix acids and alkalis ‘Ty this experiment with lemon al ila gas jar with red cabbage Inficatr liquid. Keep adding drops oflemon jue and sing the sur nt the intr changes How they mix Fl three tal glasses, one with water one with clear lemonade and one with valor mixed wih a teaspoon of bicarbonate Water iene inter acidic no alalne) 30 theindlatr stays Purple How do the “rials change? What colour are they when the ce has completely dsolved? juice, bicarbonate of soda, and red cabbage indieator to show ‘what happens to the chemicals, Teatomie oiscle lector : - Rsonetines when 2 aloo mh, Beutel fe ea hake ee Stings and gives you «| ‘Sprinkle in bicarbonate of soda. The ‘stomach ache: * alkali in the powder will react with Alkaline indigestion the ain ite omon ce anda mene or ables fzing"* What happens othe neutralize the ac in ingest Sour stomach and yo felt. Purple ~ the Now try this | How the dye works. “The acid in lemon juice turns the indicator dye pink. The alka in | carbonate of soda turns it green When you add an alkali to an acid, itcancels out, or etralizes the acid. That is why the pink indicator ‘urned purple again Add more bicarbonate of Sods to the neutral mixture {rom the last experiment. ‘What happens? Can you turn ‘the mixture purple again? ‘Simmer a cotton Tshirt for an hour in a saucepan of water mixed with a tablespoon of ‘alum, which Is sold by chemists, Then dye it as shown above, Alum makes the dye more permanent, * See pages 24.25 for more about acids. {Instead of clear lemonade, you could use water mixed with lemon juice. ** Se page 6 ro find out why the mixture Rzzes,cere E EERE TCE T ECE CEEEC EEE E EE EEES EEE ETESEEEECEESEEE ESTE EOEESOEEEOTECLEOTEEOTEEOTE EET EOEE EET EOEE EOS EOSEEOTEEOEEEOEEEEE i CURIOUS COLOURS Light from the sun or from a bulb looks white, but its really made up of seven different colours: red, orange, Make a rainbow yellow, green jolet, These are the colours digo and rainbow. Try the experiments here find out more about light and colour Why you see a rainbow When sunlight shines through raindrops it splits into its separate colours and you see a rainbow. You can make the V torch natrow beam by taping on aback same thing happen in a dare room, using a torch, a clear plastic box ful of water, and a cee 3 tovchto thet be ae Black paper ‘When light enters wate, it slows ‘down and bends.” All the colours that make up light travel at dlferent speeds, so they each bend ata slightly different angle. This ‘makes the light separate into seven colours. The mirror reflects them $0 you see a rainbow or spectrum. ape cover with ‘smal st init Hatt the 2 ox wth water Stand the miror in the Water 0 it leans gaint the end othe box Wien you se colours, you ae really seeing reflected light Pure red things, for examp Absorb all the colours of light except re They 1 elect ed ight back so you see them 35 red {Wit objects look very brit becuse they Felt all the colours o ight. Black things do not refet any colours Light beam reflected. (ARPA te wae Redlight tmitor under travel fastest, Violet gt Holdup a oS white card so refered 7 light from the tittor shines fn it What do yousee? Seeing red It you hold a piece of red cellophane over a picture itacts as a fiter and stops all light except red light from reaching your eyes. Colours that do not reflect, ‘any relight, such as igreen and blue, look dark, but colours that reflect red Took bright. | Fist look atthe picture above to see howa red fiter ‘anges the way you see dliferent colours. Then try to identity the object hidden in | the pater on the ight Hold a piece of re cellophane over it to seeit you wot righ “This is refraction. See page 1810 find out more about it Mixing colours When you mix coloured paints, you get some very ilferent resulls from when you mix coloured light, Try mixing pains and then light to see what colours + om B Yatow 4 ‘Usa paintbrush to mix sqal amounts fred and seen paint on white paper. What colour do you ge? How light mixes White lights a mixture fall the colours of light, so when you add one coloured light to another, you get closer to white Red, green and blue are the primary colours of light This means you can ini them in different Proportions to make light of any colour. CCover two torches of cual srenath with peces of redand green cellophane, fixed with lash bands Make a rainbow spinner Here isa way to see what happens when yeu mix seven colours oflight together. Make his rainbow spinner, hen spin it fast and ‘watch carefull. Make al te angles 31°, Skane! a yogurt pot upside oven on apiece of cardboard and draw around it Divide the lento seven equal ‘ections Use a proractor todo this aceurately Shine the torches onto a white surface, What colour do you see where the red and green light ‘Now mix blue and yellow paint and then Blue and yellow light Do you get the same result with Flin each section witha colour of the rainbow in Ue order shown bere, Ct fut the circle and push a shor, pointed pent trough the mile oft Now 0 veri «coloured paint and light? How paints mix Coloured paints absors all the colours of the rainbow except the ones that they reflect. $0 each ime you add one colour paint to another, you get closer to blac, ‘hich does not reflect any colours, Printers mix magenta, eyan and yellow to make alltheir gf ‘colours Magenta What you see When the spinner moves fast, you see light reflected from all its colours, but ‘your brain cannot Separate them. So you see a ‘mixture ofall seven colours, which is white no longer 3 (in ‘Your spinner may Took grey because <—— &#& , GRIPPING AND SLIDING Whenever one surface moves across another, the force of friction works to stop it Friction is very useful, the tyres of your bicycle couldn't grip the ground without it. Friction’s grip ‘Most bicycle tyres have a patterned texture or tread with many small surfaces that push against the ground to give the bike a strong grip. Try this experiment to see what happens when lots ‘of sutfaces press against each olher. You need a table knife and a small plastic bottle that you have packed as tighily as you can with uncooked rice. Ste the kn into {he bole fl of rice ‘unt the biade and halt the handle are buried Tiga the kil and Li the knife slowly. squeeze the bate, then packin morerice’™ between unt the bate is ‘ee say inthe batle an ‘completely fll Inthe rice Spinning around ‘One way to reduce unwanted friction between moving partis to put ballbearings between them. Ball bearings allow the parts to move, but Stop them from rubbing to make it spin on ‘Then try this cas Tape acardboard strip around the top ‘ofthe canto make a cola. The collar should f bre deep enous to hld the marbles, with their tops jst showing packed tightly enough, ftion ‘lhe surfaces wal make the against each other. To soe the difference that ball bearings make, stand acan heey fon asmooth tabletop and try fay Marbles r= ee But it also creates problems, when it slows down the moving parts of machines. On these two pages you can find out more about friction and how to overcome it. ), attbearings €) hep wheels Lots of mal surac on The ree