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    9 views20 pages

    2019 - 09 - 02 10 - 07 Am Office Lens

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    Vinaykumar Yadav
    2019 paper

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    ~~ CHAPTER 1 EQUATION OF CONTINUITy 1.1. Readers are well acquainted with the forms in Matter exists in nature, namely, solid and fluid. 1 y d f Hydro-D yy ich isi that branch of mathematics which deals with the Motion d | fluids or that Sa luids. Fluid as we all iow ot State of matter which is capable of changing shape and js an at Of flowing. Fluids are further classified as liquids and gases 1 °° ‘ave a definite yolume but no definite shape while gases have definite volume and shape. oe A perfect fluid i -incapable of exerting shearing stress at rest or in motion, and the pressure that it exerts on an is always along the normal to the surface at that point. Viscous fluid on the other hand exerts Shearing stress and | Offers resistance to the body moving through it as Well as bet ‘a the particles of the fluid itself. BH In the classical treatment of the subject the fluids are taken 4 | be perfect i.e. non-viscous. 1.2. There are two approaches to hydro- dynamical prob. | lems : (Agra 1963) (i) Lagrange’s Method. In this method, any particle of the fluid is selected and its motion is studied, - (ii) Enler’s Method. In this method, an: selected and the change in state of the fluid point. Independent Variables in Lagrange’s Method. Let a Po (a, b, c) reach a point P(x, y, z) in time ie *; J, 2 are functions of ¢. But since particles whic different positions occupy. different positions after the motion js | allowed, so the final position P (x, Y, z) depends on the initial Position Po (a, b, c) also. Thus x, Y; Z are functions of a, b, c and 1, which are the four independent variables in this method, Thus x=fi (1, 4, b,c), ¥=fy (t, a, b, 0), =f, (t, a, b, 0). In most of the problems the motion is everywhere continuous, Le, fi, fe, fa are continuous functions of a,b,: and t. We shall assume that fi, fa, fy possess partial derivatives’. first and second order with respect toa, b,c and #, Clearly velocity and acceleration Compr ients along the axes a Ox ey Oz dhe ay oz 4 Ot? Ot? Ot ? FF? BY Bp Further about Euler’s Method. In this method the state of the fluid is given by the following five quantities : Whether | Y su | 'Y, point in space js is studied at that I Point ft is clear that h have initially Equation of Continuity (i) three component velocities u, v, 1 of thezif Hid at the particular point, a (ii) the pressure p there, and (iii) the density ? there. Independent Variables in Euler’s Method. Since in this method the fluid is studied at all of its points and at every instant of time, the independent variables are x, y, z and f*. Thus if u, v, w be the velocities parallel to axes, these are functions of four independent variables x, y, z and ¢. For a particular point (x, y, 2) the values of u, v, w will tell us changes at that point ast changes. And at a particular time (t constant) we find the conditions of every point of the fluid. To connect the Eulerian and Lagrangian method we have in general, aa u (in Eulerian) =“ (in Lagrangian), o(in Euterian)=2 (in Lagrangian), w (in Eulerian)=@ (in Lagrangian). 