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Internet of Things for Structural Health Monitoring

Conference Paper · April 2018

DOI: 10.1109/METROI4.2018.8439038

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 Internet of Things
for Structural Health Monitoring
F.Lamonaca
DING – Department of Engineering
University of Sannio,
82100 Benevento, Italy
flamonaca@unisannio.it
Abstract—Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm extends the
connectivity capability to everyday life object through Internet. The
availability of billions of connected devices spread all over and each of
them able to acquire and elaborate data open new scenarios in the
development of new data acquisition systems and in the design of
methods for the automatic management of such big data, allowing new
digital services. In the last few years a new field of application of the IoT
is the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and the systems developed
in this framework have been experimented with good results. Such
systems are mainly devoted to monitoring, for example, multiple parts
of a civil/industrial structure, reducing the risks for people due to
sudden collapse.
The aim of this work is to give an overview of the different types of
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) used to identify, detect and
characterize the degradation and damage of all types of engineering
structures, highlighting their benefits, and their improvement obtained
thanks the application of IoT paradigm.
Keywords— Internet of things (IoT), Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM), civil engeneering.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) aims to give, during the
life of a civil engineering structures, information about the quality
of the raw materials and the functioning of a single part or the
whole structure.
The state of the structure must remain in the safety domain
specified by the engineer during the design and according to the
technical standard [1]-[7]. This state can be altered by: (i) the
normal aging of the raw materials due to usage or chemical
degradation, (ii) the action of the environment, and (iii) accidental
events.
SHM aims to identify, detect and characterize the degradation
and damage of all types of engineering structures. SHM system
uses sensors to monitor several physical quantities such as
acceleration, tensile and compressive stress, temperature,
humidity and so on. SHM typically uses also several non-
invasive methods based on sensor deployed in checkpoints
(established by the experts) and on the merge between the
experimental information acquired with the sensors and the
mathematical models.
978-1-5386-2497-5/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
C.Scuro2, P.F. Sciammarella1, D.L. Carnì1, R.S. Olivito2,
1
DIMES - Department of Informatics Modelling Electronics
and Systems Science

2
DINCI – Department of Civil Engineering
University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS) - Italy
1
{p.sciammarella, dlcarni}@dimes.unical.it
2
{carmelo.scuro, renato.olivito}@unical.it
SHM if implemented with the paradigm of Internet of Thighs
(IoT) [8]-[10] is much more. In the IoT each sensor is equipped
with processing capacities and data transmissions. The
information is transmitted using an Internet connection in the
Cloud and are elaborated by distributed systems managed by a
paradigm of Big Data [11]. This allows the interaction between
different correlated data in time that have been acquired by
different types of sensors.
These data are analysed by automatic classifiers, such as
neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, naive
Bayesian classifiers, Gaussian mixture models [12]-[13], in order
to guarantee automatic alerting to the users of the structure and to
the competent authorities.
The spread of Internet and the development of Internet-of-
Things (IoT) paradigm [14], made possible the use of the
network to exchange data and information of interest, in different
application scenarios. In particular, these communication
techniques applied in the SHM field, has guaranteed
improvements in terms of reliability and efficiency of the existing
and developed frameworks. The introduction of wireless
networks allows the possibility to allocate wireless sensors easily
in the space, increasing the volume of monitored structure and
reducing hardware costs compared to the adoption of a wired ad-
hoc network technology. Sensors used for SHM are
characterized by computational and communication abilities,
making them Smart Object (SO). Such network of SOs harvest
information from the environment (sensing), and because their
big number allows new services for, analytics, applications, and
communications [8], including synchronized measurements
[15]-[16] by implementing suitable synchronization algorithms
[17]-[19]. Consequently, SHM is integrated into more general
systems such as smart building and smart city (for civil
structures), smart infrastructure (for roads, railways, water
systems and bridges) and smart industry (for factories structure).
Recently, different types of SHM IoT based are proposed and
implemented in [20]-[23] for important and complex structures.