i the ke stay / Youwillmeed Marbles (about 1 ‘Thin cardboard Sticky tape Can Patterned paper its base bearings eee paper around the fan Stand the ea on its collar and carefully feed ‘marbles underneath it Now tr to pin the can and watch what happens Adding oi Machines run smoothly when their moving pats are covered with a thin ayer of ol. The oil lubricates the pars and stops them ‘rom rubbing against each other. To see how oil works, try’ this test with aplasti tray, a bottle top ated some cooking oi Red arrows a ‘nad olin tomake your Dleyele ran Why the can spins The rolling marbles underneath can stop is base from rubbing the table. Roling creates much les friction than rubbing so the can spins more easly Frietion open. xaos ‘When you use your bieydle brakes, you make the brake blocks push so hard against the wheels that frietion stops them from turning, When you release your brakes, nel ri. cata match to fivexactly acrossa matchbox tay ‘Wealge tin ke this Why it works When the thread sight it acs asa brake, When the thread is slack, the brake is released. latest |_| = Use a needle to place the pas atvesd ate though the tay Hold the thread and over the tig then sla ‘matchstick presses on the matchstick which pik the bot top with your Finger and tml oI skims. actos the ray. How soon does Inction make top? (Cover the tray witha tin fm 2 ofc. Then skim the botle top scrss it again, How far does it travel aw? there is less friction and the ‘wheels can turn again. Here isa way to make a matchbox ‘ona thread stop and start by ‘putting on the brakes” and then taking them off again, Picture ag} What bappene Leteot |—trction tereMake yeast work This experiment shows ‘what happens when you mix yeast with four wil take about 20 minutes to prepare, two hours for the yeast to work and 20 minutes tobake, and the result, will be 12 fresh bread ‘work with food. Always wash your hands before you You will need Drinking ag plate as Mrstaling eck Sugar, Plain Flour (strong ‘Alour is best) Dried yeast Salf, Butter Pou a full mug of warm ‘vate Into the jag and stir Ina teaspoon of sugar Sprinkle in two teaspoons of yeast. Walt for ten Ininutes. The mixture tol fl with bubbles of carbon dioxide sas. Pur thre full mugs of our into the mixing bowel andstrina teaspoon of sal. Then rub ina teaspoon of tle, using your fingertips. Make a Fadlow in the our a our inthe yeast mixture, Use your fingers ike a rake to blend the mixture Ito a squashy lump, ‘alled dough. Wipe the ‘dough around the bow to pick upall the four. Then atitona cean, owed ‘Stretch fold and punch the dough using your ‘eaoekes and palms, as shown nthe pete. This Isealled kneading. Aer ten minutes, your dough should be smooth and springy. MAKING MICROBES WORK Microbes are minute living ‘such as yeast, are very things that are so small you can important for making food. The only see them under a ‘experiments here use dried microscope. Some microbes, _yeast which you can buy in like salmonella, cause packets from a supermarket. g dangerous diseases. But others, 30g(1.5 oz) will be all you need, Yeast comes to life 1 ‘Dried yeast looks like lifeless dry. Try adding water, sugar and ‘ramus but tis really mace up of warmth to yeast and se what Ilion of tiny microbes hat slay happens. | inactive as long as they are coo and | | You will need | Dnedyeast | Si | I | ! y ‘eth yen nd | sakes gas called Catton done. Tit : fils the mixture with bubbles and blows | the ballon Did you know? ‘Wine is made by mixing yeast with ugar and fruit juice. The mixture kept for several weeks in a Special container that docs not let nai. As the yeast feeds itmakes alcoho as well as carbon doxide. ‘The carbon dosde gs escapes butte alcohol turns the sugar and fut ue iio wine. Pt the doug back inthe hovel and eover I loosely with aplastic bag, Stand the bow by a sunny window or near a radiator After 80 minites, the dough should have sen to twice ts origina size ‘When yeast feeds on sigar and flour, it ‘makes carbon dioxide ss, This gas gets ‘tapped in the glten network and the ough rises. Knead the dough again for three minutes, then shapelt into 12 rolls Put therralls on baking rays that you have smeared with butter, Cover the trays wth laste bogs and ‘walt 30 minutes. The rolls should expand, 450° /zas mark 7 and ‘walt ve minutes for to ‘warm up. Bake the rolls for 1520 minutes unt they are crisp and brown ‘on top, and sound hollow ‘when tapped underneath, Cool them ona Wie ay. Flour contains a soft, rubbery substance which scaled gluten, ‘When you knead dough, you make the ‘gluten into a stretchy network. This network will expandrs a HOW AIR PUSHES Jumping coin | Why the coin jumps pid you know that air presses against you all power, or pressure, changes when you heat ‘What happensto as posh when test witha gs bot coin and | When you bold the bote, the alr the time? On these wo pages, you cn see tan find out what happens when you youheat Rup? Try this simple some cold water. ine atu, War a i 2 reduce the air pressure inside a container ois 3 the coor tow air pushes, discover how air’s pushing reduce the air p netsoycose wees Pes tartan th coor | overt cin anda the the eon. The cola tps jamping botle "Twi ie ana wen thea Paper plunge |e icaes when the ain the tle cooks ‘his suprising experiment shows | For ths experiment, you needa a ballpoint pn and some sticky bate * punea Miuriaeeiew | pownenmewicanrke ie | eo, dp - Rete cxn ono ofthe | | Botte Now hold your hands con F wu | Erneta ethan tte yor mcm ete ore SOseconds. What hapa to the al gin, What happens coke Sticking together Why the pots Here is a way to see what happens will need two identical yogurt pots. stick together when ie aiden covtaner = Yth a rs,«nghelgn cane ee Makca olin be Filth pot wih vate Now ple tape ot Daher outwards lee aongly nan ahessessorsand atc ¢in) | Aue iia burns, ; base and dof the pot and puton the i. theld. What happens? i pushes inwards, You square ef blotting paper. inside the pots." This seapececipines aan | stntetaboofen. Genypltbeupe ott Ty eoverntan inside the pots* This conmlersceoipos mapa | Govrbotoih thebwe Dewar” unig ee Sirinthe ots pushing iiieemseeece | sive ties Dotany urge epost ar mins aol wae, ts pshes inwards Mops ta the paper Whe = Mie fairlevel inthe ase How the pot empties eaten the . When the hole in Water When you | se Why the pape wees aie pe | ee stays dry Water can only get into the the air below the pot pushes up harder than the Inthe fd, the air above it pushes ‘down on the by squashing the at Eiieit Arcane squashed, for compressed, alte, but thenlt pushes back and ris the water from Lift a friend the water does not (Cata 15cm (0.5in) hole in Qulekly cover the pot ‘he middle of te bloting with the wet biting paper then wet it pepe. Then stand the heroughly. Stand the Second pot upsidedoven ight.ight in one ofthe ontop of making sure pols tp the pot and ight that it ftsexatiy aver the ‘he tightight first pot. Did you know? ‘This sclentific sunt Lay a strong paste bag on a fou cand feel = shows the pushing table oso third bangs over Beteniebprrimlirs i power ofl. orks