‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٨
  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?‫?א‬  ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 K‫א‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ٣W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point ‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
-١‐
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 Introduction

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?Radio Communications? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ?Cellular Mobile Telephone? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Personal Communications?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)? ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FDMA‫א‬‫א‬
 ?Microprocessor?      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Cell? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Cellular Telephone System?‫א‬‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬ ?Standards? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
Global System for Mobile Communications ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬GSM?(GSM)

 History of Mobile Communications‫א‬‫א‬١ J١

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 ?Remote Control?   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،?Pager? ‫א‬  ،?Cordless Telephones? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Cellular Telephones?‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF?Mobile?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Portable?  
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Subscriber? ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K?Subscriber Unit? 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Pre-Prevailing Stage ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J١

‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-٤‐
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?Car Telephone Service?‫א‬ 

K?Heavy, bulky and expensive equipments?،‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬? Handover ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
K? Grade Of Service (GOS)?‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Low capacity?‫א‬? frequency reuse?‫א‬‫א‬ 
K? (Very High Power)? ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

First Generation Mobile Systems(1G) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J١

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cellular Mobile Systems?
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ?Cell?     
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1G‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬?Analogue Technology?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?1G?‫א‬

 

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ?1G?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (1970's-1980's)
‫א‬ ‫א‬     K     ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Cellular systems?

K?Frequency Reuse?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Adaptive Power Control?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?(Cell Sectorization)?‫א‬ 
K?Cell Splitting?‫א‬‫ א‬
K?Handover?‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬

 K?Analog Technology?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫ א‬
K?Incompatible Systems?‫א‬ 
K? Capacity Saturation?‫א‬ 
K? Voice Service Only ?‫א‬ 
K?Insufficient Transmission Quality?‫א‬ 
K?No Encryption? 
K?Frequency Modulation (FM)? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K?FDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 ?1G?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F

‫א‬ ‫א‬
Operating  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
Operational
year
Frequency  Country  System
(MHz)
Japan ‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬
1979 800 Nippon Telephone and Telegraphy (NTT-MTS)

1979 800 US ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬ Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

1981-85
450 ‫اﺳﻜﻨﺪﻧﺎﻓﺒﺎ‬ Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
900 Scandinavia
1985 900 UK ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬ Total Access Communication System (TACS)
1985 450 Germany ‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ C450
1985 450
France ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬ Radiocom 2000 (NMT)
1989 900
1985 450 RTMS
Italy ‫إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
1990 900 TACS

 

 Second Generation Mobile Systems(2G) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2G‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،،‫א‬   ‫א‬
Committee of ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?Standards? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬      ?European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT)
  ‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W

  Pan-European Digital Cellular Standard (GSM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١

‫א‬‫א‬900 MHz١٩٩١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K?Group Special Mobile (GSM)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٩٩٢  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬  
 K?Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)?‫א‬

  Electronic Association Interim Standard (IS-54)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢

‫א‬‫א‬   IS-54 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٩١ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،30KHz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?Advanced Mobile Phase Service (AMPS)? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?TDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KDAMPS ‫א‬ AMPS ‫א‬،?FDMA? ‫א‬‫א‬
 KIS-136‫א‬‫א‬

  Interim Standard (IS-95)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣

Code Division ? ‫א‬  ‫א‬         
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?Mutiple Access (CDMA)
   ?Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KIS-95

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Japan Digital Cellular (JDC)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩١‫א‬‫א‬ ?Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)?‫א‬
 ،1500MHz 800MHz ‫א‬‫א‬ IS-54/IS-136‫א‬
‫א‬?Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)? 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1895 - 1918MHzF‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫ א‬E٥

Digital ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Cordless Telephony ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?(CT-2)
K864- 868 MHz‫א‬‫א‬

 ،?2G?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢ J١F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K?Common Standard ?‫א‬‫ א‬

  K?International Roaming?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K?Huge Capacity?‫א‬‫ א‬
  K?Digital Encryption Techniques?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K?Reducing Noise and Interferance?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Low Cost Equipment? 
  K?Low Power Consumption?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
Light Weight, Compact,  Small Size ?   ‫א‬     

  K?Terminals
 K?TDMA digital transmission?‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Integrated Services Digital Network ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

  K?Compatibility

 ?2G?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J١F

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

Operational Frequency Country  System
year range (MHz)
1991 900 ‫أوروﺑﺎ واﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‬ GSM 900
Europe & Middle East
1991 800/1900 America " US" ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜــــــــﺎ‬ D-AMPS (IS-54 / IS-136)
1992 1800 Europe ‫أوروﺑـــــــﺎ‬ GSM 1800
1993 800/1900 America " US" ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜــــــــﺎ‬ IS-95 ( CDMAone )
1993 1800 ( ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ) ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ DCS 1800
United Kingdom "UK"
1994 900 Japan ‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬ Personal Digital Cellular
"PDC"
1995 1900 America " US" ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜــــــــﺎ‬ Personal Communication
Services "PCS"

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

9.6kbps     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K?SMS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  2.5G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Packets‫א‬

 General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2.5 G ‫א‬٤ J١ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬ ‫א‬     Packets Switched Data ‫א‬      ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   KCircuit Switched Data
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?IP?‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K40kbps ،114kbps ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) 2.75 G ‫א‬٥ J١ J١

‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     8PSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
?Multimedia? ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،384kb/s ‫א‬ 
Enhanced Data Rates for  (EDGE)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬
Enhanced Data Rates for  (EDGE)? GSM ‫א‬‫א‬?Global Evolution
 K?GSM Evolution

 Third Generation Mobile Systems(3G)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١ J١

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  PSTN ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KISDN‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣ J١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ١L٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ?Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System (FPLMTS)?
2025 MHz  1885  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K2200 MHz  2110 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ?European Institute of Telecommunications Standards (ETSI)? 
K?Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)? ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
?International Mobile Telecommunication system for the year 2000 (IMT2000)? ٢٠٠٠
  K?International Telecommunication Union (ITU)?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?Global Standard?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

K?Global Roaming?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K?Multimedia Services?‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Unique Universal Handset?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
Multiple Environment (Indoor, ? E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫ א‬
K?outdoor, and vehicular scenarios)
Circuit and packet switching ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K?mode of services
K?World Compatibility?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K?2G?‫א‬‫א‬?3G?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?High Transmission Data Rate?K2Mbps‫א‬ 

 (3.5G)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١ J١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3 Mbps‫א‬
HSDPA=High-?   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Speed Downlink Packet Access
 .‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬?3.75G?‫א‬٨ J١ J١

5.8  ‫א‬      ?3.5? ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬? HSUPA=High-Speed Uplink Packet Access?،Mbps
 .‫א‬ ‫א‬?3.75?‫א‬‫א‬

 WThe Forth Generation (4G) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩ J١ J١

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ?Time-Any Any Where?  ?Real Time Audio?  
?IPV6? K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?IPV6?
 K ‫א‬

NTTdocomo ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?Motorolla, Orange Vodafone,?،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E2012 – 2015F

1 Gbps  ‫א‬  100 Mbps         K١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ K٢
 K?WiMax?‫א‬‫א‬?WiFi?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬ K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KEIPV6FIP‫א‬ K٧
 KIEEE standards 802.11‫ א‬K٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 15‫א‬‫א‬K2015
 
 
Mobile Data Networks,
Packet Radio   Mobile IP, Wireless LAN
(HIPERLAN, 802.11)
 
  Bluetooth
 
Digital Trunked
Private Mobile Radio TETRA
Radio Mobile ATM
 

Analog Cellular
Systems Digital Cellular GSM Phase 2+,
C-Netz, NMT,
AMPS System GSM GPRS, WAP,….

