‫א‬

‫א‬
١٣٦
   ١٣٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬?‫?א‬? ‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٣٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K١٨٢١
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Digital Economy)‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬٢٠٠٠١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٪١٢٣٤
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬???‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٣٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GPS‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Sensors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K?
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫ א‬ 

 ‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Introduction to Communications

‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫د‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ﻩ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫و‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ز‬

K‫א‬ -‫ح‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ط‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ي‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ١-١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢-١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤-١
K‫א‬ ٥-١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٦-١
K‫א‬ ٧-١
K‫א‬ ٨-١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩-١

١٨: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Introduction١-١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFEF
 Historical Review‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬١٨٣٧ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٧٦ 
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٩٤ 
KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٢٠ 
KFM‫א‬١٩٣٣ 
 KFM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٣٦ 
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Analog Communications System‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬+5V
،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(AM)‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Amplitude Modulation)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FM)‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Frequency Modulation)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PM)‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Phase Modulation)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(modulated wave)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PMFMAM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Demodulated Signal)‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢ J٢ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
٪10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،3000100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3000100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE300
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،300‫א‬‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Electromagnetic Spectrum‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c
    [m] (1-1)
f
 W
 ‫א‬
 L (300000000=108):‫א‬WC
 KEHzF‫א‬W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١-١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
100km-10km 3kHz-30kHz  (VLF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
10km-1km 30kHz-300kHz  (LF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
1km -100m 300kHz-3MHz  (MF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
100m-10m 3MHz-30MHz  (HF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
10m-1m 30MHz-300MHz  (VHF)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
1m-10cm 300MHz-3GHz  (UHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
10cm-1cm 3GHz-30GHz  (SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧
1cm-1mm 30GHz-300GHz  (EHF)‫א‬ ٨

،M: medium ،F: Frequency ،H: High ، L: Low ،V: very

.E: Extremely, S: Super, U: Ultra
 ١-١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 (1 KHz) 1
 (100 KHz)100
 (1 MHz)1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬
 (1-1)‫א‬K
c 3  10 8
  1- = 1000Hz:     300 Km
f 1000
c 3  10 8
  2- = 10 Hz
5
     3 Km
f 10 5
c 3  10 8
    300 m
f 10 6
3- =106 Hz 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(LF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(VLF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(MF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W(HF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(VHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ W(UHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W(EHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K300-3400‫א‬،Voice Frequency VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬٢ J١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
C VHF 500 MHG - 1GHz
D L 1GHz - 2GHz
E S 2GHz - 3GHz
F S 3GHz - 4GHz
G C 4GHz - 6GHz
H C 6GHz - 8GHz
I X 8GHz - 10GHz
J X 10GHz - 12.4GHz
J Ku 12.4GHz - 18GHz
J K 18GHz - 20GHz
K K 20GHz - 26.5GHz
K Ka 26.5GHz - 40GHz
 
‫א‬EHF, SHF , UHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(300MHz – 300GHz)‫א‬‫א‬
 WEHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،1016Hz1012Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬

‫א‬،Visible‫א‬‫א‬،infrared‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
Kultraviolet‫א‬
K1018Hz‫א‬X-rays‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬Gama rays‫א‬ -‫ج‬

K‫א‬1020Hz‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( cosmic photons)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫د‬

 K1032Hz‫א‬
Laser‫א‬‫א‬Fiber Optics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E4.285C1014HzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE7.5C1014HzF
 KE٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١‫א‬

 Bandwidth E‫א‬F‫א‬٤-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(BWlnfo)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(BWch )‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
BWinfo  BWch
(1-2)
 
 ‫א‬WBWinfo
 K‫א‬WBWch
 ٢ J١
500‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5000
 K(BWch)‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬HF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ K
  BWch = 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz
 (Bwvoice)‫א‬‫א‬K
 BWvoice = 3400 - 300 = 3100 Hz

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 HF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 BWHF = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Transmission Modes ‫א‬ ٥-١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Simplex (SX)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Half Duplex ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(HDX)
Full Duplex ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FDX)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬Full/Full Duplex(F/FDX)‫א‬
 
Signals Analysis‫א‬‫א‬٦-١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Fourier Expansion١-٦-١
‫א‬V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،T، V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
v ( t )  A 0  A1 cos( wt )  A 2 cos( 2 wt )  ...  A n cos( nwt ) 
  
B 0  B 1 Sin ( wt )  A 2 sin( 2 wt )  ...  A n sin( nwt )   (1-9)

W‫א‬‫א‬(1- 9)‫א‬
 
V(t)  A 0  fundamenta l  2 nd harmonic 
 (1-10)
3 rd harmonic   .  n th harmonic
 W
 K(DC value)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WFundamental
 K(f1)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2nd harmonic
 K‫א‬‫א‬ f2=2.f1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Bn ……. B2, B1, An …. , A1 , A0‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
T
1
  A0 
T  v ( t ) dt
0
(1-11)
T
2
  An 
T  v ( t ) cos( nwt ) dt
0
(1-12)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

T
2
  Bn 
T  v ( t ) sin( nwt ) dt
0
(1-13)

