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RU 6 RFluidi
RU 6 RFluidi
6 RASHLADNI FLUIDI
Rashladne fluide možemo podijeliti na 2 grupe:
b Neorganski fluidi
Nakon lošeg ekološkog iskustva sa halougljovodonicima-freonima, neorganski
fluidi postaju sve zanimljiviji za upotrebu. To se posebno odnosi na amonijak i
ugljendiosid.
Po definiciji se označavaju tako što je prvi broj 7 a zatim slijedi broj koji označava
molekulsku masu jedinjenja, tako oznaka ima formu
R 7& M (Molekulska masa).
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
c Ugljovodonici
Ugljovodonici takodje postaju u zadnje vrijeme sve interesantniji za korišćenje u
rashladnim uredjajima. Označavaju se po istom principu kao i halougljovodonici,
stim što ne sadrže halogene elemente.
R ( C-1) (H+1) (F).
Hem_Formula Oznaka Ime
CH4 R 50 Metan
C2 H6 R 170 Etan
C3 H8 R 290 Propan
C3 H6 R 270 Propilen
d Azeotropne smješe
Po definiciji, to su smješe čije se komponente ne mogu razdvojiti destilacijom.
Dakle te smješe se u cijelom ciklusu ponašaju kao jedan fluid. Njihove oznake
počinju od broja R 500. Najpoznatije su
e Zeotropne smješe
Za razliku od azeotropnih smješa koje se ponašaju kao jedan fluid, kod
zeotropnih smješa u području faznog prelaza dolazi do "klizanja" temperature
(temperature glide): pri faznom prelazu (isparavanje i kondenzacija) pri p=const.
Temperatura na početku i na kraju faznog prelaza nije ista. Drugim riječima u
zasićenom području izoterme se ne poklapaju sa izobarama. Na slici vidimo da
kondenzacija počinje na TB, a završava se na TC.
p
K
TB
TC
ΔtGK
B
PKD
TA C
TB
TD
ΔtGR TC
PR
A
D
TA
TD
h
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
Uporedimo neke fluide koristeći standardni ciklus smješten izmedju tR= -15 C,
tK=30 C.
p
K
TK
4 4
R 502
2 2
1 1
R 134a
-40 0 40 t C -40 0 40 t C
p - t zavisnost 70 p - t zavisnostK
R 744
p bar
20 p bar
R 407c
20
10
R 22 10
4 R 22
4
2
1 2
R 717
1
-40 0 40 t C
p - t zavisnost -40 0 35 40 t C
p - t zavisnost
6.1.3 Fizičke i hemijske osobine
Kad je riječ o fizičkim i hemijskim osobinama one se mogu predstaviti kroz
nekoliko aspekata od kojih će biti navedeni samo najbitniji.
a. Bezbjednost
Bezbjednost se ogleda u 2 ključna parametra: zapaljivost i toksičnost. Prema
klasifikaciji ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration&Airconditioning
Engineers), klasificija ima formu
Najmanja → Najveća
Zapaljivost A1 A2 A3
Toksičnost B1 B2 B3
gdje indeks1 označava najmanju a 3 najveću opasnost.
Amonijak:
Smješa sa vazduhom u koncentraciji amonijaka (molarni sastav) 16 % -25 % je
eksplozivna.
Koncentracija od 0.5 – 1 % je otrovna i posle 0.5 h izaziva oštećenje pluća.
Medjutim, bez obzira na ove činjenice, statistika pokazuje neočekivano mali broj
incidentnih situacija u smislu ugožavanja ljudskih života. Razlog za ovo je taj što i
najmanje curenje, odnosno neispravnost instalacije, se lako osjeti zbog snažnog
neprijatnog mirisa amonijaka.
Kako se amonijak dobro rastvara u vodi, to predstavlja jednu olakšavajuću
okolnost kada je riječ o bezbjednosti: energičnim polivanjem sistema vodom u
značajnoj mjeri se smanjuju potencijalne opasnosti izazvane curenjem gasa iz
sistema.
Ugljovodonici
U zadnje vrijeme, iz ekoloških razloga se koriste ugljovodonici, koji su u načelu i
zapaljivi i eksplozivni. U upotrebi su već niz godina i predstavljaju rashladne
fluide sa veoma dobrim ekološkim svojstvima jer ne sadrže halogene elemente.
