else) Cl: Coordinate geometry of circles Learning objectives ‘After studying this chapter, you should be able to: recognise a Cartesian equation of a circle and be able to write down its equation given its centre and radius use the method of completing the square to find the radius and centre of a given circle and also to sketch the circle 1 recognise that the circle (x — a)’ + (y ~ 6)’ =r? isa translation of the cirde x? + y? =r? and be able to write down the equation of the circle formed by applying a given translation on a given circle ® use the circle properties (i) that the angle in a semicircle is a right angle and ({i) that the perpendicular from the centre to the chord bisects the chord, to find the equation of the circle passing through given points w determine if a line meets a circle find the coordinates of any points of intersection of a line and a circle whose equations are given ® find the equation of the tangent and normal at a given point to a circle by using the circle property ‘the tangent to a circle is perpendicular 10 the radius at its point of contact’. 8.1 The Cartesian equation of a circle In your GCSE course a circle was defined to be the locus of points which are at a constant distance from a fixed point, The constant distance is the radius and the fixed point is the centre of the circle. In this section you will derive, recognise and use the equation of a circle in Cartesian coordinates. Consider a circle of radius r and centre the origin 0(0, 0). 7 Pex ¥)Ch: Goordinote geomenry ef circles 115, [tne equation ofa circle with centre (0, 0) and radius ris ‘This equation is not given in the tyra, ition formulae booklet Next, consider a circle of radius rand centre C(a, bi i i | ian 7 | | » Let P(x, y) be any point on the circle then CP =r x ay + (y— by = (x-ap + (y—bP € | This equation is not given in the j Tp The equation ofa circle with centre (a, b) and radius ris GariatGa ternulne bookie: AP nay + ype ar The equation (x — a)? + (y— bP an be expanded and ‘Note that the equation is of written as 22 + y? ~ 2ax — 2by + a BaP=0, degree 2 and the coefficients of x and 7 are equal. Also there are no xy terms. An equation of this form represents a circle. Worked example 8.1 (a) Find an equation of the circle with centre the origin and radius V2, (b) Verify that the point (1, 1) lies on the circle.116 Ci: Coordinate geomerry of cncles Solution (a) The centre is (0,0) = a@=0,b=0. The radius is r The equation of the circle is (x ~ 0)? + {y— 0)? = (V2)2, which can be written asx? + y? = 2. | | i (b) The point (1, 1) lies on the circle if x = 1, y = 1 satisfies the equation of the circle. Since 1? + 1? = 2, you can deduce that the point (1, 1) lies on the circle, Worked example 8.2... (a) Write down an equation of the circle with centre 1 3) and radius 5. {b) Find the coordinates of the points where the circle intersects the x-axis. Solution (a) The circle with centre (a, b) and radius r has equation (rap + yy bP =P? Centre (—1,3) = a=-1,b Radius, 5. ‘An equation of the circle with centre (—1, 3) and radius 5 is x (-1)P + -3P = 6), = (xt 1P + (y-3P = 25, (b) On the x-axis, y= 0. The circle intersects the x-axis when (x +1)? + (0-3)? = 25 = (xt1P=16 = (xt+1)=44 => x=3, 5 The circle intersects the x-axis at the points (3, 0) and (=5,0). For the circle whose equation is given in the form (x—a)? + (y— 6}? =F, you can write down its centre as (a, b) and its radius as r. But how can you find the centre and radius when the equation of the circle is given in the form 2? + y? + px-+qy-+¢ = 0? The next worked example shows you how to use the method of ‘completing of the square’, which you studied in section 4.3, to write x? + y? + px + qy += 0 in the form (x~a)? + (y— BP = 1? and hence to find the centre and | radius of the circle, Worked example 8.3 A circle has equation x + y?— 8x + 10y = 0. Find the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circle.Solution Writing the equation of the circle as [x7 ~ 8x] + [y? + 1oy] =0 and completing the square for both parts gives be = 8x + (-4Y] + DP + Loy + 57] = (~4)? + (5)? = (wa) + iy +5)? = 16425 eS (eo 4y + (yt 5) = (WaT? Compare with (x — a)? + (y~ b)? =r? leads toa = 4, b= —5 and r= Val y?