1.3. Velocity of a Fluid Particle. At any time ¢, let the particle be at P, such that OP=r. After a time 6, let this particle reach Q, Fi such that CaS OQ=r+5r. It q is the velocity of the particle at P, then q is a vector given by “Pp mein cates Sirsa s0 oe . or \_adr olin (=F If u, v, w are the components of q along the cartesian axes and i, j, k the unit vectors along the axes, then q=ui+oj+wk. 1.4. Differentiation Following the Motion of the Fluid. (Punjab 1964 ; Raj. 65) Let f(r, ¢) represent a flow parameter (velocity, density, etc.). The change or increment fin fis given by Sf=f (r+5r, 1+ 6t)—f (r, t), where Sr and 6f are increments of position vector and time. We write Saf C+5r, +51) (1, +5) +1 f(t, t+5)—S (1, 1] *Here unlike Lagrange's method x, y, z are not functions of ¢. 6 Hydro-Dynamics =-V/(r, raniterS f(r, 1) of_ 8 a2 vee, r9)+6rS f(r, 1). Proceeding to limit as 80, we have Y_F og. Faa+avys (1) This relation is true whether fis a scalar or a vector point function. Thus da Ga at@-¥). (2) The first term in (1) is called the local (or temporal) rate of change in f and the second term the connective rate of change. g for this reason is termed as ‘Differentiation following the motion of the fluid’ or ‘Mobile derivative’ or ‘Subs- tantive derivative’. The operator 1.5. Acceleration. (Vikram 1963) | Acceleration is defined as the total derivative of velocity w.r.t. time . 1-44 dt eq =3+(4-V) q ~* od ° ee In rectangular cartesion coordinates, if u,v, w be the components of velocity, the components of acceleration are | ou ou. Ou ou a5 tu at? at” a? do av, av dv aye atu at? at” Pa on ow, ow ow ans tu at? at” ir Cor. If a motion is along the curve s only, and g be the velocity at a point P, then q=f(s) and q+ég=f(s+és, t+-5t) =f (s+ ot, t+5t) as 8s=q dt =f(s, O+(9 22) Sa - Me(, 42 oF («2+% +... i P 1 9, “ Sea bi +4 3 ee Equation of Continuity 7 mil ee at? Be" 1.6. Equation of Continuity. (Ray. 1965 ; Poona 63 ; Punjab 67 ; Delhi 66, 67) The equation of continuity simply expresses the law_of con- Consider a closed surface S in a fluid medium enclosing a volume V fixed in space. Let e(r, ¢) be g the density of the fluid. If o is the unit . outward normal at a surface element dS, (4 where the fluid velocity is q, then yi gy % rate of mass flow out of dS NY qds. XS Tota! rate of mass flow out of V =f n-q dS Ss =f, V-(eq) dV [By Gauss’ Theorem]. { This must equal the negative of the rate of increase of mass \ within V. af 1 [, Ven av=-F pav=—{ Fav, i | f [g+v-ea] av=0, v lo | This relation must hold, no matter how small V is, and thus é oe At V (eq) =0. Al) This is the Equation of Continuity. Other forms of (1) are é2 a a tev -ata-Ve=0, f+ eV-a=0 w(1a) or (log )+V-q=0 (18) where e denotes differentiation following the motion In case of steady flow, a0, where (1) gives V -(pq)=0. (2) For an incompressible fluid, the density of any fluid particle is invariant w.r.t. time so that 520. In such a fluid, called non- we Sey, ee ' Hydro-Dyna mics s incompressible fluid, e can vary from partic tele Ror a Homogencous incompressible its meee throughout the entire fluid. In both these cases (la) gives V-q=0, -Q) 1.7, Equation of Continuity in Cartesian Co-ordinates, (Bombay 1964; Agra 63, 57 ; Vikram 64 ; Punjab 66, 59 - Raj. 66) e the den. Clocity compo. Let there be a point P (x, y, 2) in the fluid and sity of the fluid there, Also ‘let uv, be the voice nents at P parallel to axes. Now construct a small Parallelopiped wi x, dy and 52 parallel to co-ordinate axes, hav: angular points, ew mass of fluid that passes in through the plane fuce ith edges of lengths ing P at one of its =oe (5y.5z) w in unit time as 8y .8z is the area of the cross-section and u is th i with which the fluid crosses this face ile =f (X, Ys Z)y say, Now mass of the fluid that passes out through the plane face Q.4’B'C’ =f(x+6x, yz)’ =S(%, y, 2) +5 2 f(x, ys 2)+... a) Therefore the excess of flow-in over flow-out : =mass that enters in through PABC—mass that leaves through QA'B'C’ =fis [0,9 2458 2 0 9, a+..] \y sy STP Y =—8x Are. y, z) to the first