These systems are used for the monitoring of bridges [24],
ancient masonry structures [25]-[26], foundation earth [27] and
95
raw materials used inside structures such as concrete and steel
[28]. The success of these systems depends on the sensitivity of
the detection of the structural damage and the continuous
monitoring [29]. Such feature of the new IoT based SHMs allows
the timely detection of dangerous state, increasing the safety of
people. By storing the monitoring measurement information
during the time, it is also possible to implement criteria for
providing a prognosis about the residual life of the structure or to
optimize its maintenance.
This paper will present a review on the recent proposals on IoT
for SHM monitoring. The aim is to give an organic overview to
stimulate the scientific debate and to boost the potential use of
SHM techniques in both new and existing structures.
The paper is organized as follows. In the first step there are
described the IoT paradigms used in order to obtain a SHM. In
the second step the overall description of the architecture
employed in the monitoring of civil engineering structures is
exposed. After that an overview of different SHM system
associated to IoT paradigm with their benefit was made. The
conclusion follows.
II.
IOT FOR SHM
The IoT paradigm commonly used in SHM is based on three
cardinal points linked to the characteristics of smart objects: (i) to
be identifiable, (ii) to communicate, and (iii) to interact. These
points must be respected ensuring the creation of the networks
among objects, end-users and others [30]. The single
components, according to the IoT paradigm, is a “thing”, which
will complement the existing entities in the Internet domain
(hosts, terminals, routers, etc.) [31]. Then, the objects or smart
things included in the IoT system have the following
characteristics [30]:
•
Implement the communication service;
•
have a physical embodiment and a set of associated physical
features (shape and size);
•
a unique identifier, associated to a human-readable description
of the object that can be used for reasoning purposes;
•
IP address, that is a unique identifying numerical label, used
to make the object in the network contactable by the others;
•
basic computing capabilities;
•
measure (sense) physical phenomena (light intensity,
temperature, mechanical stress, electromagnetic field);
•
trigger actions or actuate control.
According to this vision, applications based on IoT have been
proposed in several applications for SHM, thus will allow useful
services for Smart Cities [32], Smart Homes [33], and more
recently Smart Factories [34],[35].
From a development point of view, the possibility of
connecting devices or objects, allowing the sharing of
information related to the surrounding environment, is an
important step in toward the creation of the Cyber-Physical
Systems (CPSs) [36] in which monitoring and controlling tasks
can be performed [37].
96
The prediction of damage is influenced by uncertainties due
to limit conditions in the operational phase of the SHM. To test
the impact of data coming from sensors and to evaluate the risks
about corrupted information, the intelligent data techniques
processes are applied. They are used executing a set of
simulations, aimed to validate if the hardware sensing and the
software elaboration is adherent to the reality. The use of
intelligent techniques is linked to the increase in the complexity
of the technical systems created and at the new technologies used
to overcome the problems of society [38]. The events, that lead
to a failure of the engineering structures, presently, are studied
through the transformation of models that describe these. This is
due to the fact that the processes described are often dynamic and
they change over time. If the dynamics of source events are fast
enough compared to the sampling that can be done by the sensors
and the processing performed by the overall system, their
description became hard. These problems can be overcome by
using cognitive technical systems that would make possible to
realize ideas of Ubiquitous Computing [39] [40].
The workflow typically implemented in SHM systems
includes: periodic measurements performed by sensors deployed
on the structures; process of the measurements to extract damage
sensitive features; analysis of extracted features to identify
current state of the structures [41]. The structural buildings that
must be monitored may be described by dynamical systems. The
properties of these systems change especially for complex
systems in unpredictable way. Adaptive monitoring methods
could be a valid solution. According to this, SHM system must
adapt itself to particular instance of monitored object. By
periodical measurements and their processing, the system should
gradually construct knowledge base. To satisfy this task Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN) are used. Nowadays, ANN are
considered one of the most perspective way to develop Artificial
Intelligence (AI) based systems [42] [43].
The use of wireless sensors, in order to monitor the state of
structures, makes possible the development of applications that
covers all the volume of structure, reducing the costs if compared
with the adoption of wired sensors networks. Furthermore, the
ease with which these sensors can be allocated, avoids the non-
identification of potentially critical events, preventing structures
collapse with rapid reactions. To realize this system, creating an
intelligent wireless monitoring solution in the SHM-IoT,
different communication standards can be used to implement the
device interoperability [37].