(1-9)‫א‬‫א‬V(t)‫א‬‫א‬(1-7)
 W
 V(t) = A0 + A1 cos wt + A2 cos 2 wt + ….. t An cos nwt (1-14)
W(1-9)‫א‬‫א‬V(t)‫א‬
V(t) = A0 + B1 sinwt + B2 sin 2 wt + ….. t Bn sin nwt (1-15)

٣ J١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
v(t)

+2V

t
0 T/4 3T/4 T
2V

0.5 m s
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .١

v ( t )  A 0  A1 cos( wt )  A 2 cos( 2 wt )  ...  A n cos( nwt )

T 3T
T 4 4 T
  1 1 1 1
Ao 
T 
0
v ( t ) dt 
T 
0
2 dt 
T 
T
 2 dt 
T  2 dt
3T
 0
T
2

4 4
A 1  v ( t ) cos( t ) dt 
T 0
 T4 3T
4 T

2   8
T  0
A1  2 cos( wt ) dt    2 cos( wt ) dt   2 cos( wt ) dt   
 T
4
3T
4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8
A2= 0 & A3  
3
W‫א‬‫א‬
8 8
v (t )  cos(  t )  cos( 3  t )
 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  f    2000 Hz
T 0 . 5  10  3
f=2KHz
  W‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
fs = 3f = 3x2K = 6KHz
‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 V(f)

8


8

3
  2KHz 6KHz F (Hz)
 
Mixer ‫א‬٧ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١‫א‬
،fo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fs٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(fo- fs) ‫א‬‫א‬(fo+ fs) ‫א‬‫א‬
 Noise E‫א‬F‫א‬٨-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Uncorrelated Noise‫א‬‫א‬١-٨-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 External Noise‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 (Internal Noise) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Johnson Noise
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،White Noise‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KPartition noise‫א‬Shot noiseK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬transit noise‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Correlated Noise‫א‬‫א‬٢-٨-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAmplitude Modulation: AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬thunderstorms
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100MHz‫א‬
 ‫א‬FMWFrequency Modulation‫א‬‫א‬
 K[88MHz – 108 MHz]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬KThermal noise‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Johnson‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  N = KTB (1-16)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 :
 (Watts)‫א‬WN
 (Hz)‫א‬WB
 (Kelvin)‫א‬‫א‬WT
 W‫א‬‫א‬Kelvin‫א‬
 T = C˚ + 273
 K= 1.38  10  23  Joules  WK
 Kelvin 
‫א‬‫א‬،dBDecibel‫א‬‫א‬
 WK10‫א‬(1-16)10‫א‬‫א‬
 NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) [ dB] (1-17)
 W
 K‫א‬WNdB
 
 ٤ J١
 K1017˚‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
N = KTB =1.38 X 10-23 X (17+273) X 10 X 103 =4 X10 -17Watts
 ‫א‬K
 NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) = 10 Log (4 X10-17 ) ≈ -164 dB
 

 Signal – to – Noise ration‫א‬‫א‬٩ J١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

S P
   s (1-18)
N Pn
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S  Ps 
     10 Log   (1-19)
 N  dB  Pn 
 W
 S 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W  

 N  dB
 K(Watts)‫א‬W Ps
 K(Watts)‫א‬W PN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
S V 
     20 Log  s  (1-20)
 N  dB  Vn 
 
S I 
     20 Log  s  (1-21)
 N  dB  In 
 
 ٥ J١
،0.01W‫א‬‫א‬10W‫א‬
W
 S 
 K  

‫א‬‫א‬K
 N 
 S 
 K   ‫א‬‫א‬K

 N  dB
 W‫א‬
S P 10
   s   1000 K
N Pn 0 . 01
S  Ps 
     10 Log    10 Log (1000 )  30 dB K
 N  dB  Pn 

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W .‫أ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

 K‫؟‬
K‫א‬ .‫ب‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 K‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

K‫א‬ .‫ج‬

Amplitude ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

 KFrequency Modulation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Modulation
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K527˚‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 K‫א‬ .‫د‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(1-19)(1-18)‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.02‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(t) .‫ب‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 T‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

K‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ﻩ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫و‬

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬

‫ א‬
 ‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

K AM .‫د‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ﻩ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫و‬

 K‫א‬ .‫ز‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬١ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 K‫א‬٣ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
 K‫א‬٥ J٢
 K‫א‬٦ J٢
 K١٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١-٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVc(t) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(Carrier)
(FM)(AM)‫א‬Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬
 K (PM)‫א‬
،(AM, FM, PM)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(demodulation)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K(AM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Amplitude Modulation ‫א‬٢-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(AM)‫א‬
‫א‬١ J٢KVm(t)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Vc(t)‫א‬‫א‬،Vm(t)‫א‬،EModulatorF‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬W١ J٢‫א‬

 AM Modulator ‫ א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Modulated wave)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K١ J٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

  Generation of AM SignalsE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Modulation Double Sideband Full Carrier (AM DSBFC) ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬"AM DSBFC"  ‫א‬‫א‬
Vc(t)=Ec ‫א‬‫א‬،Vm(t)=Em Sin(2 fmt)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢ J٢‫א‬VAM(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Sin(2 fct)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AM٢ J٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 KAM‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢‫א‬
 
 Modulated Wave Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(fc)‫א‬‫א‬VAM(t)‫א‬‫א‬ J١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VAM(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬VAM(t)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KVm(t)‫א‬VAM(t)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٢
 AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
 AM Frequency Spectrum‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪10F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K٣ J٢‫א‬(fc)‫א‬‫א‬

