Design Manual 119 Single Stack DWV System

Single Stack
Design Manual 119
Single Stack DWV System
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1
Single Stack
INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE STACK
The Single Stack system is an engineered single-stack drainage concept for multi-story buildings typically three stories
and taller. Two primary fittings, the Aerator and De-aerator, in conjunction with standard DWV pipe and fittings make the
Single Stack concept unique by accomplishing the function of drainage, waste and venting within one vertical pipe
instead of two. This along with the elimination of individual fixture vents results in reduced costs, reduced labor, and
reduced space requirements.
HISTORY
The Single Stack system was developed in Switzerland in the 1950’s and represented the first time a scientific approach
was taken to the protection of trap seals in sanitary systems. The hydraulic and pneumatics characteristics of intermittent
flows were studied using a 10-story testing tower complete with measuring instruments. It was found that controlled flow
velocities reduced the excessive pressure excursions that can occur in traditional systems. The unique interior geometry
of the Single Stack fitting provides this control and maintains these pressures within acceptable limits. Once fully
perfected, the Single Stack system was marketed to other industrialized counties around the world. Developed initially in
cast iron, Single Stack was introduced to the United States marketplace in the mid-1960s in the form of a copper DWV
system. In 1977, Single Stack became available in hubless cast iron, which offered superior noise suppression
characteristics and ease of assembly.
APPROVALS
Single Stack Aerator and De-Aerator fittings are manufactured to conform to ASTM A1109.
Code approval procedures for Single Stack systems continue to change as model codes are revised and updated to
reflect new and different approaches to plumbing. Most model codes, including various city and state versions, do not
specifically address Single Stack systems and the approval process will differ slightly in each jurisdiction. Single Stack
approvals are often granted under Alternate Material & Methods or Alternate Engineered Design sections of the
prevailing code. In some cases, the approval must be sought for each individual project in a particular jurisdiction.
Many areas require the manufacturers review and approval of the design and usually must bear the seal of a Registered
Professional Engineer having a license in that jurisdiction.
DESIGN
Wade Specification Drainage Products can assist with the approval process with respect to technical data and plan
review services. While traditional DWV plumbing systems certainly work well, the inventor and subsequent developers of
Single Stack have provided the industry with design criteria and techniques to engineer DWV systems. This results in
performance and savings that are attractive to the professionals of the plumbing industry is evidenced by the fact that
they continue to specify, install, and promote the use of Single Stack. The savings realized with the use of this proven
technological advancement in plumbing helps to maintain a healthy construction industry. Single Stack is safe,
economical, and functional. The performance record is excellent. Contact our office for ways Cast Iron Single Stack can
help you with your next multi-story project.
Single Stack Aerators and De-aerators may be used with stacks, branches, and run-outs made from any acceptable
DWV material providing proper transition couplings are used. Penetrations of floor/ceiling assemblies, shafts, and fire
rated assemblies must be incorporated in accordance with the Building Code requirements. The definition of sweeps and
bends shall be based on cast iron hubless fittings. The written rules shall prevail. Illustration drawings are included for
interpretation and clarity only. Designs and conditions not outlined in this manual shall be submitted for approval. In
accordance with our policy of continual product improvement, we reserve the right to amend specifications without prior
notification. Although every effort is made to ensure accuracy, Wade Specification Drainage Products cannot be held
responsible for errors and omissions in the printing of this manual. All Single Stack technical data provided by Wade,
including but not limited to drawings, catalogs, and consultations remain the exclusive property of Wade. Use of this
information for purposes other than Single Stack products made by Laperle is strictly prohibited.
2
Single Stack Aerator Fittings Submittal
Date
Project
Engineer
Contractor
Painted Single Stack Aerator fitting with hubless

connections, integral baffle and auxiliary inlet.
Material Specification: Cast Iron ASTM A48/A48M
Standard Specification: ASTM A1109
A3R A3L
A4R A4L
A3D
A4D
• Model A/B C/D G H I J K N Q
A3R 3 3 2 19 1/2 8 1/4 5 6 1/4 4 3 5/8

A3L 3 3 2 19 1/2 8 1/4 5 6 1/4 4 3 5/8
A3D 3 3 2 19 1/2 8 1/4 5 6 1/4 4 3 5/8
A4R 4 4 3 24 3/4 10 3/4 7 7 5 1/4 4 3/4
A4L 4 4 3 24 3/4 10 3/4 7 7 5 1/4 4 3/4
A4D 4 4 3 24 3/4 10 3/4 7 7 5 1/4 4 3/4
3

De-Aerator Fittings Submittal Single Stack
Painted Single Stack De-Aerator fitting with hubless Date

connections.
Material Specification: Cast Iron ASTM A48/A48M Project

Engineer
Contractor
• Model A B C D E
DA3 3 3 2 10 3/4 4
DA4 4 4 3 12 3/4 4 5/8
4
Single Stack Pressure Relief Fittings Submittal
Painted Single Stack pressure relief fitting with hubless