When the SHM is performed by using wireless sensor the
energy efficiency must be ensured [44]- [46]. To this aim the
optimization of the energy for data transmission today allows
sub-optimal solutions obtained with different algorithm [47].
One of them is the generic algorithm (GA) [48]. GA is a heuristic
search method that gives a discrete solution, which is suitable to
present the connection matrix in the optimization problem [48].
The most common IoT monitoring solution used in the civil
engineering structures are characterized by a distributed system
based on battery powered low cost devices able to measure, for
example, acoustic emissions and strain in the material. This kind
of system applies the IoT paradigm in the monitoring of the
structural elements like beams or pillars [37].
All monitoring devices (which in this case are intelligent IoT
objects), guarantee the acquisition of variables and the detection
of events real or virtual, such as, for example, resources delivered
by Web services. Each resource can be managed using a protocol
and paradigm that bling in the constrained environment. From
architectural point of view, a SHM-IoT system is similar to
typical traditional structural monitoring solutions, but with
significant differences in the role of its components. Fig.1 shows
the conceptual architecture of these system, that is commonly
based on four principal components: (i) sensor devices, (ii)
gateway, (iii) Remote Control and Service Room (RCSR), and
(iv) Open Platform Communications (OPC) server.
Sensor devices are an important part of the system. In fact,
they directly interact with the elements by measuring variables of
interest.
Fig. 1. Example of an IoT scheme applicate to SHM.
This first part of the system, which corresponds to the
structural integrity monitoring function, is defined according to
the type of physical phenomenon (related to the damage).
According to the phenomenon, the sensors, their metrological
characteristics, their deployment topology, are selected. Each
sensor produces a signal (generally electric) sent to the
acquisition and storage sub-system. Commonly, these types of
sensors are structured as a node and are able to measure for
example the temperature, the vibrations, and also the emissions
of gases dangerous to human health within the environments.
The system gateway is a node placed at the border of the
monitoring network that interacts on one side with the sensor
nodes, and, on the other side, with the backbone network. The
gateway is able to (i) manage data requests, (ii) manage event
notification, (ii) check node connectivity, and (iv) perform sys-
tem integrity tests deploying IoT protocols. The embedded local
database permits to store a large amount of data, in order to solve
remote connection problems and avoiding the loss of useful data.
From the RCSR it is possible to make queries to a specific
sensor about its status or other management parameters such as
the battery charge level and the transmission latency (estimated
through the use of some techniques summarized in [49] [50]). to
store all collected data, RCSR hosts a database allowing big data
analysis and the connections to an OPC server, a component
necessary to interoperate with standard industrial systems. It is
the last component of the system and is responsible for storing all
the data acquired from monitoring segments [51].
97
III.
IOT SHM FOR HISTORIC AND NEW BUILDING
The strategies to be applied to existing buildings, in order to
assess the structural conditions and the identification of the
damage, are still at an early stage of development. The cultural
heritage of many historic centers is often damaged by
earthquakes and presents poor structural conditions. Often, the
repairs of these buildings, even if with minimal interventions,
have not been carried out and the possibility of collapse is very
close. The choice of being able to intervene in the management
of cultural heritage through the integration of an IoT SHM
system allows the management and a maintenance of the object
economically advantageous. In fact, the interventions on
buildings will only be done if necessary, preventing the collapses
or their greater damage [25].
The sensors used in the historical building in order to ensure
the SHM are the Strain Gauges and Accelerometers. The
advantages of such sensors are that can be applied on existing
structures, are simple to use, can be wireless simplifying the
monitoring, and are powered by batteries. The use of these
sensors is easy to assemble and are compatible with the support
of the historic masonry.