Carrier

Lower Sideband Upper Sideband

Lower Side Frequencies Upper Side Frequencies

fc - fm fc fc + fm F(Hz)

AM‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢‫א‬
 Wfc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢‫א‬
 Upper Sideband (USB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬Ffc+fm ‫ و‬fc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  f c  USB  f c  f m (2-1)
Upper Side Frequency (USF)‫א‬‫א‬USBfm
 W‫א‬USF
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

  f usf  f c  f m (2-2)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬WfUSF
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wfc
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Wfm
 
Lower Sideband (LSB) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  f c  f m  LSB  f c (2-3)
Lower Side Frequency ‫א‬‫א‬LSBfm
 W‫א‬LSF(LSF)
  f Lsf  f c  f m (2-4)
 AM Bandwidth‫א‬ ‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
٣ J٢E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  BW AM  fc  fm   f c  fm  2 f m W
 WAM‫א‬
  BW AM  2 f m [Hz] (2-5)
 W
 K(Hz)AMWBWAM
 K(Hz)E‫א‬F‫א‬Wfm
 ١ J٢
  ‫א‬،‫א‬EAMDSBFC modulator‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 Kfm= 5kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fc=100kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
KLSBUSB‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

BWAM‫א‬ .‫ب‬

KfmZ3kHz(USF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

KfmZ3kHz(LSF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ﻩ‬

 ١ J٢‫א‬
 (2-1)‫א‬USB‫א‬‫א‬K
f c  USB  f c  f m

  100 kHz  USB  105 KHz

 (2-3)‫א‬LSB‫א‬‫א‬
f c  f m  LSB  f c

  95 KHz  LSB  100 KHz

 (2-5)‫א‬K

 
 (2-2)‫א‬K
  f usf  f c  f m  100 KHz  3 KHz  103 KHz
  (2-4)‫א‬K
f Lsf  fc  fm
  = 100 KHz - 3 KHz = 97 KHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
BW AM  2 f m  2  5 KHz  10 KHz

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤-٢
 Coefficient of Modulation and Percent Modulation
 Coefficient of Modulation‫א‬١ J٤ J٢
AM‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
Em
  m  (2-6)
Ec
 
 EF‫א‬Wm
 KVm(t)‫א‬‫א‬WEm
 KVc(t)‫א‬‫א‬WEc
 Percent Modulation (M)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E m
  M   100 % (2-7)
Ec
 K٤ J٢‫א‬Ec , Em , m‫א‬

 
 K EmEc ،‫א‬٤ J٢‫א‬
 W٤ J٢‫א‬
  V max  Ec  Em (2-8)
  V min  E c  E m (2-9)
 (2-9) , (2-8)‫א‬

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

  (2-10)

 
 2-92-8‫א‬
 

  (2-11)
 
 AM‫א‬‫א‬WVmax
 AM‫א‬‫א‬WVmin
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAMF‫א‬‫א‬
Em‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  Em  EUSF  ELSF (2-12)
 W
 [Volts]‫א‬‫א‬WEUSF
 [Volts]‫א‬‫א‬WELSF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-12)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EUSF=ELSF (2-13)
 (2-12)‫א‬(2-13)‫א‬
Em
  E USF  E LSF  (2-14)
2
 W(2-14)‫א‬(2-11)
1
  E USF  E LSF  V max  V min  (2-15)
4
Em=Ec100%‫א‬ (2-7)‫א‬‫א‬
Vmin=0(2-9)‫א‬Vmax=2Ec (2-8)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥ J٢‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K100%‫א‬AM٥ J٢‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM٢ J٢

 
 W
 KELSF‫א‬EUSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬

K(Ec)unmod.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

EmAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬

Km‫א‬ -‫د‬

 K%M‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-15)‫א‬ -‫أ‬
1
E USF  E LSF  Vmax  Vmin   1 18  2   4 V
  4 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

(Ec)unmod.= (Ec) mod.

(2-10)‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

1
  Ec  V max  V min   1 18  2   10V
2 2
 Ec=10V‫א‬
(2-11)‫א‬ -‫ج‬
1
Em  Vmax  Vmin   1 18  2   8V
2 2
 (2-6)‫א‬ -‫د‬
Em 8
 M    0 .8
Ec 10

(2-7)‫א‬ J
E m
 M   100 %  0 . 8  100 %  80 %
Ec

 AM٥-٢
AM Voltage Distribution (AM) Vam(t) 
‫א‬‫א‬،،،،
‫א‬،KVam(t)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٦ J٢F V c ( t )  E c sin( 2  f c t ) 
 
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVc(t)
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEc
K(Hz)‫א‬‫א‬Wfc
 W
‫א‬Vam(t)‫א‬(repetition rate)‫א‬ -‫أ‬

 K Vm(t)E‫א‬F
KVm(t)‫א‬Vam(t)‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

،Vmax = Em+EcVam(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬Vam(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  V am ( t )  Ec  E m sin( 2  f m t ) sin 2  f c t (2-17)
 
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬W Ec  Em sin( 2f mt )
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEm
 (Hz)‫א‬Wfm
 (2.6)‫א‬
 Em = mEc  (2-18)
 W(2.17)‫א‬(2.18)‫א‬
  V am (t )  Ec  mE c sin( 2  f m t ) sin( 2  f c t )  (2-19)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  V am ( t )  1  m sin( 2  f m t ) E c sin( 2  f c t )