— 8x + 10y = 0 has radius V41 ané centre 1 Find an equation of the circle with centre ¢ and :adius r: (a) C(0, 0), r= (b) (2, 0),r (c) (0, 2).7= (d) C(2, 3), (e) C(-3, ~2),r=3, (f) C(2, -1), r= V3. 2 Determine the coordinates of the centre and the radius of the circle with equation (a) x2 + y2 = 4x (b) x2 +y? +2y=0, (c) 2+)? — 2+ 4y=0, (a) x2 + y? 6x tay =3, (e) x2 +y? = 12x + 4y = 10, (f) 2x2 +y2 + 8x — 10y +5 =0, (g) x2 +y? + 4x +2y-6=0, (h) 22 + 2y2 = 16+ dy =1 3 (a) Write down an equation of the circle with centre (-3, 4) and radius 5 (b) Find the coordinates of the points where the circle imlersects the coordinate axes. 4 Find, as a multiple of 7, the area of the circle with equation: (a) x+y = 9; (b) (x= 1)? +9? 8=0. 5 A circle, C, has equation x? + y* ~ 6y = 3. Another circle, C; hhas equation x? + 2x + y= 23. Show that the area of C; is twice the area of C, Clr Coordinate geometry of circles IVT118 C4: Coordinate geomesry of circtes ‘. © € € 8.2 Sketching and applying translations on circles In section 8.1 you considered the graphs of the circles Ce ty= Gy: (x — ay + (y— bP C, and C; are circles of the same size (radius) but different centres. C, was ‘formed’ by moving C, from centre (0, 0) to centre (a, b); a units in the positive x-direction then b units in the positive y-direction. Moving a curve without altering its shape is called a z ; . a jo translation. The wanslation vector || represents the move, a units in the positive x-direction then b units in the positive y-direction. A translation is a geometric transformation, The circle (x ~ a)? + (y ~ b)? = r? can be obtained from the > circle x? + y? =r? by applying the translation [i Worked example 8.4 _ —— Describe the geometrical transformation by which the circle Cy, with equation (x— 1)? + (y+ 2)? = 9, can be obtained from the circle C, with equation x? + y? = 9 Solution C, has centre (0, 0) and radius 3. Cy has centre (1, ~2) and radius 3 Since C, and C, have the same radius, C, is obtained by moving C, from centre (0, 0) to centre (1, —2), that is 1 unit in the positive x-direction then 2 units in the negative y-direction, The geometrical transformation is a translation of [- i} Worked example 8.5 00000. A translation of [3] transforms the graph of the circle C,, with equation (x ~ 3)? + (y~ 4)? = 16, into the graph of the circle C Find the equation of Cy ‘You have aio used other _geometrical transformations in ‘your GCSE course: reflections, Totations, and perhaps stretches, ‘The two circles must have the same radiusCl: Coordinate geometry of circles WAG Solution ‘The centre of C, is (3, 4). The radius of C, is 4. A translation does not change the size of the circle so the radius of Gis also 4, ‘The translation [3 moves the centre of C 2 units in the positive x-direction then 1 unit in the negative y-direction, so the centre of C, is (5, 3), ‘An equation for C, is (x~ 5)? + (y— 3)? ora? + y? — 10x ~ 6y + 18 =0. circle (x ~ p+ (vq) = 7° into the graph of ‘ In general, a translation of [i] transforms the graph of the [ (x~pay t+ y—q— by Worked example 8.6 ee os The circle C,, with equation + y? = 6y + 7, can be obtained from the circle C, whose centre is (0, 0) by applying a translation. Find the equation of G, and describe the translation, Solution Cy x+y 6y=7 22 + Wy? — oy + (-3)P)] = 7+ (37 2+ (y—3)P= 16 Comparing with (x - a)? + (y= 5)? =P, gives a= 0, =3 and r=4 C, has radius 4 and centre (0, 3). Since a translation does not change the radius of the circle, C, must also have radius 4. Since its centre is (0, 0), the equation of Cis? += 16. The translation moves the centre from (0, 0) to (0, 3), that is a move of 3 units in the positive y-direction, so the translation is 0 3 We now consider how to sketch a circle: €, ‘To sketch a circle: Di 1 find the radius and coordinates of the centre of the circle; 2 indicate the centre; 3. mark the four points which show the ends cf the horizontal and vertical diameters; 4 draw the circle to pass through these four points; 5 if any intercepts with the coordinate axes are integers, normally they should also be indicated120 ci: Coordinate geometry of circles Worked example 8.7 Sketch the circle whose equation is x? + y’ Solution Writing the equation as [x? - 2x] + [? ~ 4y] =4. Completing the squares gives (P= 24 (1) + WF — ay + (-2)°] = 4 + (1)? + (2)? = (x- 1)? + (9-2)? The circle has centre (1, 2) and radius 3, The ends of the horizontal diameter are (1 — 3, 2) and (1 + 3, 2). The ends of the vertical diameter are (1, 2 — 3) and (1, 2+ 3). Mark the points (~2, 2) and (4, 2) and also (1, —1) and (1, 5). ja.2) (42) ¥ 3 You should note that the circle x? + y? — 2x — 4y - 4=0 can be obtained by applying the translation 3 to the circle x? + y? = 9, EXERCISE 8B 7 as 1 Describe the geometrical transformation which has been applied to the circle x? + y? = 4 to obtain the circle: (a) (x= 2P +? =4, (b) 2+ (y 43/2 =4, fe) (= 2P + +3)? (a) (xt 1p + yaya, (e) ety? 4x4 6 49 (f) x2 + y+ Lox = ay +2) 2 Write down the equation of the circle which is obtained by applying the given translation to the given circle: (a) [he +y=49, (by [ah x ty=l,3 -4 J etarsoseas, a jpete ona, o [pesyseaes 3 The circle C,, with equation x? +? — 4x = 5, can be obtained from the circle C,, whose centre is (0, 0), by applying a translation. Find the equation of C, and describe the translation. 4 The circle C,, with equation x? + y? + 6x ~ 4y = 12, can be obtained from the circle C, whose centre is (0, 01, by applying a translation. Find the equation of C, and describe the translation. 5 Sketch the graph of: (a) xe +y? = 16, (b) (x-1P +y?= 1, (c) P+ (yt 1p =1, (a) (x 2% + + 1) (e) 2 4 y? = 4y=5, (f) x+y? t+ 2x t yt (g) x+y? — 4x + 6y = 12, (h) 7 + y? — 6x + By =0. 6 Describe the geometrical transformation which has been applied to the circle x? + y? = 2x — 4y + 1 to obtain the circle ety +ors7. 8.3 Finding the equation of a circle using circle properties In GCSE you used some circle properties to solve geometrical problems. In this section you will learn how to apply these properties to find the equation of circles. ‘The angle in a semicircle is a right angle: ACis a diameter = angle ABC = 90°. also Angle ABC = 90° = AC is a diameter. Ch Coordinate geometry ofcictes U21122 ci: Coordinate geomeny of cles 4 © Worked example 8.8 A right-angled triangle PQR has vertices P(2, 14), Q(—6, 2) and R(12, ~10). Find the equation of the circle which pass through the three points P, Q and 8. Solution Angle POR = 90° = POR is a semicircle > PR is a diameter. So the centre, ¢, of the circle is the mid-point of PR. +12 144(-1 cis eG i o) ‘The radius of the circle = 0 = V(7 ‘The equation of the circle with centre (7, 2) and radius 13 is (x— 7) + (y — 2)? = 132, so the circle through the points P, Q and R has equation, x+y? — 14x — ay — 116 If you know the coordinates of the end points of a diameter you could use the same method as in worked example 8.8 to find the equation of the circle To find the equation of a circle given the coordinates of A 5 p37. and B, the end points of the diameter AB: (i) find the coordinates of the mid-point of AB (see section 3.3) — this gives the centre C(a, b) of the circle; (ii) find the distance CA (or CB) (see section 3.2) — this gives the radius r of the circle; (iii) use the equation of the circle is (x — a)? + (y~ 8)? But how could you find the equation of a circle given the coordinates of three points on the circle? To do this you will need to recall another circle property. ‘The perpendicular from the centre of the citcle to a chord bisects the chord. ‘The perpendicular bisectors of two chords intersect at the centre of the circle, By finding the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of two chords and solving the two equations simultaneously you can find the centre of the circle and hence the equation of the circle. ‘The next worked example shows you how to find the equation of a circle given the coordinates of three points on the circle, PQ, 14) R(12, 10) ‘You could ako use radius = PC or aC Used («= of + (y ~ by Unless told otherwise, both forms of the equation will be acceptable in the examination. ‘You fouind the equation of a perpendicular bisector in exercise 3F. AACl: Coordinate geometry of circies 123 Worked example 8.9 a = A circle passes through the three points 0(0, 0), A(0, 8) and | B(-2, 4). I (a) Find the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the chords OA and OB. (b) Hence find the coordinates of the centre of the circle, (c) Find the equation of the circle. Solution | (a) Mid-point of 04 is (0, 4) (04 is vertical so the perpendicular is horizontal (gradient = 0). Equation of the perpendicular bisector of OA is y = 4. 