Analog Cordless Digital Cordless

Systems Digital UMTS
phones IMT - 2000
PBX, DECT

Wireless Local
Cordless Public Loop WLL
Telephone Radio in Local
Loop RLL

Satellite System Satellite Systems

Inmarsat LEO, MEO

 
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Paging Systems Paging Systems

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F‫א‬ 

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١

 GSM‫א‬١ J٢ J١


  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   GSM   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫ א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

GSM٢ J٢ J١

 ?GSM?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬(CEPT) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

K900MHz 225MHz
 KCEPT(Group special mobile (GSM))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨٢

FDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٨٧
 KGSM‫א‬TDMA
European Telecommunication (ETSI) Standards ?‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٨٩
 KGSM‫א‬?Institute
‫א‬?Phase (1)?‫א‬GSM 900‫א‬
١٩٩٠
KGSM
KGSM 1800DCS 1800‫א‬ ١٩٩١
KGSM 900phase (1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬GSM 900 
"Global System for Mobile ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM ‫א‬ 
١٩٩٢
 Communications"
?International Roaming Agreement?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬DCS 1800 ١٩٩٣
Data transmission capabilities launched‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٩٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCS 1900‫א‬ 
١٩٩٥
K‫א‬‫א‬?SMS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

KPCS 1900‫א‬GSM 1900 ١٩٩٦

KWireless Application Protocol ١٩٩٩
K?General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠٠
 KWCDMA‫א‬ ٢٠٠١
 K3G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠١٥

 GSM‫א‬٣ J٢ J١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

   GSM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  1980s ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  K     GSM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  GSM   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Phase (1)?‫א‬
 GSM‫א‬  GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E٤ J١F ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?Standardization?  ‫א‬    ?Idea?  GSM
 K?Implementation/usage?‫א‬‫א‬
 
Phase 2+
 
Phase 2  
Phase 1  
 
 
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
 
Idea ‫ﻓﻜﺮة‬  
Standardization ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬
Implementation / Usage ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ واﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬   

 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J١F 

 Phase (1)‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?Voice Telephony?‫א‬‫ א‬

K?International Roaming?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K9.6 kbits/s‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Call Forwarding?‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

K?Call Barring?‫א‬ 
K?Short Message Service (SMS)?‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Ciphering?‫ א‬
K?Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card?‫א‬‫ א‬

 Phase (2) ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K?Advice of charge?‫א‬ 
K?Calling line Identification?‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Call Waiting?‫א‬ 
K?Call Hold?‫א‬ 
K?Conference Calling?‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Closed Users Groups?K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Additional Data Communications Capabilities?‫א‬ 

 Phase (2+)H‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?Multiple Service Profiles?‫א‬‫א‬ 

K?Private Numbers ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Access to the Central Services?‫א‬‫ א‬

 K?DECT? GSM 1900 GSM 1800‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 Phase (2++)HH‫א‬‫א‬

 W?Radio Interface?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩ ‐
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?EDGE? 
‫א‬ ?Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)? 
?Intelligent Networks(IN)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
High ? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Time Slots?‫א‬
K?Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬K?Mobile?‫א‬ J
‫؟‬K?Portable?‫ א‬ J

‫؟‬K?Subscriber?‫ א‬ J

‫؟‬K?Subscriber Unit?‫א‬  J

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬GSM‫א‬ K٦
 
 
 
 

- ٢٠ ‐
   

‫א‬‫א‬
GSM
GSM

- ٢٠ ‐
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSMW‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KGSM‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM
GSM ١ J٢
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ GSM   
Subscriber ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ?Identity Module (SIM)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SIMGSM
 KSIM‫א‬‫א‬

GSM‫א‬١ J١ J٢

        GSM      
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?Switching System (SS)? ‫א‬      GSM   
‫א‬ ?Base Stations System (BSS)?‫א‬‫א‬
GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J٢FK?Network Monitoring Center (NMC)?‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM

  Switching System (SS) ‫א‬W

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?SS? ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)‫א‬ 

Mobile ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?‫א‬
 ?PSTN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?Stations (MS)
 K‫א‬‫א‬?ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 

other GSM 
HLR VLR Networks
BTS  
 
BSC

BTS EIR
 

GMSC
Base Station System MSC
(BSS) AU PSTN  
C
Switching System (SS)  
 
BSC

MS  
BTS
Network Monitoring  
Center (NMC)
Base Station System  
(BSS)
 
GSME١ J٢F

Home Location Register (HLR) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?One Operator?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Visitor Location Register (VLR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ?MSC/VLR?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K?VLR?‫א‬?MSC?K

Authentication Center (AUC)‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ?HLR? ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬Ciphering Key‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?IMEI?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  Base Station System (BSS) ‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?BSS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Radio Connection?
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Base Stations Controller (BSC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

?Paging?  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K?Handover?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?MSC?‫א‬?BSCs?‫א‬‫א‬

 Base Transceiver System (BTS)‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

?Radio Interface?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 Network Monitoring Center (NMC)‫א‬‫א‬W 

Operation and ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K?Network Management Center (NMC) ?‫א‬‫א‬?Maintenance Center (OMC)

 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  OMC-Switching Part (OMC-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  OMC-Radio Part (OMC-R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  Network Management Center (NMC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

GSM‫א‬٢ J١ J٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J٢F‫א‬GSM

 Mobile Station (MS)‫א‬‫א‬W 

  GSM   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 W
  Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)‫א‬ K١

  K  ‫א‬    GSM      ?SIM?  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W?SIM?‫א‬‫א‬K?Mobile Equipments (ME)?

  K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  K?MSISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Location Area Identity ( LAI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Personal Identification Number (PIN)?‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?PIN Unlock Key (PUK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Ciphering keys (Kc)?‫א‬?Authentication keys (Ki)?‫א‬ 
  K?PLMN Frequencies?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  Mobile Equipment (ME)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ SIM 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

K?International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K?MS?‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 

 

 ?MS?‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F

 WE٣ J٢FMS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K? Vehicular Station?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K?Portable (Transportable) Stations?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K?Handheld Stations?E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  
 
 
 
 
Transportable MS Handheld MS Vehicular MS
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F

 Base Stations System (BSS)‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BSS? ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KGSM ?MS? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  K?MS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  K‫א‬?Handover?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬ ?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬ ?BSS? ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Transcoder Unit (TRAU)?‫א‬ ?BSC? ‫א‬
 KE٤ J٢F?BSC?‫א‬?MSC?