  V am ( t )  E c sin( 2  f c t )  mE c sin( 2  f m t )( E c sin( 2  f c t )) (2-20)

 G
1
  sin  sin   cos(    )  cos(    )  (2-21)
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬(2-20)‫א‬(2-21)‫א‬‫א‬
mE mE
  V am ( t )  E c sin 2  f c t  c
cos 2  ( f c  f m ) t  c
cos 2  ( f c  f m ) t (2-22)
2 2
 
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬WEc Sin(2πfct)
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬W  mEc cos 2 ( f c  f m )t
2
mE c
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬W cos 2 ( f c  f m )t
2
 W(2-22)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬
  Ec (mod ulated )  Ec ( un mod ulated )   (2-23)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(m=1 ,Em=EcF100%‫א‬ .‫ج‬

KE Ec F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K100%‫א‬AM٥ J٢‫א‬
 
W
  E m  E usf  E Lsf
Ec E
 Em   c  Ec
2 2
W
Vmax  Ec  E m  E c  E c  2 Ec
Vmin  Ec  E m  Ec  Ec  0 
‫א‬‫א‬Em=1F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٥ J٢‫א‬‫א‬،Vmin=0‫א‬‫א‬Vmax= 2 Ec‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢‫א‬K
 (2-22)‫א‬(AM DSBFC)

 
AM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(cycle)‫א‬W(2-22)‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬˚90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬˚180‫א‬
K(2-22)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E-F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٣ J٢
K20Vp‫א‬‫א‬500KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK±7.5Vp‫א‬
 Kflsf‫א‬fusf‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬

KM‫א‬‫א‬m‫א‬ -‫ب‬

K(Ec)modulated‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬

KElsf‫א‬Eusf‫א‬‫א‬ -‫د‬

KVmin‫א‬Vmax‫א‬‫א‬ J
KVam(t)‫א‬‫א‬ -‫و‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ز‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ح‬

 ‫א‬
 (2-4) , (2-2)‫א‬ J
  f usf  f c  f m  500 K  10 K  510 KHz
  f Lsf  f c  f m  500 K  10 K  490 KHz
 W(2-7), (2-6)‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
E m 7 .5
 m    0.375
Ec 20
E 7 .5
  M  m  100 %   100 %  37 . 5 %
Ec 20
 (2-23)‫א‬ J
Ec(mod ulated )  Ec(un mod ulated )  20V
 W(2-22)‫א‬ J
mE c 0.375  20
E USF  E LSF    3.75V
2 2
 W(2-9) , (2-8)‫א‬ J
V max  E c  E m  20  7.5  27 .5V
  Vmin  E c  E m  20  7.5  12 .5V
 W(2-22)‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

mE c mE c
  Vam (t )  E c sin 2f c t  cos 2 ( f c  f m )t  cos 2 ( f c  f m )t
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  V am ( t )  20 sin( 2  500 Kt )  3 . 75 cos( 2  510 Kt )  3 . 75 cos( 2  490 Kt )
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 AM Power Distribution‫א‬‫א‬٦-٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2
  P (2-24)
R
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2
V rms
  P av  (2-25)
R
 
V
  V rms  (2-26)
2
 (2-25)‫א‬(2-26)‫א‬
V2
  Pav  (2-27)
2R
- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-27)
E C2
 E PC  (2-28
2R
 W
 (Watts)‫א‬‫א‬WPc
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEc
 (Ohm)‫א‬WR
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 mE C 
 
 2  m 2 E C2
Pusf  PLsf  
  2R 8R (2-29)
 W(2-29)‫א‬(2-28)‫א‬
1 2
  PUsf  PLsf  m PC (2-30)
4
AM‫א‬‫א‬
  PT  PC  PUsf  PLsf
1 2 1 2
P
  T  P C  m PC  m PC  (2-31)
4 4
 m2 
  PT  1  2  PC (2-32)
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-31)‫א‬
 W(2-32)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W٧ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-31)

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢‫א‬
 W100%‫א‬
PC
  PUsf  P Lsf  (2-33)
4
 (2-30)‫א‬m=1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PC
Ptsf 
2 (2-34)
  
‫א‬‫א‬100%‫א‬W(2-34)(2-33)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AM BSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ J٢
 WAM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬
 W100%‫א‬10Ω‫א‬،10Vp‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KPc‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

Plsf‫א‬Pusf‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

KPtsf‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

KPT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
(2-28)‫א‬‫א‬K
E C2 10 2
PC   =5 W
2R 2  10
 
 (2-30)‫א‬‫א‬K
1 2 1
  PUsf  PLsf  m PC  (12 )5  1.25W
4 4
 K100% ‫א‬m=1
 
 
 K
PC 5
Ptsf    2 . 5W
2 2
 
 (2-30)‫א‬‫א‬K
 m2  12
PT  1   PC  (1  )  5  7 . 5W
 2  2
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K