4=0(x-0) Mid-point of OB = (2 2 -0 Gradient of 08 = 4 isector of OB ish Used m, Xm, = Gradient of perpendicular Equation of the perpendicular bisector of OB is (b) The centre of the circle is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the chords 0A and OE. Solving y = 4 and 2y =x +5 simultaneously gives x y= 4, The centre of the circle is (3, 4) 3, (ec) Radius of the circle = 0¢ = V3 — 0" + (4 = OF The equation of the circle is (x ~ 3)? + (y— 4)? = or x+y? 6x By V25=5. Check r= €B=3 — (-2)=5. 2124 Ci: Coordinate geomeuy of cries Worked example 8.10 The origin 0, and the point P, lie on the circle 2? + y? ~ 6x + 8y = 0. Given that OP is a diameter of the circle, find the coordinates of P. Solution ox ty? +8y=0 xe Completing the square gives (x? — 6x +9) + ()? + 8y + 16) or (x-3P ty +4)? The centre of the circle is C(3, ~4). Point Cis the mid-point of the diameter OP, where 0 is (0, 0). + o+ Let P be the point (p, q) then °F? =3 ang 952 = -4aap=6 and q = -8. Pis the point (6, —8). EXERCISE 8C ony 7 1 The points A(4, 0) and B(0, 4) lie on the circle x? + y? ‘The perpendicular from the centre of the circle meets the chord AB at the point NV. (a) Write down the coordinates of N. (b) Find the distance from the centre of the circle to the point N. 6. 2 Triangle POR has vertices P(-2, -1), Q(~ (a) Show that PR is perpendicular to QR. (b) Find the equation of the circle which passes through the three points P, Q and R. 1,4) and R(—1, 1). 3 PQisa diameter of a circle. Find an equation of the circle when: {a) Pis (2, 0), Qis (6,0), (b) P is (0,5), Qis (0, -1), (c) Pis (2, 1), Qis (6, 4), (d) P is (3, 5), Qis (7, ~3), (e) Pis (~2, —3), Qis (6, 2). (f) Ps (1, 3), Qis (0, 4) 4 Points A and B lie on the circle (x — 3)? + (y— 1) = 25 such that 4B is a diameter of the circle. Given that 4 is the point (7, ~2) find the coordinates of B. 5 The origin, 0, and the point A lie on the circle 22 + y? ~ 4x + 2y = 0. Given that OA is a diameter of the circle find the coordinates of A.Ci; Coardinate geometry of circles 125 6 Acircle passes through the three points 0(0, 0), A(4, 0) and B(2, 4). (a) Find the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the chords OA and OB. (b) Hence find the coordinates of the centre of the circle (c) Find the equation of the circle. 7 Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (2, 1), (4, ~1) and (0, 1). 8.4 Conditions for a line to meet a circle Clearly any line, which passes through a given point that lies inside a circle, will intersect the circle in two points no matter what the gradient of the line is. If the given point lies outside the circle the problem is less trivial. In this section you will be shown the conditions (i) for the line to intersect the circle, (ii) for the line to be a tangent to the circle, and (iii) for the line not to meet the circle. ‘The diagram shows three lines drawn through the origin. Line 1 does not intersect the circle; Line 2 intersects the circle in two distinct points; Line 3 touches the circle at a single point and is called a tangent. In section 7.2 you were shown how to find the points of intersection of lines and quadratic graphs. When applied to a line and a circle you have the following general method:126 ch: Coordinate geometry of circles [~~ from the equation of the line make x (or y) the subject; Jo © substitute into the equation of the circle to get a quadratic equation in y (or x) of the form ay? + by +0 =0 (orax? + bx +0 =0); © (i) if the discriminant b? — dac <0, there are no real roots and the line does not intersect the circle (Line 1 type), (ii) if the discriminant 8? ~ 4ac > 0, there are two real distinct roots and the line intersects the circle at two points (Line 2 type), (iii) if