the ede. Plage book n the {pel pee ON aS ree ‘because air from bag and ask a friend to sit on it. ee ty iy phere lungs is spread ‘Make one end of the bag into a Wear presets Bae ae ‘over a wide area, 50 ‘mouthpiece and blow into it against their bodies with the same force as the ffean support a lot of hard, Your friend should be ited sar on earth, vei oath le “ ‘Wait until the tame goes cout (bout 20 seconds). ‘Then it the top pot gently. you have ‘alched their ine cacy, th pis should | + a sek together, | ee| MOVING AIR “The experiments on the last two pages Misd that air nas push or pressure, but ‘what happens to that pressure when air Blow the apples In 1738, a scientist called ernoul found that quis and goes have ess pressure when they are Proving than when they are “ape two apples on sings om debe fameo they bang abot Sem lnyapar and level wih your nw Wat ne plese Mey then las hard betwee ther Dothe apples move apart cortogether? moving ar Lift the card inthis surprising experiment, you make | ea ecrd agar re and hove Inthe Sift blowing ont [ vou witlneed \ 4 Bendy drinking straw | | Flasnig eotlonree™ | Slaly Fave sin cardéoard | | ordwing-pin stl This called the Bernoulli principle. You can test this principle by doing a simple experiment with Push the strave through the cotton rel so about em (in) of Straw sticks ut the bottom. Tape itim place, then cut off the est of - the save moves over, under or around things? Try these experiments with moving air and find ‘out how it helps planes to fly. Why the apples move together Whenyatbiow, make the air —t Berween the youre sup apples move. This Hae moving at has A les presi than om the sil air on| 2 i either side of v wea Ay air pushes the Movingalrpshes fppes together, kes tome Stick the drawing-pin through the mile ofthe card and sand the cotton rel aver it Blow down the straw it the cotton tect and watch the card ‘Why the card lifts ards pushed up agains the cotton reel Artem ort alin == (ving air rom your breath spread over the top of Neri eal blow the card pushes yp ore ‘Grongly than the moving air pushes down. So the Moving Now try this ‘You ean use the apparatus that {you made in the las experiment to keep a ping-pong ball inthe air. Moving air from your breath holds the ball up, while stil sir pushes hard around it and stops the bal frm faling Blow here = * Empty spoot of thread (US). Whistling water spray Ss ‘This drinking straw spray ses the dilerence in pressure between moving ar andl ait it water from a saucer. As you iow into i air and ‘water vibrate inside the $a and make a ‘whiting sound" CCuttwo pieces roma Stand the short straw plastic drinking straw, upright a saucer of fbout Sci (lnjand. Water Now blow bard ‘em Gin) long, Join the and steal tough Seas with sucky tape te lng stave. Put along one side 9 they form a 90° angie, as, shaven inthe petre {your hand infront of the tong straw. What 0 you feet? | pacsaay thea emetic ae | Seaman | V- shape called an x sae Tebow How wings work ‘When plane travels through the ar, air moves over and under its wings, jus like your breath moved over and under the paper wing. ‘Theale tha is forced over the curved tops ofthe wings has to luavel further and faster than the air underneath them, So the slower-moving ar below the ‘wings pushes up harder than the fastmoving air above them and its the plane. * See pages 10-11 for more about how sounds are made. vine ny Sento fh-makea “Grepaperaipabm Sieyourwngonoa Sow dando) a peed watch what 250% Sem (10in x Zin ruler as shown in the the fold. The bottom of the fea hice ag Fold it in half, then tape the picture. Now hold the ruler wing should rise and aoemvienat Gocleain eine Batywenteotene ‘etiam atoverand under {incutSen sa) Mctadcleaeellen mickey ten pee oe Sworn Why it works ‘The moving air at the top of the "upright straw pushes down less strongly than the sll air above the water inthe saucer. So the ‘water is pushed up the straw and blown out as spray. Moving al shes bese Airtrom| CRACK THE CRIME WITH CHEMISTRY Detectives all over the world i use chemistry to help them solve crimes. Try the experiments on these two pages #Par Ci pam OS) sauare and help detectives Ivor Clue fetta paper: Wea word and Laura Biding solve the mystery of the altered report Ink test Here isa way to ell two inks Coffee fitter rear the bottom ofthe square, half with one blue fettsip pen ‘and half witha different one. ‘Then try the test below. Dasuarccrs ar sine 1a arr eov ew PSS) piers | ! warren on nis | |\iewoverr? PS \ Different | patterns Bg? te ortom othe paper square into a ser of wate, ‘eeping the writing above the water Jevel, Walt or the water to rise 10 ‘the top ofthe paper. Then let the square dry now oR ows wis SetoouRepoer HAs Eauacicraa For this “ink”, you need sx laxative pill containing the chemical gp The chescalsin the wo inks will be carried up the paper by the ring water, leaving vo sdferent patterns. This method of ‘separating coloured chemicals is called chromatography, Indicator which turns pink when its mixed with an alka ke washing Secret message (-sussécr wrowseneur)| —phenolphthalein. This chemicals an soda. alee message ‘ontop Washing oa scition NE Secret message tors pin First soak any coloured coating off the pl. Then put the pl ina bowl add five tablespoons of hot ‘water and stir ntl the pills isoive. The sohtion Dip a blunt pene inthe ink and write your secret message on a brown envelope. Keep dipping the penciin the il ater every liter: When the ink ‘To read the message, mix four teaspoons of washing sed with our tablespoons af hot water tomake a solution. Ten dip tissue in the solution fouhwvemedcisyour’” Wdn.eddahieemeage anddabioveribe SES SaETE) mises whee ciel Reseazer acai, | peverycarefawit washing have ished experimenting and very careful with washing ised experimenting Asie He TOGeTA | Cus Reepitaway trom your keep the pil andthe sda out Prucbabanets {yes wash yourhands when you reach of smal chien 38 + See pages 25:27 for more about indicators and alkalis. TWoR peLIVERS HiS SECRET MESSACE 1 WEED SOMETHING wiry gerry PRAERPRINTS OWI LATER AT LAURA HOUSE WHILE GETTY 5 LooKING ‘The oree WAY LAURA Geass nee EuPtY Cheen ane ‘Taking fingerprints ‘Whenever you touch something, you leave slightly ‘oly fingerpints behind If these prints are ona shiny ‘you cover them with fine powder. In this ‘experiment, you make carbon powder and then use ‘Tac ie apn og teywilshow pve” tlolakea nds ger ae Frames on gt = a ss ; a cea, 1 ‘ na aa | behind t pales ha Waseem 2 : swith ke, Do this Shan te meetin wees = testsabove, oretly = rot fi a a1 FROZEN SOLID When water is cooled to a temperature of 0°C (32°F), it freezes solid and changes into ice, Iceis a strange solid which Water level challenge Float an ice-cube in a lass of water mixed ‘with food colouring, “Mark the water level with a stip of sticky tape. Can you predict where the water level willbe when the ice-cube has melted? What happens to the water level Even though part ofthe icecube flats above the surface, the water level in the glass isthe same before and after the ice has melted, Ths