Heat and Mass Transfer Operations

Evaporation Homework
Dr. Hatem Alsyouri

Due on Wed 27/10/2010

Note: To solve Q3 you need to review Example 16.1 in McCabe and Smith reference.

1. Evaporators can be commercially classified into different types. Indicate the major types of
evaporators, and for each type provide a simple (or actual) image and some description on features
and uses. Mention any reference you use for answering this question.

2. McCabe 16.3
A forced circulation evaporator is to concentrate 60,000 kg/h of 44% NaOH to 65% using steam at 3
atm pressure. The feed temperature and the condensing temperature are both 40C. The density of
the feed solution is 1,450 kg/m3. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m2.C, calculate:
(a) the steam requirement, in kg per hour
(b) the heat transfer area required.

3. Mc Cabe 16.10
A 10% colloidal solution is to be concentrated to 20% in a falling film evaporator with tubes 50 mm
in diameter and 8 m long. The feed rate is 140 kg/h per tube at 65C, the initial boiling point at the
evaporator pressure. The viscosity of the solution is 2.0 times that of water at 10% solids and 4.5
time that of water at 20% solids.
(a) Estimate the inside film heat transfer coefficient (hi) at the top of the tube.
(b) Assuming that the average value of U is half that of the initial hi, estimate the rate of
evaporation per tube. Can the solution be concentrated to 20% in one pass through the
tubes?

4. Seader and Henley 17.40

5. Coulson and Richardson 14.4

A single-effect evaporator operates at 13 kN/m2. What will be the heating surface necessary to
concentrate 1.25 kg/s of 10 per cent caustic soda to 41 per cent, assuming a value of the overall
heat transfer coefficient U of 1.25 kW/m2.K, using steam at 390 K? The heating surface is 1.2 m
below the liquid level. The boiling-point rise of solution is 30 deg K, the feed temperature is 291 K,
the specific heat capacity of the feed is 4.0 kJ/kg.K, the specific heat capacity of the product is 3.26
kJ/kg.K and the density of the boiling liquid is 1390 kg/m3.

Good Luck