Navedimo neke od njih: p bar R 22
20
R 270
R 290
Naziv Formula Oznaka 10
Propan C3H8 R 290
Propilen C3H6 R 270 4
Izobutan C4H10 R 600a
2
1
-40 0 40 t C
p - t zavisnost
b. Miješanje sa uljem
U klipnim i vijčanim kompresorima rashladni fluid neizbježno dolazi u dodir sa
uljem, tako da ulje sa njim odlazi u isparivač. Rashladni fluid tamo isparava i
dogadjaju se u načelu dvije stvari:
- ako se ulje ne miješa sa rashladnim fluidom ono ostaje u isparivaču,
vremenom se nagomilava i ometa razmjenu toplote (treba predvidjeti njegovo
odvodjenje, tj. vraćanje u sistem),
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
- ako se ulje miješa sa rashladnim fluidom, ono zajedno sa njim isparava, ide
u kompresor itd; dakle nema problema.
Vidimo da miješanje ulja sa rashladnim fluidom predstavlja važan elemenat u
procesu koncipiranja rashladnog sistema i ne smije biti zanemaren.
c. Uticaj na proizvode
U slučaju da gas iscuri iz sistema, najčeće on dolazi u kontakt sa proizvodima
koji se nalaze u rashladjivanom prostoru. Kako količina proizvoda može biti
velika, to ovaj aspekt problema ima važnu ulogu u procesu realizacije rashladnog
sistema.
Amonijak se lako vezuje za vlagu, tako da njegov kontakt sa proizvodima
neizbježno dovodi do njihovog kvarenja i neupotrebljivosti. Zato se danas često
izvodi rashladna instalacija u 2 kruga: primarni sa amonijakom (razdvojen od
proizvoda) i sekundarni sa fluidom bezopasnim za proizvode, koji povezuje
amonijačnu instalaciju sa rashladjivanim prostorom.
tim je i štetno za živi svijet. Prepreka koja sprečava njegov prodor ka Zemlji je
ozonski omotač (O3) koji se nalazi na visini od oko 10 do 60 km. Ispostavilo se da
prisustvo molekula freona, izaziva uništavanje ozonskog omotača oko Zemlje.
Naime, nakon što freon u gasnom stanju dospije u više slojeve atmosfere, pod
uticajem UV zračenja sa Sunca se raspada, oslobadjajući atome hlora. Hlor (Cl)
kao veoma reaktivan gas reaguje sa ozonom (O3) i razara ga. Nakom toga
sudara nastaje "obični" kisonik (O2) i reaktivni radikal O-Cl koji nastavlja takodje
dalju destruktivnu reakciju. Na taj način u atmosferi se pojavila "ozonska rupa"
kroz koju sada UV zraci direktno dopiru do površine Zemlje ugrožavajući živi
svijet.
-
UV FREON O3 O2
Cl O-Cl
FREON
Cl
Ib Kratki talasi
Sunce Dugi talasi
Kratki talasi
Intezitet
Dugi talasi
Zemlja
Zemlja
Atmosfera
sa CO2
Talasna dužina
To znači da dominantan dio solarnog spektra prolazi kroz atmosferu i zagrijava
Zemlju. Pošto je temperatura Zemlje relativno niska, ona zrači u dugom spektru.
U slučaju da je dospjela energija jednaka odatoj, temperatura planete se ne bi
povećavala. Medjutim, povećana koncentracija CO2 u atmosferi zbog pojačanog
sagorijevanja fosilnih goriva, ne dozvoljava dugim talasima da napuste Zemlju i
ona se zagrijava
CL=0 C HL H HD
CD
RASTVOR + LED SO + RASTVOR
EL D E I ED
tE
EUTEKTIČKI EUTEKTIČKI
RASTVOR SOLID-LED SOLID-SO RASTVOR
ČVRSTA FAZA
K
0% KA KONCENTRACIJA KF
100 % ANTIFRIZ
100 % EUTEKTIČKA
KONCENTRACIJA 0 % H2O
Posmatrajmo fazni dijagram (t-K) rastvora vode i nekog dodatka-antifriza.