shows that when ice melts, the water formed takes up less space than the ee behaves in some very surprising ways. Try the experiments on this page to find out more about it. Put a pinch of sat on the middle of an ice-cube. Leave it in a coo! place for ten minutes. What hhappens to the cube? How you make the hole Jee does not melt until it reaches 0°C (@2°F), ‘which i is melting point. When you add salt to ice, the salt lowers the melting point of the ie, 80 that it does not have to reach 0°C 22°F) to ‘melt, Tht is why the sally middle of te ice- ‘cube changes into ‘water, while the outside (ofthe cube stays frozen, Here is another way to melt ice without heating i You will need apiece of thin Wire about 20em (Bn) long some sticey tape, a bottle, and some weights, such as spoons. Wind the ons of thew arantthe $07 fangs a wo tet sou and errhp Banc he ee cient pat thot Ree reser th cabe ‘othe poonshang ‘Eom clon sir se ow wench wha pers 2 How it works Pressure lowers the ‘melting point of ice, so it ‘changes into water where the wire presses on i. AS the wire sinks through the ice, the water above it freezes again. Iceskaters really skate ‘on water, not ce, Their ‘weight presses on the fice, making it change into water under their sates as they glide along, CRYSTAL GAZING Ifyou look at some salt grains through a magnifying glass, you will see that they all have the substances, including sugar and diamonds, form crystals. On this page, you can learn how to grow same shape, with straight edges your own crystal and find out and flat surfaces. This regular more about how crystals are shape is called a crystal. Lotsof made. ‘Always treat ‘chemicals wth care. Wash your hands after you have handled them ‘and keep them away ‘rom young children. Grow acrystalinajar cn) Hereisa way to grow a crystal from alum, hich you can buy froma chemists shop. The experiment ‘uses about 200g (72) of alum povider and takes about three weeks. In the fst week, you make a tiny crystal to use asa seed. Inthe next two weeks, you grow a much larger erysal around your sed. Making the seed ‘Cloth Keeps ont dst ‘Shalom erystale oa Cs) eel saucer in a coo, dry place Alter afer days, Pou 600m (Ip) of water intoa saucepan, Measure 1005402) of alum into @ Lette alum solution 00th pour some into saucer andthe rest into Carefully tea long thread stound your sed erystal ‘Then wind the other end jugar pouritinothe | Sosjar. Stra Small crystals wil form. of the thread around a ‘saeepan Heat the tablespoon of alum into Leave them unilallthe _pencit Remove the cover mate gently, and ste. the jor making solution has evaporated, rom the ar of saturated ‘Thee add extra ahim until saturated solution Cover then chose the biggest as solution You ae ready to nnomore wil dissolve. thejar witha cloth your seed row your esta Growing the crystal Balance the pencil over the jar so i a the seed crystal hangs inthe grows saturated solution, The crystal The sod crystals are should grow for about two formed asthe water in ‘weeks. When it stops, take it out the saucer evaporates ofthe jar and keep iin a small and tiny particles of matchbox, wrapped ina paper alu join together. tissue. ‘The erystal inthe jar keeps growing as the Check your crystal every day. I water evaporates. The it star's to shrink, the solution in solution ges stronger the jars too weak. Reheat it and and alum particles ‘acd more alum to make it ‘rystalize around the stronger seed crystalEARTH, SUN AND MOON ny do shadows move during the day? Why Wey the Sun look red al sunrise and sunset? What happens at an eclipse of the Sun? The does the Make a shadow clock ‘Shadows on the Earth keep roving because the Earth is ‘always spinning. This shadow ‘dock wil help you find out about ace fom tarda cae Pura shar eel ang ele it Why shadows move “The pends shadow moves TRB across the dl, showing fhatthe earthspins at steady ta Shadowe ae longin the the way the Earth spins. You can also use i to tell the time, but each ay it willbe slighty less accurate as the Sun rises ata different time. Dial should Pestonievel experiments on these two pages will help you answer these questions a more about the Earth in space. Push the pencil into the ground, ark on the dal where the pene’ shadow falls each hour early morning and late afternoon ‘because the Sum is low in the sky. [At midday, when the Sun is cverhead, they are very shor. Norn Sens ri iy Evening paar towin ] ae cd ‘This simplied diagram ofthe Sun, Earth and Maon should help you understand the experiments here. You can See the Earth n four diferent postions onitsyeary journey \d discover ‘The Earth turns like a spinning top-Itmakesa ‘compete spin ‘once in every 2A hours. ‘TheMoon travels around the Eaeth boat once every ‘month Never lok directly al the San. Because itisso ot ana’ bright tan permanent ‘damage your eyes Sunset in a box Heres a way tose why the Som looks re at sunrise an sunset but yellowy-white all the rest of the day. Fill see- through plastic box with water and add a teaspoon of smi, Then try this experiment. —— = Why the Sun looks red ‘The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, called the atmosphere, which is led with cust particles ‘These particles behave Shine a torch straight downwards. This ‘slike the Sun at midday, Shine the torch sideways through the box. This is tke the setting Sun, Tike the milk in the water and scatter igh Make an eclipse of the Sun Because the Earth moves around the Sun and the Moon moves around the Earth, the Moon sometimes passes between the Sun and the Earth. Ths is called an gy S08 the “Eat” and the “Moon” oa table wath the oon about 20cm (Sinn rot ofthe Earth, Shine your "Sun' torch BY circctty atthe Moon And Earth from about em (2h) away eclipse. You ean make a mode eclipse, using a torch forthe Sun, an ‘range forthe Earth, and a ball of plasticine, about a quarter of the size ofthe “Earth’, for the Moon. py Look caret atthe arth, You shoud see a Shadow tha is dark inthe centre and lighter on the outside, What happens in an eclipse The Moon blocks out the Sun's rays and casts a double shadow on the surface ofthe Earth The dark centre is called the umbra. The lighter outer shadow is called the penumira, What you see at an eclipse From the umbea You see a total eclipse. Only the Sun's outer atmosphere is Vishle sans aye srakay Sun's rays ateunrise it Sun's rays 7 oy S From the penumbra you see a patil eclipse. The Sun is partly covered by the Moon. At sunrise and sunset, sunlight travels further through the atmosphere s0 more of iis scatered, The red and orange pars of sunlight are hardest to scatter so more of them reach the earth,This two part exper ‘what happens ‘when you water wilting plant Youwi first result in 30 min yours aller 2 Self. Look plants 2lo to THIRSTY PLANTS The experiments here explore what happens when you give plants Youwillnecd Large jar with airtight id Gravel Crumbly sail Ruler Small plants ‘and moss water. So iment shows il see your nutes and cond 4 hours. Te ‘Water the soil round the Plant Tien wait 30 minutes. -watering garden 3 smal damp loving cour garden