 
- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 AM Current Calculations‫א‬٧-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pt I t2 R I t2
   2  2 (2-35)
PC IC R IC
 
 m2 
 1   PC
Pt  2  m2
   1 (2-36)
PC PC 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
I2t m2
1
I2C 2
   (2-37)
 (2-35)‫א‬
m2
  IT  IC 1  (2-38)
2
 W
 (A)‫א‬‫א‬WIT
 (A)‫א‬‫א‬WIc
 
 ٥ J٢
‫א‬100%‫א‬10Ω‫א‬10w‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(AM DSBFC)‫א‬‫א‬
 2-5‫א‬
m 2
  IT  IC 1  (2-38)‫א‬‫א‬
2
ITIc

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

PC 10
PC  I2C R  I C    1A
R 10

12
  I T  (1 ) (1  )  1 . 225 A
2
  AM Modulation by a Complex information‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-٢
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(fm1, fm2)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٢‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Kfm1, fm2‫א‬‫א‬

fc fm2 fc fm1 fc fc+fm1 fc+fm2

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٢‫א‬
‫א‬٨ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2-22F‫א‬
 K fm1, fm2‫א‬AM‫א‬
m1 E c
V am ( t )  E c sin 2  f c t  cos 2  ( f c  f m 1 ) t 
2
m1 E c m E
cos 2  ( f c  f m 1 ) t  2 c cos 2  ( f c  f m 2 ) t 
  2 2   (2-39)
m2 Ec
cos 2  ( f c  f m 2 ) t
2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  mt  m12  m22  ...  mn2 (2-40)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wmt
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wm1, m2, …. mn
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 m t2 
  PT  1   PC (2-41)
 2 
1 2
  PUsf  PLsf  mt PC (2-42)
4
1 2
P tsf  mt PC
  2 (2-43)
 
 
 ٦ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM DSBFC
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Km3 = 0.5, m2 = 0.4 , m1 = 0.2
 
 W
 Kmt‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

KPtsf‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

KPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 
 

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
(2-40)‫א‬K
  mt  m12  m 22  m 32  (0.2) 2  (0.4 ) 2  (0 .5) 2  0.67

 (2-43)‫א‬K
1 2 1
P tsf  mt PC  (0.67) 2 (200)  45 W
  2 2
 (2.41)‫א‬K

 m t2   ( 0 . 67 ) 2 
PT  1   PC  1   ( 200 )  245 W
 2   2 
 
 AM Circuits‫א‬‫א‬٩-٢
 
 AM Modulator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K AM،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KAM‫א‬K‫א‬AM
W٩ J٢‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
W٩ J٢‫א‬
‫א‬(2-22)‫א‬Vout(t)‫א‬‫א‬
٩ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KAM
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  V out (t )  C 1V in1 (t )  C 2V in2 (t )  C 3V in3 (t )  ... (2-44)
 2-9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  V in (t )  E m sin( 2f m )t  E C sin( 2f C )t (2-45)
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-45)‫א‬(2-44)‫א‬
  Vout (t )  C1 E m sin( 2f m )t  E C sin( 2f C )t 2  C 2 E m sin( 2f m )t  E C sin( 2f C )t 2 (2-46)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W2-22
V out (t )  C1 E C sin( 2f C )t  C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C  f m)t 
  C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C  f m)t  C1 E m sin( 2f m )t  C 2 E m2 sin 2 ( 2f m t )  (2-47)
C 2 E C2 sin 2 ( 2f C t )
(Fc-Fm), (Fc+Fm)‫א‬2-47‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(2-47)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(2-47)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2.22)‫א‬
(2-22)‫א‬(2-47)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠ J٢‫א‬AM‫א‬٩ J٢‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AMW١٠ J٢‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١ J٢‫א‬‫(א‬npn)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K(npn)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AMW١١ J٢‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 AM Demodolator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Rectifier Circuit)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Square –law detector)‫א‬‫א‬(Envelope Detector)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Envelope Detector–‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢ J٢‫א‬‫א‬
 

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-AM––‫א‬‫א‬EFK١٢-٢‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬

AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Am as input wave)‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KR‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢ J٢EF‫א‬‫א‬EAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 AM Transmitters   ‫א‬١٠-٢

 W‫א‬
 (Low Level transmitter)   ‫א‬K
  ،(100kHz – 300kHz)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Microphone)‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٣-٢‫א‬K(Phonograph record)(CD Rom)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬١٣-٢‫א‬

- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

  (High Level transmitter)‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤-٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬١٤ J٢‫א‬

 
 AM Receiver Block Diagram‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١-٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬
KAM،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(RF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،(Demodulation)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAM‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥-٢‫ א‬.(Receiver)

 
 AM‫א‬١٥ J٢‫א‬
 

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 The RF Section‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(RF)‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 The Mixer and Converter Section‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Intermediate Frequencies (IF)
 IF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬ J
AM، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Receiver Parameters ‫א‬١٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(RF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ESelectivityF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Bandwidth Improvement‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

B RF
 BI   (2-48)
B IF
 W
 xz‫א‬WBI
 xHzz‫א‬WBRF
 [Hz]‫א‬‫א‬WBIF
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  NFi  10 Log BI (2-49)
 
 [decibel]‫א‬ WNFi
 
 ٧ J٢
AM‫א‬(NFiF‫א‬
 K10kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200kHz‫א‬
 
 
 ٧ J٢
 (2-49) , (2-48)‫א‬
B RF 200
  NFi  10 Log B I  10 Log  10 Log  13dB
B IF 10
 Sensitivity  ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Dynamic Power range     ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Fidelity Factor ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 Insertion Loss (IL)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Pout
  IL  10 Log (2-50)
Pin
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise Temperature)
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
N
  T  (2-51)
KB
 