order of approximation =— 4x 2 fou dy 82] from (1) 2 (ou) ox’ as x, y, z are independent variables and ?, u, », w are their functions. Similarly the excess of flow-in over flow-out from faces +3) =— 6x dy 82 _PQC'C, AA'B'B=—by 2 (ev 8x 82) Equation of Continuity 9 =—6x 8y 52 2a. o=s(4) and that from the faces PQA’A and CC’B’B a =—dz az dy dx) : att a (ow) 2A =—6x dy 8z az () Again the total mass in the parallelopiped =e .x Sy 32. Hence increase in the mass of the parallelopiped in unit time 2 (0 8x Sy Sz)— ao 6 = 3, dx 5z)=dx Sy bz 5 -- (6) Now the increase in mass=total excess of flow-in over flow- out from all the faces, ic. if a 8x dy 8z Pax by bz (oe en é, 8 , A(eu) 2 (Pv) 6 (ew) _ fee art ox + yt ez 7 This is the equation of continuity in cartesian co-ordinates. Note 1. The above equation of continuity can also be written a, a, ae, a, (au, Oy, aw) _ as att at? at” ate (tit ae =e Note 2. If the fluid is incompressible, then a a, a ap att ax t? ay t™ az— and the equation of continuity in this case becomes ou av | OW ; ax tay ie 1.8. Equation of Continuity in Polar Co-ordinates. (Agra 1965, 60, 58; Patna 64; Raj. 67) Let P(r, 0, w) be a point in the fluid. Construct a_parallelo- piped with PQ (=ér), PR (=r 88) and PS (=r Sin @ Sw) as edges. Also let u,v, w be the com- ponent velocities in the directions of the elements ér, 60 and rsin 0 bw. Now mass of the liquid that passes along PQ, i.e. through the faces PRTS=p.r 60.r sin 6 8w.u, per unit time =f (r, 0, w) say. And the mass of liquid that passes out along PQ, i.e. through the face OR'T S’ a Bro o =f (r+6r, 0, w) per unit time 10 Ryd °O-Dyp, Amc, f(r, O 0) (Or OF (r, 4 : =f(r, 6, Bye ToT ey Therefore excess of flow-in over flow-out along PQ =mass that enters through PRTS— mass that troign afr, 4, ) : —6r or APPTOXimation = +— to the first order of area [er 80.7 sin @ dw.ul, per unit time A as f(r, 0, w)=6r 39 , sin 9 5,, =—5r.80.sin 6 Sw 3; lortu]. aera Similarly excess of flow-in over flow- Out from f; | and RTTR’ aces PSs =—r 66-- P [9-8r r sin 8 dw ev] =—1 80 bu 5 [20 sin 0] and that from faces PRR'Q and STT'S’ 4 a 5 =—rsin 0 do PasinvcIces [9.8r. 7.30.10] =—r bu 87.502 few). ae But the total mass inside the Parallelopiped =p.6r.r 80.r sia 0 Su, So that the change in the mass of the liquid inside the Parallelopiped =% (0 6r.r 50:r sin @ Sw) per unit time ( ! 02 =r* sin 0 6r.50 dw —, a Now the increase in mass=total excess of flow-in over flow-out | 9 F & “e., r? sin 6 Sr 66 Sw = =—8r 86 bu sin 0 = (ertu)—r 81 80 bo» © (ee sin —r br 60 bu (a) PI ép - 0 é ‘ a 2 = = (reuj)—r & —r— (ow or r? siné a Sin 95 (r?pu)—r Py (gv sin 6)—r E (ew) & 128 ee 1 @ i 1 ew)=0, at rea 1) + inv aD Ce ae rernT ec dinates: which is the equation of continuity in spherical polar piece 1.9. Equation of Continuity in Cylindrical Co-ordinates, 4) (Agra 1967 ; Punjab 64 ; vt 8 5 ca Let P be a point whose cylindrical co-ordinates are i Equation of Continuity nstruct a parallelopiped with edges i corner CO’ With P as one co Oa br, PR=T PS=82. nents along PQ; and i Also Jet u,v» be the velo'city compo: PRand PS. fae Thus mass of the liquid that passes in along PQ, 1-e through the face PRS'S Hee or 80.82 u per unit time =f (1, 8, 2) S8Y> and the mass of the liquid that passes out along PQ, fe» through the face QORP'Q' =f (r+5r, % z) ane. r, U, Z, =f (r, 0, 2)-+8r approximately. excess of flow-in over flow-out along PQ or Le?) approximately é a =—or5, (er 50 8z u)=—65r 50 825, (eru). Similarly excess of flow-in over flow-out along PR a @ : =r 38-5 (e Sr z v)=—Sr 50 5z 55 (Pr) and excess of flow-in over flow-out along PS =—82.5 (0 br.r 80 w)=—8r 0 ere oe Also total mass of the fluid in the parallelepiped e=p or.r 56 52, so that change in the mass of the fluid in the parallelopiped a 6. coer =3 (0 dr.r 86 spat r 6r 60 5z per unit time. the equation of continuity is a a a —6r 86 8z le (pru)-+ ay (U)+r 5, m]=2 r 6r.50 82, ap, 10 10 a ie, eyo =< = (ew)= e. AOE (pru)+ ae (ev) +5, (pv) =0. 