or street fo hears hs ‘You should find to fl this garden in jar. Pour 2em 0.75 of ‘raved into thea, he Sd a eau ayer {i Use stick to make hoes forthe plants. leaving some space tween the, ng sticks planting a eS How it grows Water raves Roots absorb Di Leaves transpire @ fants Fs an hour, bu oka Rafter 24 hours Trees and plants in rain forests belp to make rain oll Ifa forests cut spay suffer from drought sme of them take less than stothers take a few days. Where the water goes Plants absorb water through their roots ‘and suck it up into theit leaves, which transpire, sending aplastic bag over a leat out water droplets several sors of moss and ferns growing in damp comers and walls. Press dowa on te sll ‘again and leave te ar ‘open for three da, $0 ome water evaporates. Replace the ld and watch your plants grow. Lower inthe plants, ting the two sticks. Posh down the sil found them and add the moss Now pour in rater until te sol Is soaked id you know? ihe same Way a8 Your cen in a ar waters wn, the area around it ca 46 + Remove the lid for one hour, once a wee In this experiment, you can see how water travels through the stalk ofa plant and into its leaves, To try it, you will need alealy| celery stall, son food colouring, Use the sisson to ‘eu up the mile of the celery tale Stand the split tlle in the yogurt possi warm ight place Hat the pots with water and ada few ‘drops of food esiowing: red none pot and be in the ether Sprouting seeds It takes less than a week to grow sprouts from lentils ‘andall you need to give them is water. They taste {goo in salads and sandwiches and are fll of ‘vitamin C. You can buy lentils ata heath food shop, or you might find some In your kitchen ‘cupboard at home. two yogurt pots with their tops cutof Why the celery changes colour Asthe celery leaves transpire, ‘water is pulled up the stalk and into the eaves, trough narrow Canals called xylem veses Becatse each vee! Teas to 4 ferent pat of the plant, hall ne red and blue scissors and Look atthe | the leaves turn red and the other celery after an | half turn blue Dour What has hhappened tothe stall? Leave your ‘experiment for 12 hours and then Tool at again, What do the eaves look ike nov? Xylem vessels carry wate, Tall glass, Pop sock cutup tights” Flastic band aS gy mae Half ithe jar with water Inthe morning stretch Keep the ar withthe In tree to sx days, the ‘and add two teaspoons of the popsock over the jar damp ents ina warm, lel sprouts should have lentil: Leave the arin ‘warm place overnight, ‘oth lentils can absorb the water and fx it with an elastic band. Turn the jr upside dove to strain ut the shoots and roots. When the sprouts measure Sem {in} they are ready t0| wash and eat dark place Rinse the Tents tres times» day by pouring water into the jr and staining Why seeds sprout All seeds contain two important paris a food store and an embryo. Youcan see these parts inthe picture on the ight. When you soak sprouting seeds in water and leave dark, they stat to grow, oF ‘germinate. The embryo uses the {ood store for energy and pushes ‘ut a shoot andl a root. them in the * Pantyhose (iS).WARMING UP ‘The investigations on this page and on the | ‘opposite explore the effects of heat and fold on water and ait. These experiments will help you understand more about wind and rain belore you make the weather station shown on pages 50-51 ‘You can do this ‘experiment witha large ‘owl oF in asin full of ‘cold water. You will need Plastic pot with id Ball-point pen Small stones “Large bowl point pen: side nea Sink with How the fountain works nen tquids are heated, they agurdand become es dene. ‘Tis makes them rise above ooker liquids. As they cool they Deeomme more dense and sink imple paper propeller is TR the wari rom your Ts wre ease ae lund your Rand. The ai rises “Trace the propeller shape apse 6 ontoa piece of thin writing paper. Cat tut your people and make acrease along the doned ine, Unfold tan balance on a pene point in the middle of the att | 2 | = V 8 Make two holes inthe plastic pot with your ball: the pot and one inthe ot Fl the bow or the fe in the lid of Cover the hote in the pot wwith your thumb and it tothe brim wit arm water Add a few drops of ‘Stand the pot inthe bow of water and put stones on i ito hol it ‘oven Make sue that the the base ofthe food colouring to the hole i thei is ‘Water, Then put the iden uncovered. What happens ol water the pot {athe coloured water” down again. That is why the warm water rose out of the top ofthe pot into the cold water, and then lowly sank towards the bottom of the bowl ‘sit becomes warm, and then falls as it cools, jus ike the water in the experiment above, Ware ar cool. Bealed Gold Heer Wee Warm senter Did you know? Huge convection currents in the Earths atmosphere help to ‘make our winds, This simplified diagram shows how air warms and rises, and then cools and falls, creating ‘curents of ait. Coohate ‘alle Warm ar WATER IN THE AIR The aris full of invisible \water vapour. When this ‘vapour meets something very cold, it changes into waiar. This is called condensation. When water heats up, the opposite happens and it changes into vapour. This is evaporation, ‘The experiment below uses evaporation and condensation and will help you understand the way that tain is made. You will need When you boll water, you make change boiling sally water i Large heat-proot bow! itevaporate very fast Tis pure water, using evaporation | Sql’ ‘experiment shows you how to and condensation. Food caouring Carcfally pour about Pleo fea Plastic food wrap 2em (73h vr Small heat-proof bowl Dolla water it the Heavy coin Ungelow Sin ties SE taepoonsofeatand — (& =a ere yaw ‘will have collected inside the small bow What colour ii Does ittaste say? Stand the smal bowl ‘nthe mile ofthe ‘coloured water. Hit oats, tip some water out ofthe largebow Cr he age bow erie tthe cain the mide ofthe plate wrep over these bow ‘The water collected inthis ‘experiment is safe to tase, ‘because i & made from boiled drinking water. Never taste ‘water that might be impure. = oF large Coloured, thea proot Sight Saat heat proet_- ow How you make pure water Water vapour from the boiling salty water rises until it meets the plastic wrap ‘where i cools and condenses into pure water. The pure water runs down the plastic wrap and drips into the small bowl. Tis process scaled disilation ‘The get too heavy to stayin worm water vapour ries thea, they falls ainWEATHER WATCHING Here is a weather station to set up outside. _and see how the temperature changes You can use the instruments shown below to during the day. To find out more about wind compare wind speeds, measure daily rainfall and rain, turn back to pages 48-49. ‘This thermometer works because Water expands ast heats up and ccentracts asi cools doven, Fist make and test your You will nee Glass bottie Food colouring ‘Narrow drinking Straw theamometer, then make your iy, Watch the wind ET Plasticine ‘ a = You will need ee OE a c measure temperature in ‘When the wind bows on the Large plastic bottle centigrade or fahrenheit, butit Plate sal ofthis simple | fnsrument, makes