Several studies have shown that in the cultural heritage safety,
the inspiration to the world of Nature to develops SHM-IoT
system can be very advantageous. These approaches are
extremely effective in addressing the optimization, commonly
used to analyze engineering processes in SHM, providing
interesting advantages over classical methods [52]. Natural
Computing indicates a multidisciplinary field of research focused
on the exploration of new paradigms of computation within
natural processes [52]. Several applications of these methods can
be formulated in Civil Engineering in order to obtain
optimization problems. For example, the Metaheuristics are
global methods nature-inspired, able to address nonlinear
optimization, and to handle black box objective functions for
which an unambiguous formulation is not possible [53]. In the
civil engineering field, the SHM consists of the implementation
of strategies aimed at the assessment of the characteristics and the
health condition of a structure, also. After the proper design of
the sensor network, one of the main issues in monitoring consists
in the automatization of the processes to overcome errors due to
human decision [25].
Two natural-inspired algorithms commonly used in the study
of masonry or concrete structure are the Optimal Sensor
Placement (OSP) and the model-based Damage Identification
(DI). OSP consists in the definition of the minimum number of
sensors and their topology to reduce the intrusiveness of the
monitoring system, the energy consumption, the prices and to
minimize the amount of collected information without losing
useful data, maximize the monitoring system lifetime, network
coverage and sturdiness [25]. OSP is an optimization problem
where the monitored building is discretized in K freedom
degrees. It consists in the identification of k ≤ K freedom degrees
in order to avoid redundant information and then reduce the
number of the sensors and establish where they really need, i.e.
establish the network topology. DI has five main goals [54]: (i)
detection of the damage, (ii) severity evaluation, (iii) positioning,
 (iv) classification, (iv) evaluation of the extension, (v) prognosis.
To satisfy such goals, DI solves an inverse problem by
monitoring the changes in the physical properties of materials.
Vibration-based approaches allow a quick identification of the
damage through the estimate of the dynamic characteristic [25].
Consequently, through the variations of the modal properties
(modal damping, mode shapes and natural frequencies), the
damage that varies the mass, stiffness and damping of the system
can be detected.
These algorithms can be implemented for the realization of
SHM such as to reduce the costs of maintenance of the cultural
heritage with targeted interventions where necessary. In civil
engineering the numerical analysis based to Finite Element
models are used to structural health evaluation. Often, different
structural techniques and inhomogeneous raw materials with
non-linear behavior, characterize the historical constructions.
[55-58]. The modeling of these buildings is extremely interesting,
leaving an important grade of uncertainty, and model
authentication is still an open issue, which affects the reliability
of non-linear models [25;59].
IV.
SHM BY ACOUSTIC EMISSION
The use of fixed transducers within the building or other types of
structures permits a non-destructive inspection (NDI) and provides a
basis for the development of condition-based maintenance
approaches of modular elements. SHM based on the use of
piezoelectric acoustic transducer, like the SHM mentioned in the
section II, offer the potential for sustainment cost savings using the
introduction of agile automated logistical approaches, and ensure an
improvement of the performance over conventional NDI.
The piezoelectric sensors allow the acquisition of the acoustic
waves generated by the damage inside the material and the
processing of these in order to identify the critical events [60]. SHM
technique based on Acoustic Emission (AE) can be successfully
applied to a concrete or masonry structures. The SHM hardware is
easy to use, compact, portable, light, electrically and mechanically
robust and it provide reliable and accurate measurements [61].
Additionally, instrumentation can be functionally flexible,
expandable and relatively inexpensive [62],[64].
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the enabling
technologies of this type of SHM IoT based. All sensors
communicate with a base station transmitting measurement
information [65] [67]. Sensors acquire data related to global or local
structural properties by using ultrasonic and acoustic emissions.
Similarly, other kinds of nodes are designed to acquire vibration, or
detect deformation. Other nodes permit the monitoring by using
comparative vacuum monitoring methods, Lamb wave methods,
E/M impedance methods [68],[69]. The acquired data are used to
detect corrosion, fatigue, or crack in structures. Some of these
parameters may be static or dynamic. Statistical pattern recognition
methodology [70] consists in solving SHM problem by using the
following steps: 1) evaluate the operations to perform and the correct
functioning of the monitoring system 2) acquisition of the data,
normalization, and cleaning of spurious or inconsistencies; 3) feature
extraction and information retrieval; 4) application of suitable
statistical model for feature discrimination.