the discriminant 6? — 4ac= 0, there is one real (repeated) root and the line touches the circle at one. point, the line is a tangent to the circle (Line 3 type); © if asked to find the coordinates of the points of | intersection, solve the quadratic equation and substitute the found value(s) into the equation of the Tine to find the other coordinate(s). | Worked example 8.11 7 Show that the line x+y +3 ='0 and the circle x? + intersect. Solution Rearranging the equation of the line gives y = —x — 3. Substituting into x? + y? = 4 gives w+ (-x-3P=4 S C+ 4+ 6r4+9=4 = W+er+5=0 = discriminant b? — 4ac = 6? ~ 4(2)(5) 4<0 so the line does not intersect the circle. Worked example 8.12 . - Show that the line x+y +3=0 and the crde 2 Pays =5 intersect, and find the coordinates of the points of intersection. Solution Rearranging the equation of the line gives y= ~~ 3, Substituting into x? + gives 4 (-x-3)P=5 SS Pte eert9=5 = wtoer+4=0 => discriminant 6? ~ 4ac = 6? ~ 4(2)(4) =4>0 so the line intersects the circle in two points.factorising the quadratic gives 2(x+2)(x+1)=0 wy x= 72K= 1 When x y=—(-2)-3=- When x= —1, y= ~(~1)—3 = ~2. Line x ty + 3 = 0 intersects the circle x? + y? =5 at (-1, -2) and (~2, ~1). Worked example 8.13 The line y = mx ~ 3 is a tangent to the circle x? + y? =5. Find the possible values of Solution Substituting y = mx ~ 3 into x? +? =5 gives 22+ (me— 3) 35 P+? —6mx + 9=5 => (1+)? ~ 6x +4=0 For the line to be a tangent to the circle the roots of this quadratic must be real and equal, = BP-4ac=0 = 36m? ~ 4(1 + m2)(4) => 20m? > EXERCISE 8D ie - 1 Show that the line 2y + = 5 intersects the circle x? + y = 25 and find the coordinates of the points of intersection. 2 Show that the line 2y +x = 7 does not meet the circle ety =9, 3. Show that the line y~ 2x = 5 is a tangent to the circle x? + y? =5 and find the coordinates of the point of contact. 4 Show that the line 8 + y + 10 = 0 is a tangent to the circle 2? + y? — 6x + 3y — 5 = 0 and find the coordinates of the point of contact. 5 Show that the line 2y +x = 9 does not meet the circle ety + syt 1-0. 6 Show that the line y +x = 3 intersects the circle x2 + y® ~ 6x + 8y — 1 = 0 and find the coordinates of the points of intersection. 7 The line y = mux is a tangent to the circle x° + y? — 10y + 16 = 0. (a) Find the two possible values of (b) The tangents meet the circle at points 4 and B. Find the length of AB. Ch: Coordinate geametry of eveles 127128 ci: Coordinate geamecry of circles 8.5 The length of the tangents from a point to a circle B A P Tangents PA and PB are drawn from point P to the circle with ‘The radius s always centre C. The radius C4 is perpendicular to the tangent P4, perpendicular to the tangent. ‘To find the length of the tangent PA use Pythagoras’ theorem Tangenes fram a point to a cele PAt= CA have equal lengths. Worked example 8.14 0. Find the length of the tangents from the point P{5, 6) to the circle (x — 1)? + (y= 27 = 9. Solution The circle (x ~ 1}? + (y ~ 2)? =9 has centre C(1, 2) and radius 3 Pis the point (5,6) so RARER re et Gon) VG = WP IfA is the point of contact of one of dhe tangents then PA is the length of the tangent and Ca is the radius. dy daze deal cat Radids and ‘angene are ate TL perpendicube Pychagerasin: > PH=32-3=23 tangle CAR = PA=VD. ‘Tangents froma point to circle => Lengths of the tangents are V23. are equal.EXERCISE 8E Tlie l 1 Find the lengths of the tangents from the point (3, 4) to the circle x? +? = 4. 2 Find the lengths of the tangents from the point (5, 7) to the circle x°+y? ~ 2x- 4y-4=0, 3 The lengths of the tangents from the point (4, k) to the circle x+y? = 9 are 4V3. Find the possible values of the constant k. 4 Show that the tangents from the point (3, —4) to the circles 2x 4y+4=Oandx? +y? + 4v—4y—2=Oare ‘equal in length. 