1.10, Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates. Through each point P(x, y. z) in cartesian frame, there pass three surfaces, one of each of the families : 12 Hydro-Dynami, Moreover if these surfaces intersect orthogonally, ang nr As are continuous functions of space co-ordinates, equations (} may be solved as ; an aes Ps } y Y=Ga (Ar Aa» Aa) ¢- os 2=$ (Ay May Aa) &) Now in cartesian co-ordinates, line element ds? is given by ds?= dx? + dy*+ dz. (3 From (2) ) ex ax ex. dae ante, asta, ds, ay G2 gy sf mea tn, Ota, das nC] az az dm ata, st, dds. Using the fact that the three surfaces in (1) intersect Orthogo. nally, (3) may be written as : ds? =hy* dds? +hg? das?+ hg? dg? where hy, hz, he, called Lame’s Parameters, are given by ax\? /ay\? (az \? mm SHS) +) +} | Ox\*® fay \* fez \3| m= (ai) +(5e) +) f : ax\? fay \2 (az \2) _,_ waa Alba) +a) +(e) } (Aa, Aa, As) are’ called the curvilinear co-ordinates of the point P (x, Y, Ze 1.11. Equation of Continuity in Orthogonal Curvilinear Co. ordinates. Let P (Ax, Az, As) be a point in the fluid whose curvilinear co- ordinates are (Aj, A3,A3). At P E construct a curvilinear parallelopi- ped with edges PQ=6s,, PR=5s,, PS=5s5. Let 91, G2, J3 be the com- ponents of velocity in the incréa- sing direction of Aj, Ag, Ay_respecti- vely. The mass of liquid that flows in per unit time along PQ ive, through the face PRTS=Pq, 533 555, The mass of liquid that passes out along PQ i.e., through the face QR'T’S’ 2 =—pq ds, Bsta5 (Pg1 85 853) 551. .. excess of rate of flow-in over flow-out along PQ Equation of Continuity 13 a as: (091 552 553) S51. *. rate of accumulation of liquid from the 3 pairs of oppo- site faces = EB (emi Bos 3) 5. This must equal a ae of increase of mass of fluid inside the parallelopiped, Now total mass inside the parallelopiped =p 551 553 555. a a x (p 8s; 553 553) = ER (091 555 553) 551 a a Ag, (Pda 851 85s) Bse— 5 (995 852 581) 353. Putting 5s; =A, dA,, maar SAg, 553g ie we get a 1 5 + acpere [a taba) + Conshan) +e (auhata) |=0. This is the equation of continuity in orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates. 1.12. Equation of Continuity by Lagrangian Method. (Rajasthan 1960 ; Punjab 61) The equation of continuity is always found by the fact:that the mass contained inside a given volume of fluid remains unalter- ed throughout the motion. Let Ro be the region occupied by a portion of a fluid at t=0, and R the fluid region occupied by the same portion’ of the fluid at time ¢. i Let Po be the density of the fluid when inside Rj; then mass of fluid element is 9 da 5b 5c, where R. a, b, c are co-ordinates of P, enclo- 2 ig sed in this element. p 2 Also the mass of the element enclosing the ‘subsequent point b P (x, }', 2) is p 8x Sy dz, Where ° is (a,c) the density of the fluid there. a 39 Since the total mass inside Ro is equal to the total mass inside R, we have fff 9 da ib alll edx dy dz Ry ff ar beg eo ae 2% 2) 54 55 50 as by bem, bee) o Hydro-Dynamics he. Iflete eh. |e lb de=0, 0 But since R, is arbitrary, ala, or or ax Bs ov | éa 8b Ge ° SEOs a ae aa th ee 1 & ch which isthe equation of continuity in Lagrangian form, Ex. 1. By considering the constancy of mass of afinite volume of the fiuid, obtain the equation of continuity, (Punjab 1961) Ex. 2. Show that equation of continuity reduces to Laplace's equation when the liquid is incompressibie and the motion is irrota- tional. (Raj. 1967) 