 
 
Um
Abis BSC  

TRAU
MS BTS  
A
 

MSC
BSC/TRAU

Abis A  
BTS  
  BSS

 BSS‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F

Base transceiver station (BTS) ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS? ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Radio Interface?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?Antennas? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Transceivers? E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬     K?MS?
  ?Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)? ‫א‬    ?BTS?   
‫א‬?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K?Cell Global Identity (CGI)?‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Frequency Hopping ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 ?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F

  Transcoder Unit (TRAU) ‫א‬ 

  ?Rate Adaptation? ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
    ?BSC? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ?MSC? ‫א‬  
16 kbits/s64 kbits/s ?MSC?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?TRAU?‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬?BSC?‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TRAUE٦ J٢F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Base Station Controller (BSC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

? MSC?‫א‬?BTSs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٢٠،‫א‬?BTS?
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?BSC? ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE٧ J٢F‫א‬ 
BSCs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .A-bis?BTS?
 W‫א‬?BSC?‫א‬K‫א‬BTSs

K?Channel Allocation?‫א‬ K١
K?Link Quality?‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K?Signalling and Broadcast Traffic Control?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K?Frequency hopping?‫א‬ K٤
K?Handover initiation?‫א‬ K٥
 K?Call set-up?‫א‬ K٦
 

 ‫ א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    GSM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬K?MS?‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬?Switching and Call Routing ?‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬?Paging Handling?‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K?Charging?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  .?MSC?‫א‬?BSS?‫א‬‫א‬?Signaling System?‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K?BSSs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬?HLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫? א‬BSCs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
  K٢٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?Location Updating?  ‫א‬   K٨
   K?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬?MS?
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
   K ?GMSC?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

VLR HLR other GSM

Networks
BSC

GMSC
MSC

A
MS BTS PSTN   
 
EIR
(BSS)
AUC
(SS)

 MSC‫א‬E٨ J٢F

 

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Home Location Register (HLR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
? HLR? ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

  K?MSISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K?LAI, MSC Service Area? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬?Supplementary Services?‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K?Authentication Information's?‫א‬ K٥

 Visitor Location Register (VLR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ?MSs? ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ?HLR? ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ?VLR? ‫א‬      K ?MSC?    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?‫א‬?MSC?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J ?HLR?
 W‫א‬‫א‬K

  K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

  K?Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)?‫א‬ K٢
  K?MSISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K?Location Area (LA)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬?Supplementary Services?‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K?e.g. Idle?‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Equipment Identity register (EIR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

International Mobile Equipment ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ GSM  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬ ?Identity (IMEI)
 ?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬?EIR?‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W?Valid or White list? ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W?Suspect or Black list? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W?Fraudulent or Gray list? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?IMEI?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MS?‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?
‫א‬‫א‬?EIR?‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?‫א‬
KE٩ J٢F

3. Checking IMEI 1. IMEI request

 
MSC/VLR
EIR  

4. Access / barring 2. IMEI sending MS

 KMSs‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Authentication Center (AUC)‫א‬ 

  GSM‫א‬‫א‬
?Authentication keys (Ki)? ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ?AUC? ‫א‬
?Ki?‫א‬K‫א‬?Ciphering keys (Kc)?‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ?SIM?   ‫א‬   ?IMSI? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
?HLR?‫א‬‫א‬?AUC?‫א‬K?Security Parameters?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬،?OMC?‫א‬‫א‬
 WK?AUC?‫א‬
KKi‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KKi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬Kc‫א‬ K٣
 
 

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠ J٢F

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cellular Structure‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .?Handover?‫א‬
‫א‬   E١١ J٢F‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬       
 W‫א‬
 
Um
 
BTS  
MS
 
BTS
BTS
 
BTS BTS  
 
MSC

BTS BTS

 
BTS BTS
 
BTS BTS
 
BTS
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 WCell‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E١٢ J٢F ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K?Cell Global Identity (CGI)?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ 
 
 KE١٣ J٢F‫א‬

  
 
 

 

?Hexagonal Cell?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Overlap Region)‫א‬EF
(Dead Region)EF  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F

 

 
- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Omni directional Cell‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

  ‫א‬  ?BTS?  ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 360ο‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
BTS  

BTS  BTS

  BTS


BTS  BTS

BTS
 

 ‫א‬E١٤ J٢F

١٢٠(Sector Cell)‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ١٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥ J٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
BTS BTS  
 
BTS
 
BTS BTS
 
‫א‬‫א‬Eο٦٠F ‫א‬Eο١٢٠F  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F
- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  ‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 ο٦٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    KE١٥ J٢F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ο٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kο١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Location Area (LA) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Location Area Identity (LAI)?‫א‬‫א‬
 ?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬

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 Location Area (LA)‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F

  MSC/VLR Service Area‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٧ J٢F‫א‬?MSC/VLR?
‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K?HLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSC/VLR?
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  
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   
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 ?MSC/VLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٢F

  PLMN Service Area‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE١٨ J٢F     MSC/VLR 
    ،?Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K

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 ?PLMN Service Area?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٢F

  GSM 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

KE١٩ J٢F GSM‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ?International Roaming? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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 ?GSM?E١٩ J٢F
  Basic cellular concepts‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Frequency Re-use?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      K ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬        ‫א‬      ‫א‬   
    ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     K‫א‬   ?Cluster? ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cluster Concept‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KG  A   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ?Cluster? ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
G  
F B
 

A
 
 
E C
 
D

 

 ?7 Cell Cluster?٧WE٢٠ J٢F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K  i 2  j2  ij (2.1)
?Integers?‫א‬ j i ?Cluster?‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬i 
 ‫א‬j 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٢F
j = 2 and i=1

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬(2.1)‫א‬ ji

k = i2 + j2 + ij = 12 + 22 + 1×2 = 7 Cells

 Signal attenuation with distance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬    K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K?Re-use Distance (D)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Frequency Re-use‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ PLMN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
  E٢١ J٢F ‫א‬ K 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster? ‫א‬
 KGA‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F

j = 2 and i=3

 ‫א‬
 W(2.1)?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬
K  i 2  j 2  ij
K  32  (2)(3)  22  19 Cells
G
F B G
 
A F B
E C A
D  E C
G D
F
 B
A  
E C
D

‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬٧ ‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎت آﻞ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬٢١-٢)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 KA‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F
- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬
 KGA‫א‬‫א‬?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Re-use Distance ( D )
 
 
R
G  
F B G  
A F B   
E C A
 
D E C
 
D
Cluster 1   
Cluster 2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F

 D/RK‫ א‬

‫א‬?K?‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬?D/R?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
D
 3K (2.2)
R

‫א‬ ?Re-use Factor ?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ D/R‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬

D  3K R (2.3)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F
.‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬1 Km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
D
 3K  3  7  21  4.6
R
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

= = 4.6 Km

Handover‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
 
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٢F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
  

 W‫א‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ?GMS?‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٢F‫א‬  
GSM 1900 GSM 1800 E-GSM 900 P-GSM 900 GSM 800  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

1850 – 1910 1710 – 1785 880- 915 890 – 915 824 – 949   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz   up-link

1930 – 1990 1805 – 1880 925 – 960 935 – 960 869 – 894   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz  down-link
 ‫א‬‫א‬
~ 16 cm ~ 17 cm ~ 33 cm ~ 33 cm 37.5 cm
 Wavelength
2 × 25  ‫א‬‫א‬
2 × 60 MHz 2 × 75 MHz 2 × 35 MHz 2 × 25 MHz
MHz  Bandwidth
 ‫א‬‫א‬
80 MHz 95 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz
 Duplex Distance
 ‫א‬‫א‬
200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
Carrier Separation
 ‫א‬‫א‬
300 375 175 125 125 no. of Channels