5 Show that the lengths of the tangents from the point (11, k) to the circle x? + y? + 2fe + 2gy +c =0 are Vie + E+ Oh + Ogk + 8.6 The equation of the tangent and the equation of the normal at a point ona circle A tangent at a point on a curve is a line which touches the curve at that point. Anormal at a point on a curve is the line which is perpendicular to the tangent at that point. In the diagram, AT is the tangent at P and BN is the normal at P. Usually you will need to use differentiation (see chapter 10) to find the equations of normals and tangents but in this section you will learn how to find the equations of tangents and normals to circles without using differentiation. The method makes use of the circle property “the tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at its point of contact’. Since the radius is perpendicular to the tangent it follows that The normal at a given point P on a circle with centre Cis the same as the radius CP. Worked example 8.15 ‘The point P(1, 3) lies on the circle x? + y? {a) Find the equation of the normal at P. (b)_ Find the equation of the tangent at P. I Cf Coordinate geometry of circies 129 ' \130 ct Coordinate geomevyy of circles Solution xe (a) The centre of the circle x° + y? = 10 is 0(0, 0) PL 3) The normal to the circle at P is the radius OP. ’ ‘The gradient of OP =3. a 7 i ‘The equation of the normal OP is y ~ 0 = 3(x— 0) ar y= 3x. (b) The tangent at P is perpendicular to OP so 1 the gradient of the tangent at Pis ~- Used m, Xm =~ | ‘The equation of the tangent at P(1, 3) is y — or 3y+x=10. To find the equations of tangents and normals to circles at the point P(x, ¥4): (i) find the centre C of the circle; Gi) find the gradient, m,; of CP; (iii) the normal is CP, so its equation can be found using Voy = MX); iv) find the gradient, m,, of the tangent using m,Xm,=—1; (v)_ the equation of the tangent is y ~ y; = (x ~ x). Worked example 8.16 ~ Find the equation of the tangent at the point P(4, —2) on the circle x? + y? = 4x+ LOy + 16 =0. Solution 22 + y? = dx + 1Oy + 16 = O=> (x — 2)? + (y+ 57° = 13, The centre of the circle is (2, —5). 5. 3 ‘The gradient of the radius CP = ) 2 oes so the gradient of the tangent at P(4, ~2) is —<. Used m, Xm, = I, since the 3 radius and tangent are The equation of the tangent at P{4, —2) is perpendicular. 2 y-(-2)= Fara) Used y — yy = mix ~ x).Cl: Coordinate geomecry of cicles 13H the next worked example shows you how to find the squation {ii the normal when given the equation of the tangent, The i nethod can also be applied to find the equation of the tangent when the normal is given. | Worked example 8.17 ‘The line y =x +3 is a tangent to a circle at the point P(~1, 2), Find the equation of the normal to the circle at P. Solution ‘The gradient of the tangent y= x+3 is 1 = the gradient of the normal at P is —1 ewe The equation of the normal at P(—1, 2) is y— 2 =—1fx— (—1)] ory+x=1 Used m, Xm = =I. EXERCISE 8F 1 The point P(3, 0) lies on the circle (x ~ 1)? + (y—2)?=8. (a) Write down the coordinates of the centre of the circle. (b) Find the equation of the normal to the circle at P. | (c) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at P. 2 The point P(4, —3) lies on the circle with equation x+y = 25. (a) By sketching the circle write down the equations of the two vertical tangents to the circle {b) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at P. 3 ‘The equation of the normal to a circle at the point P(3, 2) is 2y—x= 1. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at the point P. | 4 Find the equation of the tangent at the point P(6, 2) on the circle x? + y? = 6x = 2y= 0. 5 The circle with equation (x — 5)? + (y— 7)? = 25 has centre ¢. ‘The point P(2, 3) lies on the circle. (a) Determine the gradient of PC. (b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the circle at P. 6 The point P(3, 3) lies on the circle x? + y? = 18, (a) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at P. (b) Find the equation of the normal to the circle at P. {€) This normal intersects the circle again at the point Q Find the coordinate of @132. ct: Coordinate geometry of circles 7 The equation of the tangent to a citcle at the point P(S, 3) is 2y+x= 11, Find the equation of the normal to the circle at the point F 8 (a) Determine the coordinates of the centre and the radius of the circle with equation x? + y? — 6x + 8y = 0. (b) Find the coordinates of the points P and Q, where the line x= 7 intersects this circle. (c) Find the equations of the tangents to the circle at P and Q. 9 A circle C has its centre at the point Q(~1, 4). The point (3, 0) lies on the circle C. (a) Find the gradient of the radius PQ. (b) Find the equation of the tangent to C at the point P. (ec) Find the equation of the circle C. 10 The line 4y + 3x.