Date
connections.
Material Specification: Cast Iron ASTM A48/A48M Project

Engineer
Contractor
• Model A B D E
PRL3 3 3 5 12 5/8
5

How Single Stack Works Single Stack
The Single Stack system controls the flow within the pipe to keep pressure excursions from exceeding +/- one-inch of water column
which is the standard for sanitary drainage systems. The system consists of a vertical stack open to the atmosphere, horizontal
branches to each fixture, Aerator fittings, and De-aerator fittings.
The Single Stack conveys waste from the upper levels of the building to the base of each stack. Flow through a vertical stack will cling
to the interior wall surface and proceed downward in a swirling motion leaving the center portion as an open airway. As long as this
airway exists, pressures are balanced within the stack. Left uncontrolled, the flow will increase in speed to a point known as terminal
velocity and can form a complete cross-sectional blockage of the tube. This will result in positive and negative pressures ahead and
behind the flow that may cause trap seal failures through induced siphonage and/or blowback. The Single Stack system eliminates the
formation of the “hydraulic plug” and maintains a core of air throughout the vertical stack.
The horizontal branches connect to the plumbing fixture and direct wastes to the Single Stack. Single Stack branch sizing criteria
allocates approximately 75% of the cross-sectional area for venting purposes. Single Stack branch design remains the key to flexibility
and the developed length limitations that exclude additional re-vent piping far exceed those of “traditional” systems. The branch size
may telescope allowing a possible run-out of fifty-seven feet without a return vent pipe. Developed length is determined by measuring
along the centerline of all horizontal piping located in the ceiling and/or wall space. The vertical drop distance is not included in the
calculation. A Single Stack system does not use the traditional “S-trap” configuration rather it employs a sizing criteria designed to
eliminate self-siphonage and provide proper venting. A typical Single Stack branch connection to a lavatory would consist of a 1-1/4”
tailpiece, a 1-1/2” trap-arm, and a 2” vertical drop making it impossible to completely fill the 1-1/2” trap-arm with a 1-1/4” tailpiece –
much less the 2” vertical drop.
The third component of a Single Stack system is the Aerator fitting. Aerators are placed in the vertical stack usually at each typical
floor level and must remain in a full upright position. They contain no moving parts and require no special tools for maintenance. Their
ability to balance the pressure excursions stem from the geometry of the full size waterways through the body of the fitting. Two
distinct chambers are found in the body of the Aerator fitting. One is called an offset chamber where flows from the upper floors enter
the fitting and actually “offset” around the horizontal branch inlets. This offset is designed to reduce the flow velocity and also break up
any “hydraulic plug” formation associated with terminal velocity. Once leaving the offset chamber it will again cling to the interior
surface of the pipe leaving the center area open for air. This occurs as the flow reaches Aerator fittings at each floor and also
eliminates the need for the “yoke-vents” required in “conventional” systems. Vertical distance between Aerators must not exceed
twenty feet. Interior baffles are situated to control the effects of flow through the Aerator. To guard against blocking the cross-sectional
area of the stack with a horizontal discharge, a second chamber is provided adjacent to the offset chamber. This mixing chamber is
completely separated from the vertical stack flow through the use of a separation baffle. As horizontal flow enters the Aerator fitting, it
must transition to a vertical flow before smoothly uniting with any stack flow. These actions take place on an intermittent basis as both
stack and branch flows may not be present simultaneously. At the top of the separation baffle, a vent aperture or opening can be
found. This provides the venting action between the branches and stack, which balances any pressure fluctuations. A second baffle is
located perpendicular to the separation baffle in the mixing chamber to prevent cross-flow from opposing branch inlets.
The final component of the Single Stack system is the De-aerator fitting. It is located at the base of each stack and at any horizontal
stack offset. It is designed to effectively deal with the pressure fluctuations that occur when vertical flow transitions to horizontal flow.
This phenomenon is referred to as hydraulic jump and in some cases, can cause a complete cross-sectional blockage of the
horizontal pipe. The De-aerator fitting has two features designed to overcome these adverse effects. The first feature is an internal
nosepiece, which reduces the flow velocity prior to the horizontal transition. It also allows the air and waste to separate thus balancing
the internal pressures. The second feature of the De-aerator fitting is the Pressure Relief Line (P.R.L.). The P.R.L. outlet is located on
top of the De-aerator and is routed from the De-aerator to the horizontal drain. It connects to the horizontal drain above the centerline
at a minimum of distance of ten pipe diameters downstream from the stack. The ten pipe diameters are based on the stack size (i.e.
4” stack = 40” minimum) and this places the P.R.L. connection beyond the hydraulic jump zone. Note that all connections into the
horizontal drain must meet this minimum distance requirement. The Single Stack system terminates at the P.R.L. connection point to
the horizontal drain
6
Single Stack Drainage Fixture Unit Values
Table A Table A (continued)

Fixture Type Trap Size Fixture Unit Fixture Type Trap Size Fixture Unit
Bar Sink 1-1/2 2.0 Lavatory 1-1/4 1.0

Bath Group (Full) * 6.0 Service Sink 3 5.0
Bathtub 1-1/2 2.0 Shower 2 2.0
Bidet 1-1/2 2.0 Sink 1-1/2 2.0
Clothes Washer 2 4.0 Urinal 2 4.0
Dishwasher 1-1/2 2.0 Water Closet 3 6.0
Disposer 1-1/2 3.0 1-1/4 1.0
Drinking Fountain 1-1/4 1.0 1-1/2 2.0
Floor Drain (2”) 2 2.0 2 3.0
All Other Fixtures
Floor Drain (3”) 3 5.0 2-1/2 4.0
Kitchen Group *** 5.0 3 5.0
Lavatory 1-1/4 1.0 4 6.0
Table A-1 (Fixture Units for Water Saving Fixtures)
Fixture Type Trap Size Apartments & Office Buildings & Hotels & Motels
Bar Sink 1-1/4 0.5 0.5 0.5

Bath Group (Full) * 3.0 4.0
Bath Group (Half) ** 2.0 3.0
Bathtub 1-1/2 3.0 3.0
Bidet 1-1/2 1.0 1.0
Clothes Washer 2 4.0
Dishwasher 1-1/2 2.0 2.0
Disposer 1-1/2 0.5
Drinking Fountain 1-1/4 0.5
Floor Drain (Emergency) 2 thru 4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kitchen Group *** 3.0
Lavatory 1-1/4 1.0 1.0 0.5
Service Sink 3 3.0 3.0 3.0
Shower 2 2.0 2.5
Sink 1-1/2 2.0 2.0 2.0
Urinal 2 3.0
Water Closet 3 3.0 3.0
Water Closet (Public) 3 4.0
* Bath Group (Full) consists of (1) Water Closet (1) Lavatory and (1) Tub/Shower.
** Bath Group (Half) consists of (1) Water Closet and (1) Lavatory.
*** Kitchen Group consists of (1) Sink Trap with Dishwasher and Disposer.
7