‫א‬
270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s
 Transmission Rate
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  FDMA and TDMA J TDMA JFDMA J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J J  J‫א‬ J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J J‫א‬
WGSM 
  J J J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P-GSM 900 
 300 J175 J124 J373 J‫א‬
 WEuplinkF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P-GSM 900 
 890-915MHz J 880-915MHz J 935-960MHz J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM 1900 
 175 J300 J373 J124 J‫א‬
 D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K= 7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W R= 600 m
  2749.5m J 5956 m  J 1520.3m J 2454.5m J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  BSS JEIR JVLR  JMSC J‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 
  AUC JBSS JHLR JMSC J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 
  AUC JBSS JOMC JMSC J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 
  AUC JBSS JVLR JMSC J‫א‬
 WGSM ‫א‬Modulation‫ א‬
  ASK J GMSK JMSK JFSK J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM TDMA ‫א‬ 
 ١٢  J ١٠ J٨ J٦ J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ P-GSM 900 
 ٩٩٢  J ٤٠ J١٠٢٤ J٦٠٠ J‫א‬
W‫א‬GSMK٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 W‫ א‬GSM‫א‬K٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 ‫א‬BS 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BS 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BS 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BS 

 ‫א‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬

 BSC‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 BSCBS 
 BSC 
 IMEI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 ‫א‬ 
  
  
  

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   

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٠ ‐
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣

 Frequency ‫א‬١ J١ J٣ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Radio Waves?E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?Hz?  ?Hertz?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ?ƒ? 
Speed of ?‫א‬?λ??Wavelength?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬3×108 m/s ?c??Light
 W‫א‬

ƒ = c/ λ (3.1)

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?λ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K300 MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٣F

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.1F‫א‬

c 3 x108 m / s
   1m
f 300 x106 Hz

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Frequency spectrum‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١ J٣

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?Radio Waves? ‫א‬‫א‬  ?Frequency Spectrum? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E١ J٢F ‫ א‬  K 300 GHz    300 Hz   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VLF 1Mm – 10Km 0.3 – 30KHz  
LW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ LF 10Km – 1Km 30 – 300KHz  
MW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MF 1Km – 100m 0.3 – 3MHz  
FM SW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ HF 100m – 10m 3 – 30MHz  
VHF‫א‬ VHF 10m – 1m 30 – 300MHz
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ UHF‫א‬ UHF 1m – 10cm 0.3 – 3GHz
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SHF 10cm – 1cm 3 – 30GHz
 
 ‫א‬ EHF 1cm – 1mm 30 – 300GHz
 

  Bandwidth‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Frequency Band?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?fmax??fmin?
 ? fmax? ‫א‬ ?Bandwidth?‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K?Hertz??BW?K‫א‬?fmin?

BW = fmax - fmin (3.2)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K?Bit/sec?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Bits?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٢ J٣F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
PDC AMPS, TDMA, CDMA NMT  
810-820 MHz 824-849 MHz  452-457 MHz ‫ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‬ 
940-956 MHz 869-894 MHz 462-467 MHz
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬
1429-1465 MHz     Mobile  
1477-1513 MHz GSM, TDMA, CDMA GSM  phones  
1850-1910 MHz 890-915 MHz
1930-1990 MHz 935-960 MHz  
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz  
 PHS PACS CT1+
1895-1918 MHz 1850-1910 MHz 885-887 MHz  
‫א‬‫א‬
1930-1990 MHz 930-932 MHz  
     ‫א‬
JCT CT2 Cordless  
254-380 MHz PACS-UB 864-868 MHz telephones
1919-1930MHz
 
 
DECT  
1880-1900 MHz
 
 

 Channels‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J١ J٣

   ?Channels? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬        
  ?ƒ?      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬?BWch?
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Half Duplex Channels?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Simplex Channels?
 K?Full Duplex Channels?‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Simplex Channels‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F

 K‫א‬‫א‬?Pager System?‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Radio & TV Broadcasting?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Tx Rx
1 Radio Channel  
 
 

 A   B
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F 

Half-Duplex Channels‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬      
           
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،?Police Terminals? ‫א‬?Release to Listen? ‫א‬ ?Push to Talk?
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬

 

- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Tx \ Rx Tx \ Rx  
1 Radio Channel
 
 
 
 A   B
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F

Full-Duplex Channels‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬GSM‫א‬

 
 
Tx \ Rx Tx \ Rx  
RF1  
2 Radio Channel  
RF2  
 A B
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F

 

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Propagation Velocity‫א‬ ٥ J١ J٣

?v?‫א‬Kc = 3x108 m/s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  v
c
(3.3)
r

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Relative Permittivity?‫א‬‫א‬ εr

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ εr = 1‫א‬‫א‬
 K3x108 m/s

 Duplex Distance‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J١ J٣

?Full-Duplex Channels?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Down-link? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٣F ?Up-link?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬K?Duplex Distance?‫א‬

 
 
 
Down-link  
 
 

  
 
Up-link
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F
 
- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
Up - Link Down - Link
 
MHz 890 915 935 960  
Duplex Distance (45 MHz)  
Bandwidth (2 X 25 MHz)  

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F 

 Carrier Separation (Carrier Bandwidth)‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١ J٣

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ?Carrier Bandwidth?  ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬?Overlap?‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  GSM    K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٦ J٣F?200 KHz?‫א‬

  

 
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MHz 895.4 895.6
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Carrier Separation (200 kHz)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F  

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Modulation Method ‫א‬٨ J١ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،?Amplitude?‫א‬ ?Carrier Signal?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ?Phase?‫א‬،? Frequency? ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬

K?Amplitude shift keying (ASK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K?Frequency shift keying (FSK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Phase shift keying (PSK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
ASK
 
 
FSK  
 
 
 
PSK (BPSK)
(0ο, 180ο)  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F 

‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Minimum Shift ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    FSK, PSK  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Keying (MSK)
 ?Even Bits? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f1‫א‬‫א‬W K‫א‬‫א‬?Odd Bits?
 W‫א‬‫א‬Kf2=2f1 f2‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 f2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

 KE180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

f1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KE180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

f1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬f2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  MSK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Gaussian Low-Pass Filter?‫א‬

 ?Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬  GSM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?DECT?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Multiple Access Methods ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩ J١ J٣

 FDMA  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K?Frequency Domain?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FDMA
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F

915 ?   ?890 MHz?  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   GSM  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?MS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Up-Link? ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?MHz
?960 MHz?  ?935 MHz?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS? 
20 ?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?BTS?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Down-Link? ‫א‬
‫א‬ 124 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ?MHz
  K?200 KHz?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 TDMA   ‫א‬‫א‬ 

?Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)?‫א‬‫א‬

 ?Time Slot (TS)?‫א‬‫א‬ ?Time Domain?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

GSM?FDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TDMA frame‫א‬‫א‬?TDMA?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ?Time Slot (TS)?  8
 K?TDMA? E١٠ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
   
Frequency1  
 
 
 
 
 
TDMA  
 
 

 GSM?TDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F
 

 SDMA   ‫א‬‫א‬ 

?TDMA? ?FDMA?  