Koncentracija K=0% označava čistu vodu, odnosno K=100 % čisti antifriz.
Horizontalna linija tE predstavlja eutektičku temparaturu rastvora, dakle najnižu
temperaturu do koje se hladjenjem može doći bez faznog prelaza bilo koje
komponente. Oblast iznad linija L-B-E i S-G-E je oblast tečnog rastvora. Oblast
izmedju ovih linija i eutektičke temperature je oblast faznog prelaza tečno-čvrsto,
odnosno smješe tečnog rastvora i čvrste faze neke od komponenti. Oblast ispod
eutektičke temperature predstavlja oblast čvrste faze smješe eutektičkog
rastvora i neke od komponenti.
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
Na kraju ponovimo još jednom: najniža temperatura koju može postići rastvor
bez promjene faze komponenti je eutektička temperatura i ako se to želi rastvor
mora imati eutektičku koncentraciju.
Montrealski protokol
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
- developed countries have agreed to reduce production and consumption of HCFCs by 2010 by
75% and by 90% by 2015 with final phase-out in 2020;
- developing countries have agreed to cut production and consumption of HCFCs by 10% by
2015, by 35% by 2020, by 67.5% by 2025 with final phase-out in 2030.
Even though a small percentage (2.5%) of the original baseline amount will be allowed in
developing countries during the period 2030-2040 for servicing purposes (0.5% in developed
countries during the period 2020 – 2030), the accelerated phase-out of HCFCs (10 years earlier
than the original time frame) should imply that no new plants running on HCFCs shall be operated
in developed or developing countries.
Refrigerants - Rezime
Although there are many types of refrigerants, including air and water, it is necessary to use
chemicals for reasons of efficiency and ultimately to conserve energy.
We hope that this page will give you a better understanding of some of the most common
refrigerants in use today for air conditioning and answer any queries you may have.
We have not made this too technical, we could show you the exact chemical compositions, but
you will gain more information by viewing refrigerant manufacturer sites on the web. By the way,
Daikin also produces refrigerants.
Details are given for the following reference terms with a brief explanation, such as its effect on
the Ozone layer and Greenhouse effect.
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
ODP - The ODP or Ozone Depletion Potential, is the potential for a single molecule of the
refrigerant to destroy the Ozone Layer. All of the refrigerants use R11 as a datum reference and
thus R11 has an ODP of 1.0. The less the value of the ODP the better the refrigerant is for the
ozone layer and therefore the environment.
GWP - The GWP, or Global Warming Potential, is a measurement of how much effect the given
refrigerant will have on Global Warming in relation to Carbon Dioxide, where CO 2 has a GWP of
1. This is usually measured over a 100-year period. In this case the lower the value of GWP the
better the refrigerant is for the environment.
R11 is a single chlorofluorocarbon or CFC compound. It has a high chlorine content and ozone
depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP). The use and manufacture of
R11 and similar CFC refrigerants is now banned within the European Union even for servicing. -
ODP = 1, GWP = 4000
Note: Although the use of R11 is banned, it was used as the datum for ODP therefore having an
ODP of 1. The ODP of all other refrigerants are compared to R11
R22 is a single hydrochlorofluorocarbon or HCFC compound. It has low chlorine content and
ozone depletion potential and only a modest global warming potential. R22 can still be used in
small heat pump systems, but no more new systems can be manufactured for use in the EU after
late 2003. From 2010 only recycled or saved stocks of R22 can be used, as it will no longer be
manufactured. - ODP = 0.05, GWP = 1700
From 1 July 2002 no more cooling only air conditioning equipment can be manufactured that uses
refrigerant R22.
From 1 January 2004 no more heat pump equipment can be manufactured that uses refrigerant
R22.
After 1 January 2010 no more virgin refrigerant R22 can be used in existing systems.
After 2015 no more recycled refrigerant R22 can be used in existing systems.
If you have recently installed an R22 air conditioning system the phase out dates should not
cause you concern. Your system will only require additional refrigerant should a leak or major
repair is required and this can be effected within current legislation until 2015.
There is already a "drop in" replacement refrigerant for R22 with zero ODP - R417A - See below.