98
V.
SHM OF SOIL AD BRIDGE
Structural monitoring for bridges ensures the control of the safety
and their boundary conditions, i.e. checking if the single parts which
compose it have undergone changes in terms of stiffness. A typically
SHM to monitor the vibrations and the displacements of this type of
structure use the accelerometer sensors. These sensors are chosen
because they monitor the stress caused in the structures by the
passage of trains or cars [24]. The accelerometer sensors are typically
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMSs) sensors [71] because,
with respect to traditional sensors, MEMSs are more reliable,
flexible, have small size and weight, consume low-power, have
digital processing capability and low cost.
Of great interest is also the use of SHM to study the soils on
which the foundation structures are bound. The geophysical
properties of fractured rock depend on the electrolytic conduction of
the solid, liquid and gaseous filling fractures [27]. The sensors used
for this type of monitoring are: Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors (FBG),
Strain Gauges and Piezoelectric Sensors. Such sensors permit to
evaluate strain, displacement, rotations, curvature and AE.
Geophysical methods are used for in-site investigations. They
provide: high-resolution about fracture locations, permits to establish
lithology, fluid properties, and borehole conditions [72]. Since they
are cost effective, in such kinds of SHM systems a suite of logs by
using several different sensors are collected. Such information
permits a valuable insight into geologic structure and fracture
orientation statistics. Acoustic methods provide information about
depth and orientation of discrete fractures intersecting the structures
under monitoring [73].
VI.
SHM BENEFITS
The SHM is an effective approach to the regular upkeep of
bridges, skyscrapers, roads, and other structures. The principal aim
of SHM is keep buildings and infrastructures running smoothly,
maintaining safety and public health [74]. The new technological
and methods developments are being utilized in the SHM, and the
designer of this emerging technique understand the importance of
successfully maintaining civil infrastructures. Recently, various
automated tools and systems have emerged to improve inspection
processes and structural analysis for the benefit of society. The
principal benefits bonded to the employment of SHM in the civil
engineering are 4: increased safety, longer life spans, cost efficiency
and detecting early safety risks.
New SHM methods, based on the employment of sensors
finalized at the data collection, and analysis, have greatly improved
the ability of engineers to contribute to public safety. This is
particularly important in the analysis of historic buildings, that could
be characterized by test focused on the faltering strength, or
analyzing the corrosion levels of older pipes that transport fossil fuels
or water [75]. Continual monitoring and analysis helps to identify
design flaws, and works to recognize environmental factors that may
not have been considered in the building process.
As mentioned above a regular preventative and emergency
maintenance on civil infrastructures helps to increase their longevity.
Various technologies and new approaches permit to repair and
maintain ancient construction that are located in the historic centers
of the cities, thanks to installing proper sensing technology that
provides greater details about structural health [76]. Another
 important benefit is that greatly reduce long- and short-term costs
related to structural maintenance. These costs are inherent in
improve measurements for safety that reduce the risk of catastrophes
as well as structural and environmental damage. Likewise,
maintaining structural integrity for longer periods of time reduces
overall costs related to demolition and rebuilding.
VII.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a non-exhaustive survey on current SHM
technologies based on IoT paradigm, successfully used in historic
buildings, bridges, civil structures and soils. Nowadays, wireless
sensor network is an enabling technology, allowing the development
of pervasive SHM systems according with the IoT paradigm.
Traditional sensors are equipped with new hardware to be able to
pre-elaborate data to detect inconsistencies or to retrieve only useful
information and transmit them over internet. The upgraded sensors
can use licensed or unlicensed spectrum bands (cellular or non-
cellular technologies); are low-power consumer, to increase the
network lifetime up to 5 or 10 years; allow short or long geographical
coverage permitting the continuous monitoring of the reliability and
safety of the structures.
This survey highlights that although many technologies are
available, in order to deploy all the advantages of IoT paradigm in
SHM, further efforts must be devoted to enhance sensor
virtualization, sensor scalability, security and interoperability.
Moreover, to effectively achieve distributed, real-time data
collection, the synchronization of the sensors and all the IoT layers
is a must that need to be better investigated.
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