Drainage Fixture Unit Values Single Stack
Table B (Single Stack Loading) Table C (Building Drain Loading) Table D (Branch Loading)
Maximum Drainage Fixture Units Maximum Drainage Fixture Units
Maximum Drainage
Stack Size (Inches)
Fixture Units Horizontal Piping Horizontal Piping
Drain Size Branch Size
3” * 64 (Inches) 1/4” Per. Ft. 1/8” Per. Ft. (Inches) 1/4” Per. Ft. 1/8” Per. Ft.
3” (Over 7 Floors) * 102 Slope Slope Slope Slope
4” 504 4” 120 96 2” 6 ** 5 **
5” 1,010 5” 350 280 3” 16 13
6” 2,200 6” 850 680 4” 90 72

8” 2,700 2,160 ** No water closets are permitted on 2”
8” 3,900
branch lines. Clothes washing machine
10” 3,900 3,120 branch lines (2”) shall not exceed five feet
* No more than 12 water closets are permitted on (5’-0”) in developed length.
12” 5,800 4,640
3” stacks. The 3” stack will use a 4” De-Aerator
at the base of the stack. Note: This Table is also used for sizing horizontal
stack offsets.
Hubless Pipe and Fitting Dimensions and Tolerances
Table E
(Dimensions and Tolerances for Spigots and Barrels for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings)
Outside Outside Thickness of Barrel Gasket

Inside Width
Pipe Size Diameter Diameter Positioning
Diameter Spigot Bead
(Inches) Barrel Spigot T Lug
B J M N Nominal Minimum W
2” 1.96 ± .09 2.35 ± .09 2.41 ± .09 .25 ± .13 .16 .13 1.13
3” 2.96 ± .09 3.35 ± .09 3.41 ± .09 .25 ± .13 .16 .13 1.13
4” 3.94 ± .09 4.38 ± .09 4.44 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .19 .15 1.13
5” 4.94 ± .09 5.30 +.09 –.05 5.36 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .19 .15 1.50
6” 5.94 ± .13 6.30 +.09 –.05 6.36 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .19 .15 1.50
8” 7.94 ± .13 8.38 +.13 –.09 8.44 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .23 .17 2.00
Note: Tolerances and dimensions for stack, soil and waste inlets on Aerators and De-Aerators are in accordance with CISPI Standard 301-
04 for Hubless Pipe and Fittings
Single Stack fittings are manufactured in accordance with ASTM A1109-18 Standard Specification for Special Fittings for Single-Stack Hubless Cast
Iron Soil Pipe Fittings for Sanitary, Waste and Vent Piping Applications
8
Single Stack Aerator and Stack Rules
Aerator and Stack Rules

(A) The stack size shall be in accordance with Table B based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1.
(B) The stack shall not telescope or decrease in size and must be continued full size through the roof. (Drawing 1)
Extend stack full size thru roof
Refer to Table ‘D’ for horizontal

branch sizing
Table B (Single Stack Stack Loading)
Maximum Drainage
Stack Size (Inches)
Fixture Units
See Table ‘B’ for 3” * 64
vertical stack 3” (Over 7 Floors) * 102

4” 504
5” 1,010
6” 2,200
8” 3,900
* No more than 12 water closets are permitted on
3” stacks. The 3” stack will use a 4” De-Aerator
at the base of the stack.
Table C (Building Drain Loading)

Maximum Drainage Fixture Units
Horizontal Piping
Drain Size
(Inches) 1/4” Per. Ft. 1/8” Per. Ft.
Slope Slope
4” 120 96
5” 350 280
6” 850 680
8” 2,700 2,160
10” 3,900 3,120
12” 5,800 4,640
Drawing 1
Note: This Table is also used for sizing horizon-
Sizing Requirements See to Table ‘C’ for tal stack offsets.
horizontal drain sizing
9

Aerator and Stack Rules Single Stack
(C) An Aerator fitting is required at each level where the following horizontal branches enter the stack: (Drawing 2)
(1) Any soil branch (2) A waste branch the same size as the stack size (3) A waste branch one pipe size smaller than the stack size.
(D) The Aerator fitting must be placed in a vertical plane. Tilting the Aerator to offset the Single Stack stack is not
permitted.
Extend stack full size thru roof
Aerator Fi ng
Drawing 2
De‐Aerator Fi ng
Required Aerator Connections
10
(E) At any level where an Aerator is not required, an “in-line” offset consisting of two one-eighth bends and one quarter
bend may be used. The vertical distance between Aerators or “in-line” offsets shall not exceed twenty feet (20’-0”).
No more than two consecutive “in-line” offsets are permitted. (Drawing 3)
In‐Line oﬀsets are made using (1) quarter bend

and (2) eighth bends.
Maximum of (2) In‐Line Oﬀsets are permi ed.
Drawing 3
In-Line Offset Requirements
11

(F) Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary
fitting. (Drawing 4)
Stack from upper floors
Stack Size ‘A’
Table F (Single Stack Waste Branch Siz-
Stack Size (Inches) Maximum Waste Size
‘A’ ‘B’
3” 2”
Stack Size ‘A’
4” 2 1/2”
5” 3”
6” 4”
* Clear Waste water branches only. No soil
branches from water closets are permitted
Drawing 4
Direct Stack Connections
12
(G) Horizontal stack offsets exceeding sixty degrees (60°) from vertical require a De-aerator fitting and Pressure Relief
Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line connects to the vertical portion of the stack downstream of the offset. Soil and
waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the offset. These connections should be made between the
two vertical portions of the stack at a minimum distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream of
the higher vertical stack. Branch connections to a horizontal stack offset less than ten pipe diameters in length
should be made as far downstream on the horizontal as possible. Soil and waste branches must not connect where
the offset makes a horizontal change of direction. Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the
Pressure Relief Line (PRL), except on buildings with battery type water closet installations. Waste branches shall be
at least one pipe size smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections must not be made into any vertical portion of
the PRL. Clothes washers must not connect to the PRL. Horizontal stack offsets should be sized per Table ‘C’
based on the total fixture unit load of all fixtures connecting to the offset and fixtures upstream. The entire stack size
must not be smaller than the largest horizontal offset size. (Drawing 5)
Stack from
upper floors
Drawing 5
Stack Offset Requirements
13
(H) Single Stack stacks may be combined before entry into the main sewer connection. The stacks should combine
downstream of each Pressure Relief Line (PRL) termination point. The total fixture unit load of the combined stacks
determines collection main line sizing. (Drawing 6)