them spi Scissors Sticky rape 4 Empty pen case Brightly coloured sticky tape Thin kritting needle round, By counting the number Of spi inafced time, you can record the wind’ speed. Then Yontcan ee ho chaiges tom, cay so cor aaa - _.] ree (2 Fila glass botie withcokd—Rollastrip of plasicine "Rate in wou Stand Tacks gre «eae tir Cake ene ett {ocd eolourngtotne em (Gnjofaraw wicks making sre nos can CutaT3em (ny section ‘Tape the sails the Pst | fromthe nidestine,” my pence Stckar> "alt ar tien ne (cur eee i ote, Cutitinto pete of coloured tape to ground Slip the pen case wind makes thes pi Sa ae OER Ce re a “tite partsandvim tein, the top comer of one sai, over theneedlesothel ts ina fixed time, sich as ifort: 4° penn cailia a ines, These soyoucanwalchitasihe lopreson theneedl’s 30 seconds. Record your . -arethe sls saikspin point resis na noebooke . Using the thermometer Youcsnshow dangesin tenpertureona i Measure rainfall Vakeascale froma f chart like the one below. Pets STATE «cardboard strip 12cm Ry Aijoi cect ona aay SE a, $semor 475m x2n- Ny ‘glass jar, with a paper scale taped to ts side, anda Mark the strip at tem —~ Ly | ‘funnel made from the top of a plastic bottle. ‘or Sin intervals and 7 thermometer number the markings 110. Tape the scale to the drinking straw. Stand the bottle ‘hermometer in the shade outside and record the water level The sale measuresibe ame of rain that falls ‘nthe area covered by, the bottom of the a. Make sre the top of your funnels the same size as thebottom ofthe ar, s0 inthe straw at | ‘you get an accurate Aferent times of the / i Ed day. BaM OAM AM 3PM OPM jaralter recording the ‘anal each day. \ Times tthe day |MAGNETIC ATTRACTIONS Ifyou hold a steel paper-lip clase to.a ‘more about the way magnetism works and magnet, you can feel the magnet pullingon how itean be passed on to some other the paperclip with an invisible force called objects. Look for magnets in old toys or on magnetism. The experiments with magnets _ fridge stickers, or buy a bar or horseshoe bn these two pages will help you tofind out magnet from a toy shop. isthe force of magnetism strong Try these tests with a magnet Frou to travel through things? and apaper-lp eS SS How magnets pull ‘Magnets pull on magnetic ‘materials, sucfias iron and ste, | ei itaecrarc yw amaze On a ‘Can you rescue a ‘Will the paper-ctip things, like cardboard, glass, plastic geese, Carton gue tame | Melly abo pts pecs. gaan rere | and i Geyeenereee Samet nee Pulling and pushing See reeset | erate aaa erste el Megaman eperttemmrens | Whemumtvomape® sous msteneas atenepacmacimntcicme | wach thal malice da me mare eesawaytomogiie | omg Techy foo ages for olher experiments here. Hotta ned by the eeand stroke Het av ms wth your magnet the Pee aeton Ny aot ewe" sacs ange it you Spreng athe magnet Float the needles side by ur the needs eve to eve, side with one point beside ll What hagpens to them Move the magnet Ueother eve. What happens? now? Wasemt cee “an onty use| | Why magnets pull and push fone end tthe co Allmagnels have two ends, or gg] pols. you put the poles of two magnets together, they will either pull togeter or push part. They wil poll op atract Eye Newdle ‘each other, ifthe poles are nelson aome pte ferent. They will push, oF Tet yourresethemforotter "| | repel eachother, ifthe poles are mess the same, How to find north Did you know that the Barth acts pole? Try this experiment with two lke & giant magnet and attracts _needlemagnets to see how the ‘To find out which end of other magnets towardsitsnorth Eat pulls on magnets. ‘your needlemagnet points north, you can either use a ‘compass or you can use your ota sma Now do the F Shadow, Go outside at ec paper same wht inalnwtol water second need ‘midday ona sunny day. andre nec ‘magnet ath you are north ofthe equator, magneton When tees should point | YOU shadow wl point north Uheneedt si, thesamediecton, | you ae south ofthe ruth way ‘whichiealonga”” | equator it wil point south, veins orto ie you pass an electric current around a piece of the electromagnet stops working. Here isa way to inva, it will tur into a temporary magnet, called an make your own electromagnet that you can turn on electromagnet. As soon as the current stops flowing, and of, [Never use household electricity for ‘experiments. Itis much too strong, and can al, Insulated Youwillneed Im (40in) of ‘insulated wire Large iron nail Sticky tape Scissors 12 vole battery Tape one en ofthe wire tothe end ofthe battery marked +. Touch the ‘opposite end ofthe battery with the ‘other end ofthe wire Now your ‘letromnagnet should be working. Testi ‘on some paperclips Wn the insulated wire tightly around the nail ‘0 tmes Then use scissors to Sip about 2om (0 75in) of Dic covering Irom both ends ofthe wire Take the wie off he Dattery the nals made from pure iron, the paperstips will drop of slowly. the nal Contain some ste, it becomes ‘8 permanent magne) Did you know? Magnets on sides Hovering “maglev" train, lke the Japanese trial mode! shown here, are operated by Powerful electromagnets. Magnets on the bse ofthe tran and ts track push apart Se” and make the tain hover just above the of rack track Magnets on the sides ofthe track and they pull from the front an push fromm the reat to drive the train along. 3i , re CHARGING UP Have you made your hair crackle by combing it, or noticed dust clinging to a record? These are effects of electric charge, Did you know that you can stick a balloon to yourself without glue oF sticky tape? It should work best if you are wearing something made of wool orstatic electricity ‘The experiments on these two pages investigate electric charge ‘They work best on a dry day. Why the balloon sticks ‘When the balloon and the sweater rub together, each ‘one gains a different type of electric charge. The balloon and the sweater becomes positively charged, These ‘opposite charges attract each other, lke opposite poles of Hinton stow wel | hemes ched,—_ ape the ist tine try rubbing it on More about charge ae a narge — i emasiyoe . cet air. nee positive. aroved ey fo pa aloo, nea — ene see mite pony ant infos reng Aer rebbing ee Thetwotypesaf charg are The ballon borrows some of es att Usual baled: there the thesweater® eae charge, sour Swen ora Same ainout ofboth charges becoming negaively charged Ioeamnomerand Ertveything, Tecbaance ne sweater becomes thenlegoatie some thingstanteupet by pve charged, by losing oust rubbing then tether tome of ts negative charge Why the balloons push apart ‘Things which are made ofthe samne material always take the sane charge, so both balloons ‘This isa trick using two balloons \which may surprise your friends. ‘As well asthe Balloons, you will need nylon thread, sticky tape and something soft and woolly to rub ‘on the balloons. Cut two equal lengths of nylon. mk 3 become negatively charged tiead andtape them thetp (——F — when you rub them. Mating Meoortane gcngthem abo ||] poo BA ee rarce 2.5em{lin) apart fm | | ech tr ke \| ~ ‘hatching poles of magnets Teone bacon oiteendot |} a, Biecstiresiey achatene | | Eithsame eh They shouldbe || touching