 W
 [Kelvin]‫א‬‫א‬WT
 [Watts]‫א‬WN
 K=1.38  10  23  Joules   WK
 Kelvin 
 (Hertz)WB
(Te)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Signal to noise ratio)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
1000º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20º‫א‬Te‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬TeK‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

  (3-5) Te  T ( F  1)
 (Kelvin)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTe
 (Kelvin)‫א‬‫א‬WT
 KEF‫א‬WF
  AM Receivers‫א‬١٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Coherent receivers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬(Oscillator)
 Non coherent receivers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3-2‫א‬‫א‬(The Super heterodyne AM receiver)‫א‬‫א‬
KW

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦-٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٦ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
fc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،FLO‫א‬‫א‬K455‫א‬
FLO=Fc+FIF 455‫א‬(Fc)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(FIF = 455kHz)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،455‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،455 ‫א‬
455‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
FIC=FLO F‫א‬‫א‬fc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FLO=FC+FIFZ1000+455=1455kHzW1000kHzfc‫א‬‫א‬KEFC

‫א‬،Fc= 1455+455=1910kHz
1910kHz‫א‬‫א‬K455 kHzFc Fco‫א‬
،2FIF=910kHz1000kHz‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K910kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬70kHz‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

(IF)‫א‬‫א‬١٦ J٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(FLO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K1600550‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20551005‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬114595‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩١٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬100kHz‫א‬‫א‬AM DSBFC‫א‬
 K5kHz‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬ .‫ب‬

K3kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
AM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K20kHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K±5v‫א‬20Vp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬

K‫א‬ -‫ب‬

KE Em = ±5V ، Ec=20Vp ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Pc=1000w‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m=0.2‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F .‫ب‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫د‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(BI)‫א‬‫א‬(BIF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K320kHz(BRF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(RF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(NFi)‫א‬
 K10kHz(IF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40kHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬16dB‫א‬(Te) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KT=27˚C
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K500kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Angle Modulation

‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K(PM)‫א‬ .‫ب‬

K(FM)‫א‬ .‫ج‬

K (FM)‫א‬(PM)‫א‬ .‫د‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ١-٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢-٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٤-٣
 ١٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Introduction ١-٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(PM)‫א‬(FM)‫א‬
‫א‬(AM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1936K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1931
FM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1939،FM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(AM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣
Angle Modulation
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V (t )  E C cos2  fC t + (t)
  (3-1)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(3-1)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (t ) ‫א‬
  V (t )  E C cos (t ) (3-2)
 
 ( t)  2 f t +  ( t )
C
  (3-3)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (t ) 
 W‫א‬
d (t )
   i (t )  (3-4)
dt
 W(3-4)‫א‬(3-3)‫א‬
d  (t )
   i (t )   C  (3-5)
dt
   C  2 f C 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  (t )
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W d (t )
dt
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٣
 Phase and Frequency Modulation (PM and FM)
 K(FM)‫א‬(PM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(PM)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   (t )    Vm (t ) (3-6)
 W
  K radian ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  
Volts
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Vm (t )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FM)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
d  (t )
    f V m (t ) (3-7)
dt
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
t
(t )   f  Vm ( ) d  (to ) (3-8)
to

 W

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  f

 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  (t o ) 
- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(3-1)‫א‬‫א‬(3-8) , (3-6)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  VPM (t )  EC cos2f C t   Vm (t ) (3-9)
 t

  V FM (t )  E C cos  2f C t   f V m ( ) d  (3-10)
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3-10) , (3-9)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W(3-5)‫א‬(3-6)‫א‬،
dV m (t )
   i ( PM ) (t )   C    (3-11)
dt
 W(3-5)‫א‬(3-7)‫א‬
   i ( FM ) (t )   C   f V m (t ) (3-12)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(3-12) , (3-11)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣
Theoretical Generation of PM and FM waves
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١ J٣‫א‬(FM) 
١٠ J٣‫א‬١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،Vm‫א‬K‫א‬Vm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،Vm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
K (FM)١ J٣‫א‬

 
 ١ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  V (t )  10 cos( 200t  )
3
 W‫א‬

   ( t )  200  t 
3
d  (t )
   i (t )   200 
dt
  i  2  f i  200   f i  100 Hz

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

Modulation Index ‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  m    Vm (3-13)
 W
(rad) ‫א‬‫א‬Wm
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WKp
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVm
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬Fm‫א‬،EKp= 2.5 rad / VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
  V ( t )  2 cos( 2  2000 t )
 W‫א‬
m    V m 2 . 5  2  5 rad

 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 fVm
  m  (3-14)
fm
f
  m  (3-15)
fm
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  f   f Vm

 ‫א‬Wfm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wkf

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KHz
  f  5
V
‫א‬
  V ( t )  2 cos( 2 2000 t )
 :‫א‬
FM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHz 
  f   f Vm  5  2V  10 KHz
 V 
FM‫א‬
f 10 KHz
 m    5
fm 2 KHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٣
Frequency Analysis of Angle Modulated Waves
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
  f c  f m , f c  2 f m ,..., f c  nf m
 K‫א‬
‫א‬(3-1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W