The PRL connection to the

horizontal drain terminates the
Single Stack system
Drawing 6
Combining Stacks
14
(I) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may offset prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR). The horizontal
vent header and VTR should be increased one pipe size when exceeding twenty feet (20’-0”) in horizontal length.
(Drawing 7)
4” Stack
4” Stack
Drawing 7
Vent Offset Requirements
15

(J) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may be combined prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR) with one
vertical stack extending through the roof. The one combined vertical stack must be one pipe size larger than the
largest of the combined stacks. If the distance between any stack and the VTR exceeds twenty feet (20’-0”), the
horizontal offset shall be increased one (1) pipe size larger than the downstream stack. (Drawing 8)
4” Stack
4” Stack
4” Stack 4” Stack
Drawing 8
Vent Offset Requirements
16
Single Stack De-Aerator and Building Drain Rules
De-Aerator and Building Drain Rules

(A) A De-aerator fitting is required at the base of each stack. The De-aerator fitting shall be installed in the vertical
portion of the stack. The distance between the De-aerator fitting and the Single Stack building drain shall not exceed
five feet (5’-0”). (Drawing 9)
Drawing 9
Base of Stack Requirements
17

De-Aerator and Building Drain Rules Single Stack
(B) The Single Stack building drain size shall be in accordance with Table ‘C’ based on the total fixture unit load
determined by Table A or A-1. The transition to a larger Single Stack building drain size shall be made in the vertical
stack below the Deaerator fitting, except as noted in paragraph “L”. (Drawing No. 10)

Horizontal Piping
Drain Size
Stack from upper floors (Inches) 1/4” Per. Ft. 1/8” Per. Ft.
Slope Slope
4” 120 96
5” 350 280
6” 850 680
8” 2,700 2,160
10” 3,900 3,120
12” 5,800 4,640
Note: This Table is also used for sizing horizontal
stack offsets.
The Pressure Relief Line connection

to the horizontal drain terminates the
Single Stack system
Piping downstream of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL) is considered conven onal
plumbing and shall be sized by the prevailing Plumbing Code or Table C, whichever is
applicable. Fixture unit values shall be based on data from Table A or Table A‐1.
Drawing 10
Base of Stack Requirements
18
(C) The De-Aerator fitting requires a Pressure Relief Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line (PRL) connects to the Single
Stack building drain a MINIMUM distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream from the
centerline of the stack. The PRL connects to the Single Stack building drain above the centerline of the drain. The
PRL may be rolled to the side providing the bottom of the PRL is above the centerline of the Single Stack building
drain. (Drawing 11)
Stack Size
Minimum Pressure Relief

Line Elevation Requirements
Table G (Pressure Relief Line)
Pressure Relief Line

Single Stack Distance
Stack Size
(Inches) (Minimum)
3” 30”
4” 40”
5” 50”
6” 60”
8” 80”
Note: Minimum distance requirements Drawing 11
shall apply to any connection in the hori- Pressure Relief Line Requirements
zontal drain
19

(D) The installed slope for the Single Stack building drain and PRL is recommended to be one-quarter inch per foot
(2%). Installed slopes of one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are permitted, however pipe capacity is reduced by a factor of
0.8 as shown in Table C. Installed slopes less than one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are strictly prohibited. (Drawing 12)

Horizontal Piping
Drain Size
Slope Slope
4” 120 96
5” 350 280
Stack from upper floors 6” 850 680

8” 2,700 2,160
10” 3,900 3,120
12” 5,800 4,640
stack offsets.
Building Drain Line
Drawing 12
Installed Slope Requirements
20
(E) Soil and waste branches may connect to the Single Stack building drain BETWEEN the centerline of the stack and
the termination point of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL). All connections shall be made a MINIMUM distance of ten
pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream from the centerline of the stack. (Drawing No. 13)
Note: Recommended Lavatory waste is 1‐1/4’ tailpiece with 1‐1/2” trap arm.
Stack Size
Min. 10 Pipe Diameters

(Based on Stack Size)

Horizontal Piping
Drain Size
Slope Slope
4” 120 96
5” 350 280
6” 850 680
See Table ‘C’ for Horizontal
8” 2,700 2,160
Single Stack Drain Sizing
10” 3,900 3,120
12” 5,800 4,640
stack offsets.
Note: Minimum distance requirements apply to any connection into the horizontal drain.
Drawing 13
Base of Stack Connections
21

(F) Soil and waste branches cannot connect where the Single Stack building drain makes a horizontal change of
direction. (Drawing 14)
Drawing 14
Base of Stack Connections
22
(G) Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL), except on battery type
installations. Waste branches shall be at least one pipe size smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections shall
not be made into any vertical portion of the PRL. Clothes washers must not connect to the PRL. (Drawing No. 15)
Table H (Maximum Branch Size)

Minimum 10 Pipe Diameters
(Based on Stack Size)
PRL Size Max. Branch PRL Max.
(Inches) Size DFU’s
3” 2 1/2” 16
4” 3” 90
6” 3” 90
Note: Minimum distance requirements apply to
any connection into a horizontal drain line.
Connections to PRL are for clear water waste
only—No soil waste allowed; No clothes washers; Note: Recommended Lavatory waste is 1‐1/4’ tailpiece with 1‐1/2” trap arm.
No connections allowed on any vertical portion of
the PRL.
Drawing 15
Branch Connections to P.R.L.
23

(H) Soil and waste branches may connect downstream of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL) termination point providing
conventional plumbing rules are applied. The vent header from these fixtures may connect to the vertical portion of a
Single Stack stack below an Aerator fitting through a sanitary tee installed with the flow radius down. The vent load
of these fixtures shall be added to the fixture unit load on the Single Stack stack. (Drawing No. 16)
Remote “conventional” plumbing.