Now rb the balloons wih te || woolly thing to charge them, one | i ine Let goet tem and seebow || hey hang no 1 Woot sc a I Picking up ‘Here are some suggestions for experiments that you cculd try to see how charged things affect uncharged ones. You can make them behave in some quite surprising ways. Don't the toad Hold the comb the water. ‘lose the Bl Charge up a plastic pen, then hold it over some smal pieces of tissue Charge a balloon. Then hold agains the wall or the celing, and quickly let ve walk What's happening Negative Ay charged object, cen temporary eng Sarge something Ee telat long as that inwal thing ean be = charge, n the same ‘way as.a magnet ean balloon, meets something uncharged, Turn on te tap to make a very thin stream of water. Hold a charged pen near the water, Hold a charged plastic enor comb near ping- ong ball Tey to lead it’ errs the table. ‘moves to other parts ofthe wall. Now. the balance of charge is disturbed, and make temporary lke a wal it pushes away the negalive the wall next tothe balloon becomes | magnets out of other charge closes to it, ait would repel a pasitivly charged. Because the charges | metals, This is called negatively charged objec. So the inthe wal and the balloon are now inuction, negative charge next tothe balloon opposite, they attract each other. Did you know? ‘The negative charge on a balloon leaks aviay harmlessly into the alr ofthe ground, When a cloud “The charges are separated inside a UUnnder cloud. The top ‘ofthe dod becomes. positively charged and ‘the bottom becomes negative. The negative ‘charge a the bottom of te cloud induces a postive charge in the round underneath becomes charged, its discharged much more ‘dramatically, in lightning. the charges in the cloud and) the ground are reat enough, the air cannot stop the cloud discharging to the ground, We see a flash of lightning a the | cloud discharges. 55BATTERIES AND BUZZERS The next four pages show you how to make two gadgets and a game using wires, batteries, bulbs and buzzers. You should be able to buy all the things you 4.5 volt battery. strand bell wire, need in a hardware store, All the experiments use a sort of insulated wire to use for the experiments is single The best Remember that ‘household electricity Is very dangerous, ‘and can kil. Never use it for ‘any experiments ‘To make it, you will need a battery, a6 volt buzzer, Insulated wire and aluminium fol scissors and sticky Follow these instructions to make a burglar alarm for your room. When you have wired it up properly, the buzzer will sound every lime your door opens. tape to fix itt the door. Sticky ape Salp gem round wie, sf Vk wire fee at = i = Sticky Touch the wires onthe bourzer tothe batery terminals. When it buzzes, firmly tape into place the wire touching the terminal marked + Leave the other wire on the buzzer lose. Cut two pieces of wire ‘30m (in ong. Sip 2 em (i ofthe ‘overing off oth ends of ‘each pce, using scsors, [shown above: Be ‘are not to et through the wite Cat wo strips of lumina fol 7Sem x 2.5cm Ginx Tin). Tape fone piece of wire 1 each the ps of ol, ke this Male sre that the Dare end ofthe wires firmly helt the oi Insie the room, tape one strip of oo the door, near the bottom Put the slicky tape close to the fend where the wire ‘oes oat Smoath the Strip of fol at agains the oor. “Tape the ther strip of foil, tote door ame at the same height. Bend this strip so that itstieks ot from the wall hitle ‘Open the door to heck tat the pices ao touch when the door starts to open, and not when you cose it again. further along, bend the You may need to bend fal towards the door them more to make sure again, this happens. 56 Now tape the free end of the wire on the doar to the battery terminal marked. Twist the fee ‘end ofthe wire on the tdoorframe ont the ree ite ofthe buzzer. Your alarm sendy. How it works “The buzzer sounds ‘when the door opens because the two pieces of fol act as a ‘switch. When they are apart, the circuit isbroken. Because they conduct ‘electricity, the circuit ‘completed when they touch, and ‘electric current can flow through the buzzer “To play this game, you have to guide a wire loop over a bent wire without letting the wires touch If your hand shakes and the two wires touch, a buzzer sounds. To make the game, start by testing the buzzer and connecting itt the batery as described in sep 1 of the burglar alarm, erate Pcs You will need Lanta wire wig 6 volt buzzer noel 45volt battery Shoe box Im (40in) Florist wire (or other bendy wire without insulation) Ball-pointpen Witha ballpoint pen, Cu 15cm (Gn) the _—_~eed he othe end ofthe 50cm (201m) asctvehoisin ihe Yaswteandbendone td wietirie , ‘the shoe box as endtomalke oop. Twist midale ole nthe I Scissors 25cm (li) of te bareend ofthe insulted ort’ wire to make a ‘Sticky Pape coverngoteachend ot wire then tape them wiggle, Tread the the nated we together: Toop ant sticky = ‘Sticky a - & ern) Push the ends ofthe ‘gay wire through the Tes at the ends ofthe soe box lid Tape both fends fo the id leaving Wer (fi) of one end banging tee Twist together the Jong end ofthe wigay wire tnd te ree buzzer wie ‘Tape the bare end of the insulted wire tothe fe battery terminal The buzzer may sound. How it works ‘The wire loop and the wiggly Wire at as a switch. When they touch, they complete the circuit, s0 the buzzer sounds, The tape at the ends ofthe wigaly wire stops the buzzer sounding when the Joop is there, because it insulates the wigaly wire from the loop, so the ireuit cannot be completed, Put the battery and buzzer inthe box and put onthe bi Wind a ite tape around the ends of the wily wire You may need to bend the wire more sot Sands up better. Now try the game, Itnothing happens Ifthe buzzer doesnot sound ‘when it should, cheek for a Joase connection in your circuit. ‘Areall the corect wires properly twisted together? You could also test your buzzer ‘again, and try another battery, in case yours is running down‘These two pages show you how to make a signal to put outside your door that tells || people whether to come in or not. The "| MAKE A DOOR ENTRY SYSTEM controls are inside the room, change the lights: green for red for “go away". You will need Long caraboard tube 2 pieces of cardboard } ‘Bem 20cm (Sn Bin) || pede of cardboard Same cry Ginx) || sluetiiana Fo | | 245 volt torch bulbs 3 sraning ‘pins i paper dip corks, Scissors Glue, Sticky rape these short tes || Rediand green cellophane Ingle cron ae £5 val battery ino two pices aout 7Sem (in) ong, Cut a small square hole about hualsway down each of (Glue fi, shiny side up, to. Cut sts inthe centre of foneside of one large. two discs. Push a bub nto piece of cardboard. Cut each one, with the sass fut four dss offo- on the fil sde. They ‘covered cardboard to ft must fit smug. Save the Thi inside the tubes. other diss for step 6. Push a bulb dsc into each tube and wedge inside, bout hall way’ down, Cut wo pices of wire 15em (Gin) ong and bare the ends.