V (t )  E C cos 2  f C t  Φ(t) 
  (3-16)
 
 (3-16)‫א‬(3-6)‫א‬


V (t )  E C cos 2 f C t  Vm(t) 
  (3-17)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Vm (t )  V cos  m t (3-18)
- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W(3-17)‫א‬(3-18)‫א‬


V (t )  E C cos 2 f C t
 V cos  m t 
 
V (t )  E C cos 2 f C t + m cos 
m t

(3-19)
 W‫א‬E3-13‫א‬‫א‬Fm KpV‫א‬

n
  cos(  m cos  )   J n ( m ) cos(  n cos   ) (3-20)
 2
 Kmn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Jn(m)
 (3-19)‫א‬(3-20)‫א‬

n
  V (t )  E C  J n ( m ) cos(  C t  n m t  ) (3-21)
 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(5-21)‫א‬
   
J o (m) cosC t  J1 (m)cos(C  m )t  2   
   
     
  V (t )  EC J1 (m)cos(C  m )t    J 2(m)cos(C  m )t    (3-22)
  2  2 
   
 J 2( m) cos(   )t   ... 
2 
C m
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3-22)‫א‬
(fc)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f c  f m , f c  2 f m ,..., f c  nf m W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ2(m), J1(m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEJ1, J2,, J3, J4,,….. F‫א‬
 EJn(m) (Ec)unmodulatedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

J
  n[m] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
m Jo J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14

0.00 1.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.25 0.98 0.12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03 - - - - - - - - - - - -

1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02 - - - - - - - - - - -

1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01 - - - - - - - - - -

2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 - - - - - - - - - -

2.4 0.00 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 - - - - - - - - -

2.5 - 0.05 0.5 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 - - - - - - - -

3.0 - 0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01 - - - - - - - -

4.0 - 0.04 - 0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - - -

5.0 - 0.18 - 0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - -

6.0 0.15 - 0.28 - 0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - - -

7.0 0.30 0.00 - 0.30 - 0.17 0.16 0.35 0.34 0.23 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - -

8.0 0.17 0.23 - 0.11 - 0.29 - 0.10 0.19 0.34 0.32 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.03 - - -

9.0 - 0.09 0.25 0.14 - 0.18 - 0.27 - 0.06 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01 -

10.0 - 0.25 0.05 0.25 0.06 - 0.22 - 0.23 - 0.01 0.22 0.32 0.29 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01

‫א‬‫א‬ (m)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣‫א‬KJn[m]
K10m‫א‬‫א‬

 
KmJn[m]٢ J٣‫א‬
 ٤ J٣

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬،m=1‫א‬،FM
 Vm(t)=Vm sin (2π 1000t)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vc(t)=10 sin (2π 5x104t)
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 W‫א‬
 K3‫א‬‫א‬m=1١ J٣‫א‬ .‫أ‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬
J0 = 0.77 (10) = 7.7 V
J1 = 0.44 (10) = 4.4 V
J2 = 0.11 (10) = 1.1 V
J3 = 0.02 (10) = 0.2 V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

7.7

4.4 4.4

1.1 1.1

0.2 0.2

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F KHz
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٣
 Bandwidth requirement for Angle Modulated
٤ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(AM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  B  2. f m (3-24)
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  B  2f (3-25)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  B  2( n  f m ) (3-26)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wn
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬Wfm
(Carson)‫א‬،193928W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  B  2 f  f m (max)  Hz E3-27F
  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W∆F
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wfm(max)
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(3-24)‫א‬∆F‫א‬fm(max)
،Fm(max)‫א‬∆F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3-25)‫א‬
‫א‬98%‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ٥ J٥
‫א‬،∆F =10kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FM
 Kfc= 500kHz،Ec=10v‫א‬‫א‬،fm=10kHz
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  B = 2 ( n x fm)
‫א‬m‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n
 ‫א‬
f
 m 
fm
 m=10k / 10k =1 , m = 1
 
  n=3W‫א‬‫א‬m=1١ J٣‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

B = 2 ( 3 x 10 K ) = 60 KHz.

      W‫א‬‫א‬ J
  
B = 2 (∆F + fm(max))

B = 2 (10 K + 10 K ) = 40 kHz

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢ J٣
 Average Power of an Angle – Modulated Wave
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E C2
  PC   (3-28)
2R

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Pt  P0  P1  P2  P3  ....  Pn (3-29)
E2
V 2
V V 2
V 
2 2
  Pt  0
 2 1
  .... 
2 3

n
(3-30)
2R  2R 2R 2R 2R 
 W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPt
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP3
 ‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬WPn
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE0 = J0 Ec
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WV1= J1 Ec
 Kn‫א‬‫א‬WVn = Jn Ec
١ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J0, J1 , ……… Jn
(5-30)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬K‫א‬
 Kfc‫א‬fc‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٦ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬F٥ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KERL = 50 Ohms‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Ec =10V , m=1, n=3
(3-28) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
10 2
PC  1 W
  2(50)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3-30)‫א‬‫א‬–
 K١ J٣Jo E0 = J0 Ec= 7.7V J١
 