Size waste and vents per local code.
Note 1: the Pressure Relief Line

(PRL) connection to the horizontal
drain terminates the Single Stack
System.

Drawing 16
Conventional Remote Venting
24
(I) Soil and waste branches may connect to the vertical stack below the De-aerator fitting. These connections shall be
made through a wye-type fitting or through an Aerator fitting. (Drawing No. 17)
Drawing 17 De-Aerator Transition Details
PRL = Pressure Relief Line
W.C. = Water Closet
PRL = Pressure Relief Line
F.M.B.O. = Floor Mount Back Outlet
W.C. = Water Closet
25

(J) Entry to the Single Stack building drain from the stack shall be made using a short sweep, long sweep, two one-
eighth bends, or a combination wye & one-eighth bend fitting. (Drawing No. 18)
Drawing 18 De-Aerator Transition Details
26
(K) Fixtures considered too remote from the Single Stack may be plumbed by conventional methods. This waste and
vent area shall be sized in accordance with local prevailing ordinances. (Drawings 16 & 19)

Drawing 19
Remote Plumbing Connections
Stack continues to lower floors
27

(L) Commercial building battery type installations and Single Stack stacks serving clothes washers shall use a De-
Aerator fitting equal in size to the Single Stack building drain serving that stack. A four-inch (4”) De-aerator fitting will
be required on three-inch (3”) Single Stack. (Drawing 20)
Drawing 20
Battery Installations
28
Single Stack Soil Branch Rules
Branch Line Rules

(A) The maximum developed length of a three-inch (3”) soil branch shall not exceed twelve feet (12’-0”). (Drawing 21)
Drawing 21
3” Soil Branch Developed Lengths
Maximum 12’-0”
(B) The maximum developed length of a four-inch (4”) soil branch shall not exceed twenty-seven feet (27’-0”).
(Drawing 22)
Drawing 22
4” Soil Branch Developed Lengths
Maximum 27’-0”
29

Soil Branch Rules Single Stack
(C) Developed lengths are measured along the centerline of all horizontal branch piping located in ceiling and wall
areas. Vertical drops from trap arms or fixtures are not included in the developed length calculations. Developed
length distances include 45⁰ elevation changes. (Drawing 22)
Drawing 22
3” & 4” Combined Soil Branch Developed Lengths
Maximum 12’-0”
Maximum 27’-0”
30
Single Stack Clear Waste Branch Rules
(D) The maximum developed length of a two-inch (2”) waste branch shall not exceed fifteen feet (15’-0”). The maximum
developed length of a three-inch (3”) waste branch shall not exceed fifteen feet (15’-0”). Developed lengths are
measured along the centerline of all horizontal branch piping located in ceiling and wall areas. Vertical drops from
trap arms or fixtures are not included in the developed length calculations. Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller
than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary fitting. (Drawing 23)
Drawing 23
Waste Branch Developed Lengths
Maximum 15’-0”
Developed length distances shall

include 45° elevation changes
Maximum 15’-0”
3”
3” 3”
3”
Maximum 15’-0”
31

Waste Branch Rules Single Stack
(E) Telescoping branches are allowed; each size can accommodate the maximum developed length for that size:
A two-inch (2”) waste branch shall not exceed fifteen feet (15’-0”); a three-inch (3”) waste branch shall not exceed
fifteen feet (15’-0”); a four-inch (4”) waste branch shall not exceed twenty seven feet (27’-0”). Developed lengths are
measured along the centerline of all horizontal branch piping located in ceiling and wall areas. Vertical drops from
trap arms or fixtures are not included in the developed length calculations. Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller
than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary fitting. (Drawing 24)
Drawing 24
Maximum 15’-0”
Maximum 15’-0”
Maximum 27’-0”
Maximum 15’-0”
Maximum 15’-0”
32
Single Stack Waste Branch Rules
(F) Branch sizing shall be in accordance with Table D based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1.
The installed slope for horizontal branches is recommended to be one-quarter inch per foot (2%). Installed slopes of
one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are permitted however pipe capacity is reduced by a factor of 0.8 as shown in Table D.
Installed slopes less than one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are strictly prohibited.
(G) Branches having three ninety degree (90°) horizontal changes of direction shall be increased one pipe size at the
third ninety degree ( 90°) change of direction nearest the stack. (Drawing 25)
Drawing 25
Change of Direction Branch Detail
(H) This increase is not required if one of the directional changes can be made with two one-eighth bends or a short
sweep radius bend. (Drawing 26)
Drawing 26
33

(I) The transition from a horizontal or vertical branch to another horizontal branch must be made with a wye-type fitting.
(Drawing 27)
Drawing 27
(J) Horizontal branch piping at the base of a vertical drop exceeding forty inches (40”) in height shall be increased one
pipe size. This increase is not required when the lower portion of the drop is made at forty-five degrees (45°) and the
upper vertical portion is less than forty inches (40”). (Drawing No. 28)
40” or
Less
40” or Less
Over 40”
Over 40”
Note: Recommended Lavatory waste is Drawing 28

1‐1/4’ tailpiece with 1‐1/2” trap arm. Branch Sizing—Vertical Drops
34
(K) Branch piping with vertical drops exceeding ten feet (10’-0”) shall be increased one pipe size. (Drawing 29)
Drawing 29
Branch Sizing—Vertical Drops
35

(L) A three-inch (3”) soil branch shall be increased one pipe size at the connection
point of other fixtures. This increase is not required when computing fixture unit
loads from Table A-1. (Drawing 30)
Drawing 30
Soil Branch Connection Detail
(M) Two fixtures using 1-1/4” tailpiece/trap sizes may combine into a single two-inch (2”) vertical drop. (Drawing 31)
Drawing 31
Combining Branches into a Vertical Drop
Note: Recommended Lavatory

waste is 1‐1/4’ tailpiece with 1‐1/2”
trap arm.
36
(N) Fixtures using 1-1/2” tailpiece/trap sizes and larger require separate vertical drops from each trap arm or may
combine into a single vertical drop that is increased one pipe size. This increase is not required if the change in
elevation is made at forty-five degrees (45°). The fixture trap arm shall be one pipe size larger than the fixture
tailpiece and this increase may be made at the wall. (Drawing 32)
Drawing 32
Branch Sizing—Vertical Drops
37