   GSM  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Space Division Multiple Aaccess ? ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?(SDMA)
 ‫א‬    E١١ J٣F ‫א‬  K     ?Cells?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K?SDMA? ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 ?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١ J٣F 

?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?GSM?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?MS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Co-channel ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬K?Interferance
?Main Beam?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Smart/Adaptive Antennas?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٢ J٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Radiation Nulls?‫א‬
 K?SDMA?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?SDMA?‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
f1

f1  
f2
Phased  
Array
Antenna
 
f1

f3
f1  
A. 120ο Sectored Radio
Site
Radio beams
follow movement
 
of mobile radio f1
 
f1
B. Radio Site with SDMA
Technology
 

 ?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢ J٣F

 CDMA‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

G3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)?
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? CDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬٢ J٣

 Path Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٣

 3x108 m/s     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
EFPr‫א‬‫א‬ K?Line Of Sight (LOS)?
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?d?‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬?Inverse Square Law?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
Pr  (3-4)
d2

‫א‬?Gain?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K

 Blocking and Shadowing‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣

F ?BTS?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?MS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Blocking?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?Fading?‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Shadowing? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Reflection?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     E١٣ J٣F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 ?Shadowing?‫א‬E١٤ J٣F

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Scattering?
‫א‬ ?Wave Diffraction?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    K
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ?Patterns?         KE١٤ J٣F  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?Wave Diffraction?‫א‬‫א‬?Scattering?‫א‬E١٥ J٣F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Multi-path propagation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Multi-path ? ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?Propagation
 ?MS?‫א‬‫א‬  ?BTS? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?Rayleigh Fading?   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  
 K?Delay Spread or Time Dispersion?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
3μs‫א‬?Delay Spread?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬  
 K

 Rayleigh Fading 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?Rayleigh Fading?     E١٥ J٣ F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬?Rayleigh Fading?E١٥ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
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 Time Dispersion or Delay Spread ‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  K?TDMA? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?One Bit? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Time Dispersion? ‫א‬
   K‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ?Adaptive Equalization?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

?Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦ J٣F‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
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     15 μs   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  GSM  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E١٧ J٣F‫א‬  4.5Km
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15 μs
 K‫א‬4.5Km

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٣F

 Time alignment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٣

  K?Time Domain? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬  ?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         
‫א‬    K‫א‬     E١٨ J٣F ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬?Timing Advance?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
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 ?Time Alignment?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K?Bit? ?Symbol? ‫א‬
Inter-Symbol Interference?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?Symbol Rate?‫א‬‫א‬KK?(ISI)

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩ J٣F‫א‬K?Short Term Fading?‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Long Term Fading?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٣F

‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
‫א‬  ?Doppler Shift?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣ J٣

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬        K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Channel Coding ‫א‬ ١ J٣ J٣

Bit Error Rate ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K?(BER)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

( Tx bits) 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

( Rx bits) 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

( BER)‫א‬ ↑ ↑ ↑ BER= 3/10 = 30%

 

‫א‬   ‫א‬   ?Channel Coding? ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K?Path Loss?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 Interleaving ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬?Interleaving?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠ J٣F‫א‬ ?Bits? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٣F

 Antenna Diversity‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٣

‫א‬?Time Diversity? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Space ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Angle Diversity? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Frequency Diversity? ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Diversity

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K10cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E ٢١ J٣F
?1/10 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٣F

Adaptive Equalization‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٣

‫א‬?Adaptive Equalization? ‫א‬‫א‬

Time ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   
?Bits? ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K?Dispersion
Training ? ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?Burst? ‫א‬  ?Time Slot? ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ?Sequence
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ?26 Bit?  ‫א‬    GSM    
 KE٢٢ J٣F‫א‬
Received burst
Data S' Data  
 
{

Choose
"?"
So that
 
Correlator diff Diff
Is  
minimized
Transmitted burst  
{

? S ? Channel
Model
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Frequency Hopping‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣ J٣

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?Frequency Hopping? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
?Co-channel Interference?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K ?Fading? ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  124 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Slow Frequency Hopping? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K?Fast Frequency Hopping? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٣ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Timing Advance ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MS?‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Timing Advance?‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ?Timing Advance? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K?Time Alignment? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٣F‫א‬

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Sending
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Time Synchronization Time  
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‫א‬Kone bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM
GSMK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬63 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K35 Km
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣

MS‫א‬‫א‬KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬ E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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MS‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F
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MS‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

   ?GMSK? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?Duplexer? ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?BTS? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥ J٣F‫א‬

 Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٣

 ?Analog Speech Information?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F( 0's , 1's)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?‫א‬

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 ‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F

  Sampling‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 kHz
 K‫א‬E٢٧ J٣F‫א‬K3400 Hz 300 Hz

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

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 Sampling‫א‬E٢٧ J٣F

 Quantization‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Quantization ?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E٢٨ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Error
 GSM  256 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K13 bit / sample‫א‬‫א‬،8192

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 ?Quantization?‫א‬E٢٨ J٣F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Coding‫א‬ 

EBits   F    ‫א‬   Coding ‫א‬  
‫א‬K( 213 = 8192 level ) 13 Bit  
 K‫א‬E٢٩ J٣F

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0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1  
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 GSM‫א‬E٢٩ J٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬

Rb ( one MS) = 104 kbits/s = 13 bit /sample ×8000 sample

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rb ( 8 MS) = 104 kbits/s × 8 MS = 832 kbit/s

‫א‬   ?MS?   200 kHz  GSM   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 832 kbit/s‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Segmentation and Speech Coding ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٣

 Segmentation‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
     20 ms    ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬bits 20 ms‫א‬
 KE٣٠ J٣F8000 sample/s 50 sample/s

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٣F

 Speech Coding‫א‬ 

A/D ‫א‬ 13 bits  260 bits‫א‬ GSM‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 Rb = 50 sample × 260 bit = 13 kbits/s

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Rb = 13 kbits/s × 8 MS = 104 kbits/s

 Channel Coding ‫א‬٣ J٤ J٣

E٣١ J٣F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Channel Coding? ‫א‬  
‫א‬K GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   20 ms  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   260 bit  
 W‫א‬

  KE50 Very Important BitsF‫א‬50 bitW١‫ א‬K١

  KE132 Important BitsF132 bitW٢‫ א‬K٢
  KE78 Not So Important BitsF78 bitW٣‫ א‬K٣

F?Parity?3bitBlock Coder?50 bit?١‫א‬

 K53 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E?1s?
Convolutional ?‫א‬‫א‬?Tail?4 bit?132 bit?٢‫א‬53 bit
 378 bit‫א‬ 1/2  ‫א‬ ?Coding
  456 bit‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ 78 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K20 ms
 
50 very Block
Coder 53 bits
378 bit
 
Important bits 1:2
 
+3 bits
Convolution
al

132 Important bits

Coder  
 
456 bits
4 Tail bits  
 
78 Not so Important bits  
 

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٣F
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W?MS?‫א‬‫א‬
 Rb = 456 bits / 20 ms = 22.8 kbits/s
 W?MSs?
 Rb = 22.8 kbits/s × 8 MS = 182.4 kbits/s
GSM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤ J٣

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
20 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
8 Blocks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬456 bitms
‫א‬‫א‬EF 57 bit 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢ J٣F
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   20 ms          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 1,2,3,4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5,6,7,8F
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣ J٣F

Ciphering / Encryption ‫א‬٥ J٤ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  GSM ?Encryption? ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  114 bit ?XOR?
‫א‬K?kc ? ‫א‬ ?Frame Number (FN)? ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 114 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣٤ J٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 Ciphering / Deciphering‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤ J٣F
 

 Burst Formatting‫א‬٦ J٤ J٣

 J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 546.5μs ‫א‬  148 bit‫א‬  GSM 

 W‫א‬E٣٥

 3 bit ?Tail?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬57 bit?User Data?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K1 bitESF?Flag? J
 K26 bit?Training Sequence?‫א‬ J
 K1 bitESF?Flag? J
 K‫א‬‫א‬57 bit?User Data?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 3bit  ?Tail?‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 15.25μs‫א‬?Space Guard? J
 

‫א‬       30.5μs ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K577 μs?Time Slot?‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 GSM  ?Burst?‫א‬E٣٥ J٣F