 V1= J1 Ec=0.2 V J٢
 V2= J2 Ec = 1.1 V
 V3= J3 Ec=4.4V
 

 ١ J٣EJ1=0.44 , J2=0.11, J3=0.02F

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3-30)‫א‬ J٣
 
Pt = 1.0051 W 

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
Angle Modulated Transmitters
 FM‫א‬K 
KFM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
  fc  (3-31)
2 Lc
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
1
  f  (3-32)
2 L (c  c )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆C‫א‬‫א‬f
 EHF‫א‬ L ‫א‬K‫א‬

 
  KFM‫א‬٣ J٣‫א‬
 
 KPM‫א‬K
 KPM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 PM‫א‬٤ J٣‫א‬
Angle Modulated Receivers ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Slop detection circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،٥ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

fo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬±f‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٥ J٣‫א‬±V

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

Peak-Differential detection circuit

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣‫א‬
،f1‫א‬ C1, C2, L1‫א‬‫א‬Q2‫א‬‫א‬

 K٦ J٣f2Q1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q2, Q1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q4, Q3‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬C4C3‫א‬ Q4Q3‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Q6, Q5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣FE١F‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ratio detection circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٣‫א‬

 K(C) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1

‫א‬‫א‬K٧ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C3‫א‬٧ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٣‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬10v‫א‬‫א‬5kHzFM‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

 2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬5V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 radPM‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

 K‫א‬2v‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKFM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Vm(t) =10 sin 2 2000t
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ج‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Kp= 1.5 PM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vm(t) = 2 sin (2 2000t)
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫أ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ب‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،Vm(t) = Vm sin 22000t‫א‬،FMm=2‫א‬‫א‬

  Vc(t) = 8 sin (2 800Kt) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬

K -‫ب‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -‫د‬

K2.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٤

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

‫ א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K١
K‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
K١ -٤
 KFDM‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٤
 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 Introduction١-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬KE
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FDM‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TDM‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 FDM‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Efg‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  E١ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤‫א‬
 

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤‫א‬
Kfc1= 100KHz fm1=1 KHz ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
Kfc2= 200KHz fm2=2 KHz ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
Kfc3= 300KHz fm3=3 KHz ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 J٤
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(fg1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

(fg2)‫א‬
KBWT‫א‬‫א‬  J

 

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

W‫א‬‫א‬  J

BW1=(101-99) K= 2 KHz
 W‫א‬‫א‬
BW2=(202-198) K= 4 KHz
 W‫א‬‫א‬
BW1=(303-297) K= 6 KHz
W(fg1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 fg1=(198-101) K=97 KHz
W(fg2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 fg2=(297-202) K=95 KHz
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J

BWT=(303-99) K = 204 KHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
BWT =BW1+BW2+BW3+ fg1+ fg2
= (2+4+6+97+95) K = 204 KHz
 
 

 Telephone-Channel Multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤‫א‬
 
Basic Group ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦ J٤

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤‫א‬
١٠٨ ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬
 K٧ J٤‫א‬١٩٦١٤٨

 
 K١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤‫א‬
Super Group‫א‬‫א‬
،٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٥٢٣١٢‫א‬
 K٨ J٤‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٤‫א‬
 
Master Group‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٠F٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K٩ J٤‫א‬U600 L600 

 
 K٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٤‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
TH    L3  ‫א‬   KE ٦٠٠  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  K٣٦٠٠L4‫א‬K١٨٦٠‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬Efg‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
Kfc1= 150KHz fm1=5 KHz ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
Kfc2= 400KHz fm2=20 KHz ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 Kfc3= 500KHz fm3=30 KHz ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .

Schaum’s outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).

Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New

York (1985).

Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw

Hill 3 rd edition (2000).

Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc

(1996).

Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system
electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990).

Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and
Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr.
Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``.

Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to

communication`` King Saoud university (1988).
 

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
 
 
 

 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ...................................................................................................... ١-١
٣ ................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
٥ ................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
 ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK( CB )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
١٠ ........................................................................‫א‬‫א‬٥-١
١٠ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬ ٦-١
١٠ ........................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬٧-١
 ١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫ א‬٨-١
 ١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٩ J١
١٩... .............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J١
١٨ ...................................................................................................... 

 ٢١KKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢ .................................................................................................. ١-٢
٢٢ ..................................................................................... ‫א‬٢-٢
٢٤ ............................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٢
٢٧ ............................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤-٢
٣٠ .................................................................................. AM٥-٢
٣٤ ......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٦-٢
٣٨ ......................................................................... ‫א‬٧-٢
  ‫א‬ ١٣٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

٣٩ ..................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-٢
٤١ .................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٩-٢
٤٥ .................................................................................... ‫א‬١٠-٢
٥٠ ............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١-٢
٤٥ ....................................................................................... ‫א‬١٢-٢
٥٤ ............................................................................... ‫א‬١٣-٢
٥٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤-٢
٥٣ ...................................................................................................... 

 ٧١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢ ................................................................................................ ١ J٣
٧٢ .......................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣
 ٨٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK( Narrow Band FM )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-٣
٨٦ .................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬4-٣
٨٧ ................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬٥-٣
92. .......... ............................... FM ‫א‬ AM ‫א‬ ٦-٣
٩٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ٩٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٧ ............................................................................................... ١ J٤
٩٧ ................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٢-٤
١٠٠ ................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٤
١٠٣ .................................................................................................... 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