(O) Clothes washer branches shall be three-inch (3”) in size. Clothes washer branches with no vertical drops and
developed lengths five feet (5’-0”) or less may be two-inch (2”) in size. (Drawing 33)
Drawing 33
Clothes Washer Branch
Maximum 5’-0”
Maximum 15’-0”
38
Single Stack Waste & Soil Branch Rules
(P) Soil branch connections to the Single Stack shall be made through the “C” and/or “D” inlet of the Aerator fitting.
Soil branch developed lengths shall not exceed 12’-0” for a three inch branch size or 27’-0” for a four inch branch
size. (Drawing 34)
Maximum 27’-0”
Maximum 12’-0”
Drawing 34
Soil Branch Developed Lengths
39

(Q) Pressure Equalizing Lines may be used as an alternate to the rules concerning increased branch sizes. Pressure
Equalizing Lines shall rise vertically above the branch and connect to the Single Stack stack above the flood rim of
the fixtures they serve. Pressure Equalizing Lines may be routed directly through the roof.
(R) Soil branch lengths beyond the limits stated in paragraph (P) will require a conventional vent or a 2” Pressure
Equalizing Line (PEL). The vent header or PEL may connect to the Single Stack stack a minimum of 3’-0” above the
Aerator fitting. (Drawing 35)
Table I
(Minimum Pressure Equalizing Line)
Pressure Equalizing
Branch Size (Inches)
Line Size (Inches)
4” 2”
3” 1-1/2”
2” 1-1/4”
Over 27’-0”
Over 15’-0”
Drawing 35
Clothes Washer Branch
40

Waste & Soil Branch Rules Single Stack
(S) Waste branch developed lengths shall not exceed 15’-0” for two or three inch pipe sizes; Waste branch developed
lengths shall not exceed 27’-0” for four inch pipe sizes. Developed lengths beyond these limits require a convention
vent or a Pressure Equalizing Line (PEL). The vent header or PEL may connect to the Single Stack a minimum of
3’0” above the Aerator fitting. (Drawing 36)
Maximum 15’-0”
Maximum 15’-0”
Maximum 27’-0”
Maximum 15’-0”
Drawing 36
41

(T) Waste branches one pipe smaller than the pressure relief line (PRL) may connect to the PRL. Soil branches and
washing machine connections are not allowed. No connections are permitted into any vertical portion of the PRL.
Note 1: Soil and waste branches may connect to the horizontal drain between the Single Stack stack and the PRL
termination provided the connection is a minimum of 10 pipe diameters downstream of the stack centerline. The
De-Aerator fitting may be installed above the finished floor providing it is within 5’-0” of the horizontal drain.
(Drawing 37)
Drawing 37
Waste & Soil Branch Connections
42
(U) Horizontal stack offsets shall be sized per Table ‘C’ based on the
drainage fixture unit loading of all upstream fixtures. Increasing the
horizontal drain size at this point will require an increase of the
entire stack size from just above the lowest level de-aerator fitting
and continued to the vent terminal. The pressure relief line (P.R.L.)
shall connect to the vertical portion of the stack downstream of the
offset. The horizontal drain at the base of the Single Stack shall be
sized per Table ‘C’ and shall not be smaller than the required stack
size. (Drawing 38)
Drawing 38
Multiple Offset Stack Requirements

Horizontal Piping
Drain Size
Slope Slope
4” 120 96
5” 350 280
6” 850 680
8” 2,700 2,160
10” 3,900 3,120
12” 5,800 4,640
stack offsets.
43

(V) Multiple Vent Header Sizing Requirements. (Drawing 39)
Note 1: The horizontal portion of each individual vent header that exceeds 20’-0” in length shall be increased one
pipe size larger than the downstream stack size.
Note 2: The vent header from two combined vent headers shall be increased one pipe size larger than the largest
individual vent. This increased sizing does not apply if previously made as noted above.
Note 3: Sizing for three or more combined vent headers is based on the cumulative drainage fixture unit total from
each stack and capacities shown in Table J.
Table J
Vent Header Size
Maximum D.F.U. Load
(Inches)
5” 600
6” 1380 Drawing 39
8” 3600 Multiple Vent Header Sizing Requirements
44
(W) An additional Single Stack may be connected to another Single Stack if a De-Aerator fitting is incorporated below
the stack Aerator fitting and a pressure relief line connects below the branch. The connection must be made with a
wye type fitting. Sizing of the branch is established by the drainage fixture units upstream of the connection. Sizing
for the main Single Stack is the total drainage fixture units of the combined stacks. (Drawing 40)
Drawing 40
Multiple Single Stack Connections
45

Aerator Rough-In and Block-out Single Stack
Single Stack is adaptable to most mul ‐story projects with minimal structural impact and in many instances reduces space
requirements for DWV systems. The available space for dropped ceilings will alter the Aerator fi ng loca on and the resul ng slab
penetra on. The following illustra ons are minimal cored opening or block‐out condi ons for 4” pipe size Aerator fi ngs.
Note: Dimensions of Aerator rough‐in can be

altered if a slab relief is provided on the bo om
of the cored opening or a larger diameter core
is u lized.
Cored Slab
Slab Block-out
46
Single Stack De-Aerator Rough-In
The De-Aerator fitting is often located above the finish floor to reduce ceiling space requirements. The following
illustrations show dimensional data for connection methods to the De-Aerator fitting.
4” De-Aerator w/ PRL Fitting 4” De-Aerator w/ Upright Wye & Cap
4” De-Aerator w/ Quarter Bends 4” De-Aerator w/ Quarter Bends & Eighth Bends

47

Supplemental Illustrations Single Stack
The following pages are to be used for interpretation and clarity of the written rules listed on the preceding pages. The
written rules shall take precedence over all illustrations. All possible scenarios are not covered by these illustrations.
Designs and conditions not shown may require approval by the manufacturer.
System Page
Water Closet Connections (Floor Mount Floor Outlet)……………………………………………... 49