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?Digital Modulator?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    GSM    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K?Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) ?‫א‬

 -60dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
       200KHz   ?Bandwidth?      270.8Kbit/s
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?Duplexer?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 1.35bit/sec/Hz
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ JW
  K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 ‫ ؟‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Multiplexing ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 FDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 TDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 SDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٤
 ‫ ؟‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥
 ‫ ؟‬GSM K٢٦
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٧
 ‫ ؟‬GSMencryption ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٨
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٩
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣٠

 
 
 
 
 
 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٨٨
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٩W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power Point‫א‬‫ א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 
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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤

  ‫א‬        GSM   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KGSM‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬?FDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM
 25 MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?TDMA?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 200KHz‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Carrier? 124
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?TDMA? ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ?Burst?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 577μs‫א‬ 15/26 ms‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F

Frame-  ? ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K4.615 ms120/26 ms‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?TDMA

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬GSME٢ J٤F

‫א‬   ?Logical Channel? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Physical Channel? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Logical Channel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤

Traffic ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ?Control Channels? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،?TCH?   ?Channels
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K?CCH?
 K?Down-Link?‫א‬‫א‬?Up-Link?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Base Station?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?MS?‫א‬
 ?TCHs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSMK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM

 

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
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 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F

 TCHs ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٤

26 ? 
  26   ?Multi-Frame?     ?TCHs? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٤ J٤F?TDMA-Frames

 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
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?Speech??Traffic?
 24K120 ms‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?User Data? ‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬?Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)?‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?TCHs?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Full Rate TCHs (13.4kbps)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K?Half Rate TCHs (7kbps)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KGSM‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ?TCH/F (FR)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬?Time Slot (TS)?‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬?TCH/H?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?TS0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM‫א‬
?Broadcast Station?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

 

 

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F

Speech TCH Data TCH

Traffic Channels Bit

Full (FR) Half (HR) Full (FR) Half (HR)

Rates (TCH)

Channel Channel Parity Parity

Speech Speech Data Data
Coding Coding Check Check
4.8
9.6 kbps 1.8 kbps 6.6 kbps
kbps
13 kbps 9.8 kbps 6.5 kbps 4.9 kbps 4.8 kbps 6.6 kbps 2.4
9 kbps
2.4 kbps 9 kbps kbps
Overall
22.8 kbps 11.4 kbps 22.8 kbps 11.4 kbps
Bit Rate
 
 CCHs‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤

 WE٣ J٤F‫א‬GSM

?Broadcast Channels (BCH) ?‫א‬‫א‬ 

?Common Control Channels (CCCH)?‫א‬ 
 ?Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)?‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM

?Down-link?‫א‬‫א‬?CCCH?‫א‬?BCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?TS0? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?Up-link?‫א‬
Control Channel Multi-?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬51‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
GSM ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤FFrame
?TCHs?‫א‬‫א‬ TS0:TS7،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Broadcast Channels
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 34  GSM‫א‬

‫א‬       51  ‫א‬  ?Down-Link? ‫א‬   
?CCCH? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ?CCCH?   ?BCH? ‫א‬ 
 ?TS0?‫א‬‫א‬  ?Up-Link?‫א‬
?DCCH? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K?Idle Frame? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 
 KDCCH‫א‬

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Broadcast Channels (BCH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٤

 ?Down-Link?‫א‬‫א‬ ?BCH? ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ KGSM   ?TS0?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬?Up-Link?‫א‬‫א‬?Duplex?‫א‬‫א‬?TCHs?‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ?BCH? ‫א‬‫א‬    K?Down-Link? ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Synchronization?  ‫א‬‫א‬ ?BCH? ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?BCH? ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?TS0?
  K?Dummy Bursts?      ?DCCH? ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?TCH?
 ?TCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?DCCH?

?TS0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?BCH?‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣ J٤FK51‫א‬‫א‬

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?BCCH? K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ?BCCH?
 K54 51‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K?BCCH?‫א‬‫א‬?TS0?‫א‬‫א‬W
?I?‫א‬ ?CCCHs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E SCH FCCH WF  ?BCH?‫א‬
 K51

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)‫א‬ 

‫א‬ GSM TS 0‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Synchronization Channel (SCH)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ،?FCCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?TS0?‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 2715647 0‫א‬‫א‬ (FN)‫א‬ ?SCH? ‫א‬‫א‬
 ?SCH? ‫א‬‫א‬  K GSM‫א‬‫א‬ ?BSIC? ‫א‬
 KE51F‫א‬‫א‬

 Common Control Channels (CCCH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢ J٤

GSM?TS0?‫א‬‫א‬?BCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ?BCH?
 ?CCCH? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 WE٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Paging Channel (PCH)?‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Random Access Channel (RACH)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Access Grant Channel (AGCH)?‫א‬ J

   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ?CCCH? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Paging Channel (PCH)‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٩٦ -
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ?PCH? ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ?IMSI?‫א‬‫א‬
K?RACH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?PCH?‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Random Access Channel (RACH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K?PCH? ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

?TS0?‫א‬?PCH?‫א‬‫א‬
 RACH‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K GSM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ?RACH?     
?Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel(SDCCH)? ‫א‬     
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬    
 K?AGCH?‫א‬

Access Grant Channel(AGCH)‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AGCHK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?CCCH? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?RACH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K?CCCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 

 

1) Paging (PCH) 
  BSS / MSC
MS 2) Random Access (RACH)
 
 
3) Channel Assignment
 
 
 
Access Burst
TB Training Seq 
Data  TB GP
8 41 36 3 68.25
   

Channel Req. message

Establishment Random discriminator
Cause 3 bits 5 bits
 

 RACH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CCCHMSBTS‫א‬E٦ J٤F 

  Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢ J٤

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   GSM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬?DCCHs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K?BCH? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬

Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH) ‫א‬‫א‬ K١

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH)‫א‬ K٢

Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH)‫א‬ K٣

 Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH) ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ?SDCCH?   K‫א‬   ?TCH?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
?MSC?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E‫א‬ F
‫א‬ ?SDCCH?‫א‬ KTCH‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BCH?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ?CCCH?
 K

Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH)‫א‬ 

  ?SDCCH? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
?SACCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ?Time Advance Instructions? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬?BCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?TCH?‫א‬

L‫א‬‫א‬?SDCCH?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?SDCCH?‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH)‫א‬ 

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?FACCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?SDCCH?
?SDCCH? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?FACCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?Bits?K‫א‬‫א‬??
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬?TCH?
 K‫א‬?TCH?‫א‬‫א‬?FACCH?