= 75 is a tangent to a circle at the point P(9, 12) (a) Show that the gradient of the normal to the circle at P is 3 (b) Find the equation of the normal to the circle at the point P. (c) The centze of the circle is C(6, k). Show that k = 8 (4) Find the equation of the circle ‘MIXED EXERCISE 1 A circle with centre C has equation x? + y? ~ 6x + 4y=7. (a) By using the method of completing the square write this equation in the form (x— a}? + (y— bP =P. (b) Write down the coordinates of C and the radius of the circle. (c) Find che x-coordinates of the points A and B where the Gircle cuts the x-axis. (€) Find the coordinates of the mid-point of AB and hence find length of the perpendicular from C to the chord AB. 2 The points A and P have coordinates (7, 4) and (2, 5), respectively, and 0 is the origi (a) Find the equations of the two circles passing through P, one vith centte 0, the other with centre A (b) Find the equations of the tangents at P to both circles, 3 A circle Chas equation (x~ 17° + (y+ 3)? = 16. (a) Describe a geometrical transformation by which C can be obtained from the circle with equation x? + y? = 16. (b) By sketching the circle C, write down the equations of the bo horizontal tangents to the circle C.4 (a) Find the equation of the circle, centre (~3, 2) and radius 5. (b) Calculate the coordinates of the points P and @, where this circle cuts the y-axis, (c) Find the gradients of the tangents to the circle at P and Q (d) Calculate the coordinates of the point of intersection, R, of the tangents at P and Q. [A part] 5 A circle with centre C has equation x? + = 12x +6 20=0, (a) By using the method of completing the square find the coordinates of C and the radius of the circle. (b) The origin O is the mid-point of a chord PQ of this circle. (i) Show that the gradient of the chord PQ is 2 Gi) Find the distance of 0 from the centre of the circle, (iii) Find the length of the chord PQ. 6 (a) Solve the simultaneous equations axt+y=9, (w-2pP + y= 5, (b) Hence state the nature of the geometrical relationship between the line with equation 2x + y = 9, and the circle with equation (x — 2)? + y? = 5 at the point (4,1). [A] 7 The circle ¢ has equation (x — 4)? + (y— 3)? = a positive constant, and line L has equation Given that C passes through the origin: waere ris 10. (a) find the value of r, (b) show that J. and C have no points of intersection, {A part] 8 A circle Chas equation (x ~ 3)? + (y+ 2)?=9 and a straight line L has equation 3x + 4y = 1 (a) Show that the centre of the circle C lies on the line L. (b) Find, in surd form, the x-coordinates of the points where the circle C crosses the x-axis. [A part] 9 The points 4(2, 5) and B(—4, 13) lie at opposite ends of a diameter of a circle with centre C. (a) Find the radius of the circle. (b) Find the equation of the circle in the form + yt pr tgy te (c) Find the equation of the normal to the circle at the point A Ch: Coordinate geomenyy of cites 133 a |134 ci: Coordinate geametey of circles 10 A circle C has equation x? + y?—2v-17=0, (a) By completing the square find the radius and coordinates of the centre of the circle C. (b) The circle C can be obtained by applying a translation to a circle whose centre is the origin. Describe the translation. (e) The point P(~2, 3) lies on the circle C. (i) Find the equation of the normal to the circle at P. Gi) Show that the equation of the tangent to the circle at Pisy +5. (iii) This tangent intersects the x-axis at 4 and the y-axis at B. Show that the length of AB = 3x the radius of C. Kkiiia = 7 | 1 The equation of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius pil5 rise ty=r 2. The equation of a circle with centre (a, b) and radius r pHl5 is (x ap? + (y—bY 3. Moving a curve without altering its shape is called a p18 je a translation. The translation vector |'| represents the moye, @ units in the positive x-direction then 6 units in the positive y-direction. 