Water Closet Connections (Wall Hung Foot Support)……………………………………………….50
Water Closet Connections (Floor Mount Back Outlet)……………………………………………... 51
Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Tub)…………………………………………… 52
Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Tub) Back to Back…………………………… 55
Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Shower / Bidet)………………………………. 56
Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Tub / Shower / Sink)………………………… 57
Miscellaneous Connections (Floor Drain / Water Cooler / Shower / Mop Sink / Sink)…………. 58
Commercial Building Connections (Water Closets / Urinals / Floor Drains)…………………….. 59
48
Single Stack Typical Layouts
Water Closet Connections

Typical Floor Mount Floor Outlet
49

Typical Layouts Single Stack

Wall Hung Foot Supported
50

Typical Floor Mount Back Outlet
51

Bathroom Connections
Water Closet / Tub / Lavatory (Back to Back)
52
53

54
55

Water Closet / Shower / Lavatory / Bidet
56
Water Closet / Tub / Shower / Lavatories / Sink
57

Miscellaneous Fixture Connections

Wash Machine / Shower / Sink / Water Cooler / Mop Sink
58
Commercial Building Connections

Water Closets / Floor Drains / Urinal
59
Single Stack
Terms and Condi ons of Sale
60
Single Stack
Terms and Condi ons of Sale
61
Single Stack
Specifica on and Manufacturer Services
We suggest the following specification.
The Cast Iron Single Stack DWV system shall be installed in accordance with approved construction plans and specifications, and in
compliance with criteria set forth by Design Manual #119 as published by Wade Specification Drainage Products.
The cast iron single stack Aerator and De-aerator fittings shall be manufactured and distributed by Wade. The Aerator and De-aerator
fittings shall be in compliance with ASME Standard A1109 as published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Contact Wade Specification Drainage Products by phone at 800-638-9537 or fax at 888-879-9233 for additional information.
MANUFACTURER SERVICES
In addition to normal business services, Wade Specification Drainage Products will:
 Furnish complete technical assistance and information on the latest techniques of design, installation and inspection of the Cast
Iron Single Stack system.
 Provide design/drawing assistance, plans check, and drawing review.
 Provide Value Engineering assistance.
 Provide field inspection service with written reports furnished to all designated parties. Inspections and reports will be subject to a
negotiated, equitable fee.
 Provide assistance in training of designers, installers and inspectors on an as needed, invitational basis. Seminars will be subject
to a negotiated, equitable fee.
These services assume the obvious. Wade Specification Drainage Products shall furnish all Cast Iron Single Stack products and the
design shall comply with all appropriate criteria set forth by Design Manual #119.
DESIGN NOTES
All Cast Iron Single Stack technical data provided by Wade including but not limited to drawings, catalogs, and consultations remain
the exclusive property of Wade Specification Drainage Products. Use of this information for purposes other than Single Stack products
made by Wade is strictly prohibited and may result in the assessment of fees or charges.
The Wade Single Stack system represents a logical advancement in the technology of sanitary drainage systems. This
manual is intended to address basic plumbing rules that apply when designing, installing, or inspecting a Cast Iron
Single Stack system.
The use of Single Stack Design Manual #119 along with good plumbing practices and techniques will assure a safe and modern
plumbing system. Installation requirements such as clean-outs, hydraulic integrity, support systems, slab penetrations and fireproofing
do not differ from traditional DWV practices and continue to be the responsibility of the designers, installers and inspectional
authorities.
Single Stack Aerators and De-aerators may be used with stacks, branches, and run-outs made from any acceptable DWV material
providing proper transition couplings are used. Penetrations of floor/ceiling assemblies, shafts, and fire rated assemblies must be
protected in accordance with the Building Code requirements.
The definition of sweeps and bends shall be based on cast iron hubless fittings manufactured in accordance with ASTM Standard
A888.
In reference to Design Manual #119, the written rules shall prevail. Illustration drawings are included for interpretation and clarity only.
Designs and conditions not outlined in this manual shall be submitted for approval to Wade Specification Drainage Products.
In accordance with our policy of continual product improvement, we reserve the right to amend specifications without prior notification.
Although every effort is made to ensure accuracy, Wade Specification Drainage Products cannot be held responsible for errors and
omissions in the printing of this manual.
62
Single Stack
Single Stack Aerator Rules
(A) The stack size shall be in accordance with Table B based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1.
(B) The stack shall not telescope or decrease in size and must be continued full size through the roof.
(C) An Aerator fitting is required at each level where the following horizontal branches enter the stack:
 Any soil branch
 A waste branch the same size as the stack size.
 A waste branch one pipe size smaller than the stack size
 The Aerator fitting shall be placed in a vertical plane. Tilting the Aerator to offset the Sovent® stack is not permitted.
 At any level where an Aerator is not required, an “in-line” offset consisting of two one-eighth bends and one quarter
bend may be used. The vertical distance between Aerators or “in-line” offsets shall not exceed twenty feet (20’-0”).
No more than two consecutive “in-line” offsets are permitted.
(F) Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary
fitting.
(G) Horizontal stack offsets exceeding sixty degrees (60) from vertical require a De-aerator fitting and Pressure Relief
Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line (PRL) shall connect to the vertical portion of the stack downstream of the offset.
Soil and waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the offset. These connections shall be made
BETWEEN the two vertical portions of the stack at a minimum distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size)
downstream of the higher vertical stack. Branch connections to a horizontal stack offset less than ten pipe diameters in
length shall be made as far downstream on the horizontal as possible. Soil and waste branches shall not connect where
the offset makes a horizontal change of direction. Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the Pressure
Relief Line (PRL), except on office building battery type installations. Waste branches shall be at least one pipe size
smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections shall not be made into any vertical portion of the PRL. Clothes
washers shall not connect to the PRL. Horizontal stack offsets shall be sized per Table C based on the total fixture unit
load of all fixtures connecting to the offset and fixtures upstream. The entire stack size shall be no smaller than the
largest horizontal offset size.
(H) Wade Single Stack may be combined before entry into the main sewer drain. The stacks shall combine downstream
of each Pressure Relief Line (PRL) termination point. The total fixture unit load of the combined stacks determines
collection drain line sizing.
(I) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may offset prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR). The horizontal
vent header and VTR shall be increased one pipe size when exceeding twenty feet (20’-0”) in horizontal length.
(J) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may be combined prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR) with one
vertical stack extending through the roof. The one combined vertical stack shall be one pipe size larger than the largest
of the combined stacks. If the distance between any stack and the VTR exceeds twenty feet (20’-0”), the horizontal
offset shall be increased one (1) pipe size larger than the downstream stack.
63
Single Stack
Single Stack De‐Aerator Rules
(A) A De-aerator fitting is required at the base of each stack. The De-aerator fitting shall be installed in the vertical portion of the stack.
The distance between the De-aerator fitting and the building drain shall not exceed five feet (5’-0”).
The building drain size shall be in accordance with Table C based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1. The
transition to a larger building drain size shall be made in the vertical stack below the Deaerator fitting, except as noted in paragraph
“I”.
(B) The De-aerator fitting uses a Pressure Relief Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line (PRL) connects to the Single Stack system
building drain a MINIMUM distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream from the centerline of the stack. The PRL
connects to the Single Stack building drain above the centerline of the drain. The PRL may be rolled to the side providing the bottom
of the PRL is above the centerline of the Single Stack system building drain.
(C) The installed slope for the Single Stack system building drain and PRL is recommended to be one-quarter inch per foot (2%).
Installed slopes of one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are permitted however pipe capacity is reduced by a factor of 0.8 as shown in Table
C. Installed slopes less than one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are strictly prohibited.
(D) Soil and waste branches may connect to the building drain BETWEEN the centerline of the stack and the termination point of the
Pressure Relief Line (PRL). All connections shall be made a MINIMUM distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size)
downstream from the centerline of the stack. Soil and waste branches shall not connect where the building drain makes a horizontal
change of direction.
(E) Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL), except on battery type installations.
Waste branches shall be at least one pipe size smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections shall not be made into any vertical
portion of the PRL. Clothes washers shall not connect to the PRL.
(F) Soil and waste branches may connect downstream of the PRL termination point providing conventional plumbing rules are applied.
The vent header from these fixtures may connect to the vertical portion of a stack below an Aerator fitting through a sanitary tee
installed with the flow radius down. The vent load of these fixtures shall be added to the fixture unit load on the Single Stack system.
(G) Soil and waste branches may connect to the vertical stack below the De-aerator fitting. These connections shall be made through
a wye-type fitting or through an Aerator fitting. Entry to the building drain from the stack shall be made using a short sweep, long
sweep, two one-eighth bends, or a combination wye & one-eighth bend fitting.
(H) Fixtures considered too remote from the Single Stack system may be plumbed by conventional methods. This waste and vent
area shall be sized in accordance with local prevailing ordinances.
(I) Office building battery type installations and Single Stack systems serving clothes washers shall use a De-aerator fitting equal in
size to the building drain serving that stack. A four-inch (4”) De-aerator fitting will be required on three-inch (3”) Single Stack system.
64