Control Channels for Authentication and Encryption‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬ J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬E٧ J٤F
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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 W‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E٨ J٤F

Logical –physical Mapping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 

  Burst structure and Types ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?DCCH? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Normal Burst? ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?FCCH? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?TCH?
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?SCH?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?RACH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?Dummy? ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F

Normal Burst TB Encrypted bits Flag Training Sequ. Flag Encrypted bits TB GP
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 68.25

Synch Burst TB Encrypted bits Synchronization Sequ. Encrypted bits TB GP

3 39 64 39 3 68.25

Freq. Correction TB
Burst 3
Fixed bits
142
TB
3
GP
68.25
 
 
TB Mixed bits Training Sequ. Mixed bits TB GP
Dummy Burst
3 58 26 58 3 68.25  
 
Access Burst TB Synchronization Sequ. Encrypted bits TB GP
8 41 36 3 68.25  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬ 20µs
 
 

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 ‫א‬E١١ J٤F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4.615ms‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،20µs 147 Bit

GSM QOS ‫א‬٥ J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬4s  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 10s  Switch On Time
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 4s
 Connection Time
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2s
 Release Time
 ‫א‬‫א‬4s  ‫א‬‫א‬
 15s Incoming Call Alert
 ‫א‬‫א‬150ms  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬100ms  Max Handoff Gap
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 90ms
Max One Way Delay
 ‫א‬
90%
Speec Intelligibility

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  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬K١٣
‫؟‬‫א‬
KGSM‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
 W‫א‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
  
  
  
  

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   

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬GSM‫א‬ K٢
 KGPRS K٣
 KCDMA‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٧W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point ‫א‬‫ א‬
 KGSM ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬GSM‫א‬١ J٥
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ GSM‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     KE F‫א‬   
 K‫א‬

‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ?Quality? ‫א‬ ،?Coverage? ‫א‬،?Capacity?
GSM       ‫א‬  GSM   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  GSM‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬

High Speed Circuit Switched Data ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ?(HSCSD)
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ?General packet radio service (GPRS)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?HSCSD?

   K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   "GPRS?  
Enhanced ? GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GPRS
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
?Universal Mobile Telecommunication system (UMTS)? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
  UMTS
Functionality

 GSM
 - GPRS data services
EDGE
  up to 160 kbit/s

GSM - HSCSD data services up to 38.6 kbit/s

(later
 up to 64 kbit/s)
 data
GSM - CS  services
up to 9.6 kbit/s

1991/1992 1998 1999 2000 2002 Time   

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F

 ‫א‬٢ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
?Switching?     K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Packet Switching?    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K?Circuit Switching?

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
ETime Slot‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
    
      ‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 
     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 

 

 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
Circuit Switching Packet Switching  
 
Information

A B A B

Information

A B A B

Information
Information

A B A B

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F

 Circuit Switched Communication‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬   ?Data Traffic? ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    E٣ J٥F ‫א‬   K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K

 Packet Switched Communication‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?e-mail??Bursts?‫א‬ 
K?Telemetry Applications?‫א‬‫ א‬

 

 

 

 

 

 

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Packet Switched applications‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 Horizontal Applications‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٥

 WK?Person – to – Person? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?E-mail?‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K?World Wide Web (WWW) Browsers?‫א‬ K٢
K?Internet Chats?‫א‬ K٣
K?File Transfer Protocol (FTP)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K?Credit Card Readers?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K?Two- way Messaging?‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 Vertical applications‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٥

 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K?Field Sales?‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤

 GSM٦ J٥

       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 SMS‫א‬‫א‬ GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K 9.6 kbit/s 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 KE٤ J٥F‫א‬GSM‫א‬
 
384 kb/s
 
EDGE
 
 
115 kb/s
 
9.6 – 14.4 kb/s 57.6 kb/s GPRS
 
HSCSD
CS  
 
 GSM‫א‬E٤ J٥F

 HSCSD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦ J٥

GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM ?CS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?TCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬57.6 kbit/s
Down-?‫א‬‫א‬?Up-Link?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?Upload?‫א‬ ?Download?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Link
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?Notebooks with Data Card?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?HSCSD?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ?8TS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
Air Interface User ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?TDMA?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

8TCH/F14.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?Rate (AIUR)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K115.2 kbit/s 14.4 kbit/s
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬
AIUR‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬4TS‫א‬4TS57.6 kbit/s
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 HSCSD‫א‬TS‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F
AIUR TCH / F4.8 TCH / F9.6 TCH / F14.4
4.8 kbit/s 1 - -
9.6 kbit/s 2 1 -
14.4 kbit/s 3 - 1
19.2 kbit/s 4 2 -
28.8 kbit/s - 3 2
38.4 kbit/s - 4 -
43.2 kbit/s - - 3
57.6 kbit/s - - 4  

‫א‬GSM‫א‬?HSCSD?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬?CS?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ?TCH?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?TCH?‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GPRS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦ J٥

‫א‬        ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K?GPRS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?HSCSD?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ GSM    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
115kbit/s ‫א‬‫א‬ .(2.5G)٢{٥?GPRS?K
 K56kbit/s to 117kbit/s

 (EDGE)GSM‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦ J٥

‫א‬  ?EDGE?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EGPRS (Enhanced ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?GPRS? 
  K384kbit/s   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ?GPRS)
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ?EDGE?
‫א‬ ?EDGE? K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?HSCSD?  ?GPRS?    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ?EDGE?  
?GMSK? ‫א‬    ?8 PSK? ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ GSM‫א‬
 ?GPRS?      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K200 kHz  ‫א‬
  K?EDGE?  ?GPRS? ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F‫א‬ KGSM
 ?EDGE Transceiver Unit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?EDGE?
EDGE‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
  ?Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS)? ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 60 kbit/s
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BER‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K?MS?‫א‬‫א‬?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Up & Down Link?
 K 8PSKGMSK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EDGEGPRS‫א‬E٥ J٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F
Modulation and Modulatin Bit Rate Coding Rate  
Coding Scheme Technique (kbit/s) / TS (bits)
MCS-1 GMSK 8.8 53  
MCS-2 GMSK 11.2 66
MCS-3 GMSK 14.8 85  
MCS-4 GMSK 17.6 100
MCS-5 8 PSK 22.4 37  
MCS-6 8 PSK 29.6 49
MCS-7 8 PSK 44.8 76
 
MCS-8 8 PSK 54.4 92
 
MCS-9 8 PSK 59.2 100

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 3G‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦ J٥

 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Video ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Conferences
 K‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ?UMTS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?IMT-2000?
 2Mbits/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 384kbit/s ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?WCDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 GHz‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K?Multimedia?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EGMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F GSM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K?EDGE?‫א‬ ‫א‬ 8PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E1 bits /symbolF‫א‬E3 bits /symbolF
‫א‬‫א‬?GMSK?‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬  E٦ J٥F ‫א‬ K?One TS?  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ?GMSK?‫א‬ K?8PSK? ‫א‬ ?GMSK? ‫א‬
?8 PSK?‫א‬K?I/Q??Orthogonal Signals?‫א‬(0,1)
?I/Q?   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     (3 bits)      
 K(3 bits)‫א‬‫א‬
 
GMSK Modulation  
8 PSK Modulation
 
Q
( 0, 1, 0 ) Q
 
( 0, 0, 0 ) ( 0, 1, 1 )
 
1
I ( 0, 0, 1 ) I  
0 ( 1, 1, 1 )  
( 1, 0, 1 ) ( 1, 1, 0 )  
( 1, 0, 1 )  
"1" bit / Symbol "3" bits / Symbol  
 
 8PSKGMSK‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F
 
 WCDMA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٥

‫א‬ ?MSs? ?CDMA?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?MS?       K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?MS?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?WCDMA?‫א‬ ?CDMA?‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?UMTS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?WCDMA?
GSM 200 KkHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 MHz‫א‬
‫א‬  ?Signal Spreading?‫א‬
5124‫א‬?Spreading Factor (SF)??Channel Code?‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬K1 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Channel Spreading
Coding 1:N
 
User Information

WCDMA Signal
(speech / data)

 

 

f   f

 WCDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F

 
Frequncy
Code User 1
 
 
User 2
 
User 3  
C1  
 
C2
 
C3 Time
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WCDMAE٧ J٥F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
Bit 1 Bit 0
 
Signal Data  
 
 
PN Code  
 

Spread Signal
 
 
 
0 Phase Shift 180ο phase Shift  
 
 1 bitE٧ J٥F

‫א‬‫א‬   5 MHz (2×5MHz)    ?WCDMA? 
‫א‬ 1920 – 1980 MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Down-Link?‫א‬2110 – 2170 MHz‫א‬‫א‬?Up-Link?