R407C is a ternary blend of hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compounds, comprising 23% of R32, 25%
of R125 and 52% of R134a. It has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion potential, and only a
modest direct global warming potential. - ODP = 0, GWP = 1610
R410A is a binary blend of hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compounds, comprising 50% of R32 and
50% of R125) it has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion potential, and only a modest global
warming potential. - ODP = 0, GWP 1890
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
R417A is the zero ODP replacement for R22 suitable for new equipment and as a drop-in
replacement for existing systems.
There are currently no restrictions on equipment or use of the following refrigerants: R134A,
R407C, R410A, and R417A.
Alternative Refrigerants
R290 - Pure propane, a hydrocarbon (HC) an efficient naturally occurring refrigerant with similar
properties to R22, but has no ozone depletion potential and an extremely low global warming
potential. Whilst it is environmentally safe, it is also highly flammable and must only be used after
careful consideration is given to safety. - ODP = 0, GWP = 3.
Ammonia - A highly efficient refrigerant, that has been used in industrial applications for many
years and with success. It is however, highly toxic and very careful consideration must be given
to any design or application.
Physical properties of some common refrigerants are indicated in the table below:
1)
Production of R11 or CFC-11 was halted by the clean air act on January 1, 1996
2)
Production of R12 or CFC-12 (Freon) was halted by the clean air act on January 1, 1996
3) R22 or HCFC-22 is a single component HCFC refrigerant with low ozone depletion potential. It
has long been used in a variety of air-conditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of
markets, including appliance, construction, food processing, and supermarkets
4)
Production of R113 or CFC-113 was halted by the clean air act on January 1, 1996
5)
R123 or HCFC-123 is a replacement for R11 in chillers and is providing this new refrigerant to
chiller manufacturers for use in new and existing chillers
6)
Refrigerant R134a or HFC-134a is a commercially available hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
refrigerant for use as a long-term replacement for R-12 in new equipment and for retrofitting
medium temperature CFC-12 systems
7)
Production of R-500 was halted by the clean air act on January 1, 1996.
Typical low, medium and high pressure refrigerants are listed in the table below:
Refrigerants
R11 Trichlorofluoromethane
R13 Chlorotrifluoromethane
Low Pressure
R113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane
R123 Dichlorotrifluoroethane
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-
Medium Pressure R114
tetrafluoroethane
R12 Dichlorofluoromethane
R22 Chlorodifluoromethane
R134a Tetrafluoroethane
R410A Difluoromethane/Pentafluoroethane
High Pressure
Dichlorodifluoromethane/
R500
Difluoroethane
Chlorodifluoromethane/
R502
Chloropentafluoroethane
RASHLADNI UREDJAJI VI RASHLADNI FLUIDI
Refrigerants
R11 Trichlorofluoromethane
R12 Dichlorofluoromethane
R13 Chlorotrifluoromethane
R113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane
R114 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
CFS
ChloroFluoroCarbons Dichlorodifluoromethane/
R500
Difluoroethane
Chlorodifluoromethane/
R502
Chloropentafluoroethane
Chlorotrifluoromethane/
R503
Trifluoromethane
R22 Chlorodifluoromethane
R123 Dichlorotrifluoroethane
R124 Chlorotetrafluoroethane
R401a R22(53%)/R152a(13%)/R124(34%)
R401b R22(61%)/R152a(11%)/R124(28%)
HCFC
R402a R22(38%)/R125(60%)/R290(2%)
HydroChloroFluorCarbons
R403b R22(56%)/R218(39%)/R290(5%)
R406a R22(55%)/R600a(4%)/R142b(41%)
R408a R125(7%)/R143a(46%)/R22(47%)
R409a R22(60%)/R124(25%)/R142b(15%)
R23 Trifluoromethane
R134a Tetrafluoroethane
R404a R125(44%)/R143a(52%)/R134a(4%)
HFC
R407a R32(20%)/R125(40%)/R134a(40%)
HydroFluorCarbons
R410a R32(50%)/R125(50%)
R416a R134a(59%)/R124(39.5%)/R600(1.5%)
R507 R125(50%)/R143a(50%)
R508a R23(39%)/R116(61%)
HC R600 butane
HydroCarbons R600a iso-butane