4 The circle (x ~ a)? + (y— bY 2 canbe obtained from p118 the circle x? +»? = 1 by applying the translation | 5 In general, a uanstaionof (5 transforms the graph pl!9 of the circle (x — p}' + (y — 4)? = 7° into the graph of (x-poaPt(y—g— bP =r, 6 To sketch a circle: pig (i) find the radius and coordinates of the centre of the ciscle; (ii) indicate the centre; (iii) mark the four points which show the ends of the horizontal and vertical diameters; (ivy draw the circle to pass through these four points; (v) if any intercepts with the coordinate axes are integers, normally they should also be indicated.7 To find the equation of a circle given the coordinates p122 of 4 and B, the end points of the diameter AB: (i) find the coordinates of the mid-point of AB (see section 3.3} ~ this gives the centre C(a, 6) of the circle; Gi) find the distance CA (or CB) (see section 3.2) ~ this gives the radius r of the circle; ii) use the equation of the circle as (x= aP + (y—bP =P 8 The perpendicular bisectors of two chords intersect. p/22 at the centre of the circle. 9 To determine the conditions for a line to intersecta_ p26 circle @ from the equation of the line make x (or y) the subject; © substitute into the equation of the circle to get a quadratic equation in y (or x) of the form ay? + by + c= 0 (orax? + bx += 0); © (i) ifthe discriminant 5? — dae <0, there are no real roots and the line does not intersect the circle, (ii) if the discriminant 6? — 4ac> 0, there are two real distinct roots and the line intersects the circle at two points, if the discriminant 5? — 4ac = 0, there is one real (repeated) root and the line touches the circle at one point, the line is a tangent to tre Girdle; © if asked to find the coordinates of the points of intersection, solve the quadratic equation and substitute found value(s) into the equation of the line to find the other coordinate(s) 10 ‘The normal at a given point P, on a circle with pi29 | centre Cis the same as the radius CP. 11 To find the equations of tangents and normals to p30 circles at the point P(x, ¥.): (i) find the centre C of the circle; (ii) find the gradient, 1m, of CP; (iii) the normal is CP, so its equation can be found using y~ yy = (x — x); (iv) find the gradient, m,, of the tangent using m, Xm, = 1; | (v)_ the equation of the tangent is y — y, = m,0x — 4). Ch; Coordinate geometry of circles 135136 ci coordinate geometry f ecles Bcrsia What to review | 1 A circle C has centre (2, 1) and radius 10. Write down an Section 8.1 equation for ¢ and verify that the point (8, —7) lies on the circle. 2 Acircle with centre C has equation x? + y? + 6x — 2y +9 =0, Sections 8.1 and 8.2 j (a) By using the method of completing the square write this | ‘equation in the form (x ~ a)? + (yb)? (b) Write down the coordinates of ¢ and the radius of the circle. (c)_ By sketching the circle show that Ue a-axis is a tangent to the circle and state the coordinates of the point of contact. -2 3 A translation of [ ‘| transforms the graph of the circle C, Section 8.2 with equation (x ~ 2)? + (y~ 1)? = 16 into the graph of the circle C,. Find an equation of C,, 4 Aright-angled triangle PQR has vertices P(2, 0), Q(4, 1) and Section 8.3, R(2, 5). Find the equation of the circle which passes through the three points P, Q and R. 5 Find the possible values for the constant c so that the line Section 8.4 J = 2x +¢ isa tangent to the circle x2 +y? = 4, 6 (a) By solving the equations y 2x and 2+? =5 Section 8.4 and 8.6 simultaneously, show that the line y = 5 ~ 2 is a tangent to the circle x? + y? = 5 and state the coordinates of the point P where the line meets the circle. (b) Find the equation of the normal to the circle at the point P. 7 Find the equation of the tangent at the point P(2, 4) on the Section 8.6 circle x? + y? ~ 10° <0. 8 Point Cis the centre of the circle (x — 1)? + (y+ 2)? = 16. Section 8.5 ‘Tangents from the point P(7, 6) meet the circle at points A and B. Show that the perimeter of the kite PACB is 4(2 + V21). ANSWERS ‘ f@) At) 9 s O= sds — my hx b 1=alz-O4a € (o'e-) @) super (1 “<—)9. (a) t=At-O+le+m (e) z -94AT-¥) 1