1.13, Equivalence of Equations of Continuity in Lagrangian and Eulerian Forms. | Lagrangian form of the equation of continuity is PJ = Pg, where J= Differentiating it w.r.t. ¢, we get dj, de eat Ga0- To connect this with the Eulerian form, we shall put 4 (22) 2 (4) Moe A) as u-* ont and wat, Also fa Eb ee Get ay de tee meu Eo bw ‘ aay Now ; eu ay az Now and Eliminating he, fe ay az | aa oy a ae a ox ay ga ta ax ay ab ab ox ay ae ax av ax ay aw fa ia ba ba de ax av ax dy aw ab ob a a6 & ax av ax ay aw ae be met bc be eu ouax au a éa = ax aut ay aa ea Vee au _ ora 42H OY ou 3 8b ~ dx ab tay ab +a de Ou _ du ax ou ay Ou Oz & ae ap 8c T dz bc * = and 2 Pod “from these, we get by oz da a , ey az a a |= Ou ox ey az ox dee Be Fe Ou B(x. ¥, 2) a (u, Y, 2) = Ox O(a, b,c) “8 (a, Bc)? a (u,v, o(a, I Ee understand we above differentiation, we have fue ee ‘ax ay Ox oy 8 (a,b) Jat \ da 3b Bb aa ax oa ax ay -(¥%, ox ay 9a 36+30 3b 3b dat ag 3) ou ay ox av au ay ax ch “\ aa abt5a 3)- ob aatay 2) aw? (4 ¥) 8 (x, 9) 9 (a, by TB (a by 15 ree Hydeo-Dynamics Ov P(x, 0 2) asst Ee (a b&e) ane (a, 6, c) ~ ax ay ou dv ay @)aivess Grad (iv tap tie =JV-q, +(4) With the help of (2) and (4), it becomes eu ay aw | a (lRipte ts da at? \a— d ' or rt div q=0 which is the Euler’s form of ‘Equation of Continuity, Ex. is A mass oj Suid moves in such a way that each particle describes a circle in one plane about a fixed axis 3 sh the equation of continuity is Zi ue ® A (mm) art ay =0 ou where « is the angular velocity of a Particle whose azimuthal angle is 8 at time t. Solution, | Here the motion is in a plane. Consider a Particle Moving in a circle of radius r, At this point consider an element PABQ, such that PA=3r, PO=r 86, There is no motion along PA, Similarly The excess of flow-in over Ce fiow-out along PQ =r 36 a {Pros Sr] per unit time, Also mass of the fluid inside the element =o or r 80. -. change in the mass of the element es (p 6 r 86) in unit time. The equation of continuity is a a (e 8r r 80)=—r 59 rap [erw sr), 8 | 8 (pw) te, ata =o cancelling ér r 50 throughout. we Ex. 2. The particles with regard to a fixed centri is ofa fluid move symmetrically in spac @; prove that the equation of continuit Bere co pee art! ap tae ap (w= 9, : Equation of Continuity , \ 17 ; | where uw is the velocity at distance r. (Osmania 1962 ; Jabalpur 62) I Solution. See figure of § 1.8 page 9. N If the fixed centre be the origin, then in this example there \ i is motion only along PQ and no motion along other edges of the element. excess of flow-in over flow-out along PQ _ as 0¥ cea [eu-r 58-r sin 6 Sw] per unit-time. Excess of flow-in over flow-out along PR=0 and excess of flow-in over flow-out along PS=0, there being no motion of the fluid along these directions. Now the mass of fluid inside the element _ =e orr dtrsin Ow. 7 change in the mass of the element é a PA =3 (e Sr r 58 r sin @ dw) per unit time. seach tte vay that egy xls 5 Show tha anion ee Therefore the equation of continuity is é ae (P br r 8 r sin 6 ba)=—6r 2 (Pur 80 r sin 0 Se) a 1a ag tpt ap @ ur)=0, a i 2 8 (ur?) a re [Map +0 ap Y= O ider a particle weaves S PO (rtu) re ér Ex. 3. A mass of fluid is in motion so that the lines of motion lie on the surface of coaxial cylinders’; show that the equation of continuity is & | 1 A (prs) | 2 (ev) atr a +a =% where ve, vz are the velocities perpendicular and parallel to z, (Agra 1967) Solution. Consider a point P, whose / z cylindrical co-ordinates are (r, 6, z). Cons- ‘ truct an element at P with edges | . , PQ=r 80, PR=6r and PS=82, The fluid moves on the surface of coaxial cylinders ; hence there is no mo- tion along PR. Excess of flow-in over flow-on\ slong 2 ee , a _ aH A 4 ie. art! ap + =0. This gives the result, =-r0 5 [0 v0 Sr 82] and excess of flow-in over flow-out along PS 8 Hydro-Dynamics =-8 2 [evr Sr.r 54]. Excess of flow-in over flow-out along PR=0, there being no motion of the fluid in this direction. Also mass of the fluid in the element sor 80-5r-5., . change in mass of the element A d é ad = (pr 80 Sr 8z)eer 50 Sr 5z ails The equation of continuity is Q (6 58 7 2) 2 mer 80-25 [Poy Br Bz}—8z 5 [evs 5.7 86] @ | 1 a (eu) 4 Plus) 20, até dividing by r 86 dr 8z. Ex. 4. Ifthe lines of motion are curves on the surface of eZ cones having their vertices at the origin and the axis of z for common axis, prove that the equation of continuity is > & (Page), 20qr _, casec 6 8 (qu) =0 et er r r dw ' (Vikram 1967 ; Agra 63, 60, 58, 54 ; Delhi 49) Solution. Let O, the common vertex, be the origin and OZ the common axis, the axis of z. Consider a cone OAB of semi- vertical angle @. Let P(r, 8, w) bea point on the surface of the cone, PQ, PR, PS being edges of the elementary parallelopiped. Since the lines of motion are curves on tbe surfaces of cones there will be no motion perpendicular to the surface of the cone, i.e., there is no velocity along the edge PR. Here PO=ér, PRe=r 56 and PS=r sin 0 bw. Also volume of the elementary parallelopiped =r 60.r sin 0 dw br and q, and q, are the velocity components along PQ and PS (directions in which r and w increase), Therefore excess of the flow-in over the flow-out in the direction PQ te. — [egr-r 80 r sin @ Sw) Sr per unit time and excess of the flow-in over the flow-out in the direction PS é =—7 sin 0 do {pqur 88 dr) r sin 6 fw. Also the increase in the mass of the element ion of Continuity / 7 er unit time, © Ter 807 sin @ du 87] pi ar ‘ - : . b he equation of continuity is given by the eq 2 for 80.» sin 8 bw Sr] or = Parr 80.7 sin 9 Su) dr ap z Joy [Ga r 80.8r] p sin 0 Su, rsin 6 Gar The factor r sin 9 5 Sr can be cancel] é led and we yet = bear 1 bay lege). a3 Op [an rsin @ a5 ‘ a Voa =0 a [- Br (91) +09, Ee cla sin @ ae; (4a) Sec 0 6 . Ait Be cone oie) ig. nig Proves the result, = §, e lines of motion ore curves On the putfaces o heres q Ouching the dane xy at the origin O, the quation Q Continuity is i ing 2,0 Pt ’ sing 3+ Se 8 A +42 cos §)s0, Where » 1S the radius of one Of the SPheres th if He elociny'® the plane 160) 9 the me idicute ‘relaeiie CO, é Oe inclination oS the Plane CO1to Q@ sop ene 5 Raj, 2 8 5 Solution o cc of ed 1963 5B Bombay 64. Agra 61, 37) the centres SPhereg of es Tadii > and r4 5, aneb tively. P isa Point °0 the Smaller SPhere, tagcat G2 PR ang P, the a Pipeg™ the Slementary Paralielg. Now PR., 8, PS, gi pines Ps the age that th Plane throygtkes with xed Plane Xo » Say axis, 2, With have ° find ¢ Tenge 2 We Ce, ‘ aaa Sris "” ™ they “Pose ae Cc <ér ang en Cos gr’ Ong, ang angle Comm ae peda en Con : eq, ; te Sin g as. ia smaein @ Sing 20 Hydro-Dynamics are Ce Meera 'Q.CC’ cos 0", a r+PO)=(r-+5r)* +(5r)?—2 (r-+6r) 5 aa aN (r-4.8r) 8r cos 0° neglecting Bo 6r?, these being squares of small quantitics. Thus Oxsr {1—(Cos 6+ sin 6)] from (1) ce [1—cos 6] to the first order of small quantities. After having determined ‘the th I ta volume, we proceed as follows in eee a Volume of the Sana =PO-P, of parallelopiped =r nea 6).r 88-r sin 6 S$. Also since the lines Dicuss of motion lie on the sphere, there is no The component velocities i irecti i i an LveHolnene Cece in the direction of 6 and ¢ increasing Hence the excess of flow-in over flow-out in the direction PR per unit time =-% [eu.r sin 6 84.87 (1—cos 8)] r 88 and the excess of enn over flow-out in the direction PS per unit ime a

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