* Tape one bare ‘wire tothe fllon each of Feed tbe wire out ofthe the two discs with bulbs in hole inthe se ofthe them, tube as shown. ‘wie tothe fil on each of the twa dacs without ‘lbs Carefily push 2 lise into the back ofeach tube, feeding ibe wire Uhrough the hoe Cut three wires long {enough to reach loosely from the door to where the sith wl be, Bare the ends, and put one wie aside Tape along E | 2a aR (Cut two circular bles in the second large piece of cardboard. Cut them ‘one above the other big enough fr the tubes to ft into snugly. This is ‘the panel to hold your lights onto | the doorsrame same de, 58 Pash the back of each tube litle ‘ay into one ofthe oes, <9 the Tube ae held ont the panel 3¢ ‘hows inthe picture. The bulbs and the wires should both be onthe ‘Twist together one end of the third long wie he common wr) with the free ends ofthe two short wires. ‘Tape the common wire and the ‘tert long wires to the pane, to “Support ther weigh. Tape the panel en tothe door ame ouside Your "Dom, tthe hinged side. Tape a red piece of ellophane over the ‘nd of the tube atthe top anda (geen piece over the end ofthe Entlom one How it works Behind the door Feed the thee long wires under the door into your room, Close ‘door and check that it doesnot rap the wires. Tape the free end of the common wire toon of the terminals on the battery, To make a switch forthe system, stick three drawing pins int the fall poce of cardboard, Bend a paperclip and attach it to one ofthe pins. Check thatthe cip can touch the bother two pins one at aime, ‘You have made two circuits which use the same battery, witha switch which can ‘complete only one ofthe circuits ata tie. What the foil does ‘The fll on the dises makes an electrical ‘This means you can switch between red Battery bulbs and the wires, and green, but not Decause it conducts have both lights electricity, Without the showing at the same diss, the wires would time. This type of Common wire bee hard to connect to site is called a the bulbs, and could Single Pole Double easily come of ‘Throw, or SPDT, Because itis shiny, the swith foil also reflects the ight seo it brighter. ‘connection between the from the bulbs, making carabosrdSCIENCE INFORMATION Many of the scientific explanations inthis book are simplified. The notes below provide more detailed explanations and Pages 6-7, It’s a gas Air contains a mixture of different gases, This chart shows the most important gases in air. 1% Other gases (nally stgon nd water vapour) rou. Cutan dione (C0, the amount farm dass inthe ae SVatible and rising Page 13, Surprising senses ‘This map of a tongue shows the areas where diferent tastes are detected most strongly. Sour ‘Sweet and salt a Page 14, Light and sight ‘The experiments with shadows on page 14 demonstrate two ways that light can be reflected. Rough surface Smooth surface Parallel Scattered Paralet Parallel Tigitrays reflected ightrays reflected nye rays Dione reflection Regular reflection “Shadow portrait’ ‘Spooky shadow” uses shows diffuse reflection, regular reflection. ‘When light rays meet rough, uneven surface, like a face, some are absorbed and others are When light rays meet the smooth surface of rmiero, they are all flected in the same supporting information for some of the experiments. You will also find answers to puzzles and a patter for a propeller. Pages 16-17, Bouncing light ‘The way thatthe light beam and its reflection behave in the "Bouncing spollight” experiment Llusrates a law of reflection. This law states that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are always the samme. Te ine at ght cone 7 miveratthe mgt pareres ae mane ‘orm The Feng aor Keer fea the refectdray ae alvay a Resame tne othe normal of Normal “Angle of Pages 20-21, Turn and turn again In the experiment to “Swing the bucket”, your arm pulls inwards on the bucket to keep it turning. This {inward pull called the centripetal force. The ‘water pulls outwards in an equal and opposite reaction to the centripetal force, known as the centrifugal effect. “The same force and effect are at work in “Raise the ball” and “Lift the pot”. Page 25, Investigating acids ‘This chart gives the answers to the acid test, SUBSTANCES, ‘cio | neurnns, Apple juice Asprin wi e Flour Lemonade Oran su ¥ reflected in many direction, making a diferent directions. reflection. wer vn Co + Water te usually neutral, but added chlorine can make it acidic. Page 29, Curious colours “The diagram for “How paints mix” shows how the colours of magenta, cyan and yellow mix together. “These are the true primary colours for pigments because they mix together equally to make black, ‘The “primary colours’ used by artsts~red, yellow ‘and blue—are not true primary colours. When you ‘ix them together equally, they make grey, not ‘ack. Pages 40-41, How molecules pull together All the experiments on pages 40-41 use water, because itis easy to see the effect ofthe molecules’ ‘lin tiguids. Molecules are diferently arranged in ‘solid, liquids and gases. This makes the pull, ot force, between them diferent Molecules in solids are packed very tightly in fixed positions ‘They pul hard on each other, making I ficult for the solid to change shape. In liquids, the molecules are elose to each other ‘and pull towards each er, but they are free to move around and change: ‘laces, so liquids ean change shape, Molecules in gases are very widely spaced, so =e « gases can be squashed. “The force holding these ° ‘molecules together I very @ weak, so gases are easily dispersed ° a Page 42, Frozen solid “Water level challenge” demonstrates that ice takes wp more space than water. Tiss because the links between ice molecules are longer than the links between water molecules, making them less tightly packed. Most liquids contract when they change Into solids because their molecules beeome more tightly packed, NS ee__aQQ ae Page 45, Earth, Sun and Moon “The epefment ‘Make an el ot Sun? Stews at hppens when he Moon panes between the Surand te Earhart eto tsa The rune fhe Sun oe et anon tips eset ht ol Ear see Sane over etalon LS rin legac Sa thea Tene your experimen ol your Sun ch wou haeto bess ia hot aon ad You woud need thle of er ph Between an your model ath Page 48, Warming up ‘The experiments on page 48 demonstrate that ‘water and air become less dense and expand when they are heated, Ths is caused by the action of their molecules, The molecules in a substance are constantly moving around and bumping into each other. When a substance is heated up, is molecules ‘move around faster and bump harder against each other. This makes the substance less dense soit take up more space. Here sa pattern fr the “Warm air propeller” Put a piece of thin vriting paper (ver ths shape and trace around it Remember to ‘mark the sotted ine, Fold here. ‘Cut out your shape and. fold it aiong the dotted line. Untold it and balance it on a pene, as shown on page 48. Page 53, Magnetic attractions Magnets point toa postion in north Canada which iscalled the magnetic north pole. This snot the ‘same asthe geographic north pole. The diference in degrees between magnetic and geographic north varies slightly from country to country. In Britain, magnetic north is 11° west of geographic north 6