 GPRS٩ J٥

 W‫א‬?GPRS?‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٩ J٥

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ GSM ‫? ﺧﺪﻣﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم‬GPRS?  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?LAN?‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬?MS?‫א‬ K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ?IP? ‫א‬    K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬GSM
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   GSM ‫א‬‫א‬  ?GPRS? K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PS CS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   MS       ‫א‬   ?GPRS?   K٤
K
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     MS   K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٦
K?Data Buffer?‫א‬

 GPRS٢ J٩ J٥

  GPRS‫א‬E٨ J٥F‫א‬
Circuit Switching (CS)  
BSS CN  
MS  Um  
BTS MSC/ GMSC PSTN
BSC VLR  
BTS
 
EIR HLR AUC
 
BTS
BSC
Internet
 
BTS
Uu SGSN GGSN  
 
 
Packet Switching (PC)
 
 GPRS‫א‬E٨ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

        ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    GSM
 W

 

  (Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN))  GPRS 

?MS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?Ciphering and Authentication?‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K?Session Management?‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K?Mobility Management?‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K ?Logical Link Management?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HLR, MSC, BSC, GGSN ‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K?Output of Billing Data?‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

  Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ GSM    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬ ?IP?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K?Internet Service Providers?‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?GPRS?‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬?SGSN?‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬?MS?‫א‬ K٤

 Terminal Equipment (TE)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ?GPRS?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?IP? ?GPRS?
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?Modem? ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬

  Mobile Terminal (MT)‫א‬‫ א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،?TE? ‫א‬    ?MT? 
  ?GPRS?‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS?  ‫א‬
 K?SGSN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 MS‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W?GPRS?‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬?CS??PS?‫א‬‫א‬A‫ א‬K١
?CS? ?PS?‫א‬‫א‬ B‫ א‬K٢
 ?CS? ?PS?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬?PS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬C‫ א‬K٣

 BSS‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬?BSC?‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬?MSC/VLR?‫א‬?CS? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KGSM?SGSN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?PS?
 K?GPRS??BTS?‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 HLR‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬?HLR?‫א‬‫א‬GSM‫א‬
 K?GPRS?

 VLR‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ?GSM/GPRS?
‫א‬‫א‬ ?SGSN?  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ?MSC? ‫א‬
 K?SGSN?‫א‬?GPRS/VLR?

UMTS‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ?EGSM / EDGE Radio Access NetworkF GERAN?‫א‬‫א‬
UMTS Terrestrial RADIO ?‫א‬ ?UMTS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?UMTS?    ?GERAN?     ‫א‬ ?Access Network (UTRAN)
   ?UMTS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬     E١٠ J٥F ‫א‬ 
User ?‫א‬‫א‬?UMTS?K
‫א‬  ،?UTRAN?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،?Equipments (UE)
 K?Core Network (CN)?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

CS Elements ( Voice)  
UTRAN CN  
Uu  
Iu CS
UE Node-B Iub MSC/ GMSC PSTN
RNC VLR  
Node-B
ME  
Iur EIR HLR AUC HSS
 
USIM Node-B Internet  
RNC
Node-B
Uu
Iu PS
SGSN GGSN  
 
PS Elements ( data)
 
 UMTSE١٠ J٥F

 User Equipments (UE)‫א‬‫א‬W

 ?USIM?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?ME?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ?Uu? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?UMTS?  ‫א‬  ?UE? ‫א‬
 K?WCDMA?‫א‬

 EUTRANFUMTS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS?‫א‬،B ‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ?UE? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?UMTS? 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    B ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ?Spreadin?  ‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬GSMBTS

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

    ?Radio Network Controller (RNC) ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J

‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   B ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ?BSC?    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B ‫א‬‫א‬ ?RNC?
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Handover?‫א‬ GSM CN
 ?RNCs?  K?Data Encryption?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Core Network (CN)‫א‬W 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 

  CS Elements‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

،?MSC?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM‫א‬
 KGSM‫א‬?GMSC?،?VLR?

  PS Elements‫א‬‫א‬  J


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?GGSN?،?SGSN??GPRS?
‫א‬K?Home Subscriber Server (HSS)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?AUC?،?EIR?،?HLR?‫א‬

 
 

- ١٢٥ ‐
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫؟‬Packet SwitchingCircuit Switching‫א‬‫א‬ K١

  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  ‫؟‬GSM‫א‬HSCSD K٣
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  ‫؟‬‫א‬8 PSK K٥
  GPRSGGSNSGSN‫א‬ K٦
  ‫؟‬GPRS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬ WCDMA،RNC،HSS،GGSN،SGSN،HSCSD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

 
 

- ١٢٦ ‐
   

 ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

‫א‬‫א‬

[1] Ericsson Training Manuals.

[2] William Lee, “Mobile Cellular Telecommunications”, McGraw Hill, 2001.
[3] J. Schiller, Addison, “Mobile Communication”, Wesley, 2000.
[4] John Scourias,' Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications.
[5] Theedere S. Rappaport: Wireless Communications.
[6] Philips: GSM System Introduction.
[7] Giuseppe Bianchi: GSM- Radio Interface.
[8] Ericsson: GSM System Survey.
[9] Ericsson: GPRS System Survey.
[10] Aircom: GSM Technology for Engineers.
[11] William Webb, '' Understanding Cellular Radio".
[12] Siegmund M.Redl, Matthias K.Weber and Malcolm W.Oliphant, "GSM and
Personal Communications Handbook".

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  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ٢…………..………………………………‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢………….………………………………………………………………
٣ ……………….…………………………………….‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١
١٤…………………………………………GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢ J١
 ١٩……………….……………………………………………………..…
 ٢٢………………………………………..…GSMW‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢……………..…………………………………………..…GSM١ J٢
٣٥………………..…………………………..…GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 ٤٦…….…………………….............…GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 ٤٧……………………….…………………………………………....…
 ٥٢………..………..………………….….…‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٢…………...……………….……….………...…‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
 ٦٥…………………………..…….………………………..…‫א‬٢ J٣
 ٧١……………………………………………………..…‫א‬٣ J٣
 ٧٦…………...….………………………………GSM‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
 ٨٧………....…….………………………………………………….…
 ٩١………………………………………………….…‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩١…………......…………………………………...…GSM‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
 ٩٢……………….……...………………………………...…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 ١٠٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
 ١٠٤……..…………………………..…………………‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
 ١٠٥……..…..……………………………...…GSM QOS‫א‬٥ J٤
 ١٠٦………....…….……………………………………………….…
 ١٠٩……..….….……………………‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٩……..…..………………….…………‫א‬GSM‫א‬١ J٥
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  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ١١٠…………………………………………....……….…‫א‬٢ J٥
 ١١٢………...………………………………………..‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
 ١١٣……….……………………………….……‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
 ١١٤………..……………………………‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
 ١١٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKGSM٦ J٥
 ١١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٧ J٥
 ١٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٥
 ١٢٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKGPRS٩ J٥
 ١٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKUMTS١٠ J٥
 ١٢٩……………...…………………….……………………………
١٣٠…..………..………….…………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 

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