Design Manual 119 Single Stack DWV System

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Design Manual 119 Single Stack DWV System

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Single Stack

Design Manual 119

Single Stack DWV System

Sales: (Price / Availability / Ordering / Shipping) (800) 638-9537 • Fax (888)879-9233

Painted Single Stack Aerator fitting with hubless

Material Specification: Cast Iron ASTM A48/A48M

Standard Specification: ASTM A1109

• Model A/B C/D G H I J K N Q

A3R 3 3 2 19 1/2 8 1/4 5 6 1/4 4 3 5/8

Painted Single Stack De-Aerator fitting with hubless Date

Material Specification: Cast Iron ASTM A48/A48M Project

Standard Specification: ASTM A1109

Painted Single Stack pressure relief fitting with hubless

Material Specification: Cast Iron ASTM A48/A48M Project

Standard Specification: ASTM A888

Table A Table A (continued)

Bar Sink 1-1/2 2.0 Lavatory 1-1/4 1.0

Table A-1 (Fixture Units for Water Saving Fixtures)

Bar Sink 1-1/4 0.5 0.5 0.5

5” 1,010 5” 350 280 3” 16 13

6” 2,200 6” 850 680 4” 90 72

Hubless Pipe and Fitting Dimensions and Tolerances

Outside Outside Thickness of Barrel Gasket

Aerator and Stack Rules

Extend stack full size thru roof

Refer to Table ‘D’ for horizontal

See Table ‘B’ for 3” * 64

vertical stack 3” (Over 7 Floors) * 102

Table C (Building Drain Loading)

Extend stack full size thru roof

In‐Line oﬀsets are made using (1) quarter bend

Maximum of (2) In‐Line Oﬀsets are permi ed.

Stack from upper floors

Stack Size ‘A’

Table F (Single Stack Waste Branch Siz-

Stack Size (Inches) Maximum Waste Size

Stack from upper floors

The PRL connection to the

De-Aerator and Building Drain Rules

Stack from upper floors

Table C (Building Drain Loading)

The Pressure Relief Line connection

Minimum Pressure Relief

Table G (Pressure Relief Line)

Pressure Relief Line

Table C (Building Drain Loading)

Stack from upper floors 6” 850 680

Building Drain Line

Min. 10 Pipe Diameters

Table C (Building Drain Loading)

Stack from upper floors

Table H (Maximum Branch Size)

Stack from upper floors

Remote “conventional” plumbing.

Note 1: the Pressure Relief Line

Remote “conventional” plumbing.

Drawing 17 De-Aerator Transition Details

PRL = Pressure Relief Line

W.C. = Water Closet

PRL = Pressure Relief Line

F.M.B.O. = Floor Mount Back Outlet

W.C. = Water Closet

Drawing 18 De-Aerator Transition Details