Theorem 10.16 General Solution—Nonhomogeneous Systems Let X, bea given solution of the nonhomogeneous system (4) on an interval J, and let XG tak to +X [denote the general solution on the same interval of the associated homogeneous system (5). Then the general solution of the nonhomogeneous system on the interval is X=X,+x, The general solution X. of the associated homogeneous system (5) is called the complementary funetion of the nonhomogeneous system (4). EXIT General Solution—Nonhomogeneous System 37) apa te enopco cn 13 12-11 q i = ( 2s ’ ( 3 iy ou the interval (vv, oD. (Verify this.) The compleaeatary fuucdow uf (11) un die sane 1 aay interval, or the general solution of X" ( 5 3) X, was seen in (10) of Example 5 to be 1 ea( Jet a(2)etteestyewent016 X=X+X,= a(_te* + a(2)e« + ( is the general solution of (11) on the interval (—o0, 0). In Problems 1-6, write the lincar system in matrix form. # Wh a-ty 1. Saar-sy 2 ® mer ty ee ® noe-y foe 5 Baxnyeetenl ® oaety 2-3? a Bartytereaet2 582 Bx + dy te = Sx +92+ 4eFcos 2 = 5x In Problems 7-10, write the given system without the use of matrices. a nxn ( 4 xe(e sf GbE “QUE 0-0-0) CHAPTER 10 Systems of Linear Differential Equations7 2(5) 7 (: ¢) ‘ (‘)aars ( 1 ‘en In Problems 21-24, verify that the vector X, isa particular a\y)"\ 1 8 2+ 1 solution of the given system. In Problems 11-16, verify that the vector X is a solution of the ee gata any ne wny Ge wey—a-m -(Jee() Bmse—ty, x= (Le* ax-(? i)x+(3) x-()) nares ax )s-()e anata x ad)? x (Ner( Dee mC} dee je (daw wee(d eae) : kG) 1 9, 3, 1201 1 = ax-( =I a} x-( ‘) Xe -1-2 -1 13) 1 ou sin t 2%. Prove that the general solution of wx=[ 11 0 sin — Joost O60 In Problems 17-20, the given vectors are solutions of a system 110, X’ = AX. Determine whether the vectors form a fundamental set on the interval (—09, 00). wx=(Jean= (ee x-a(-tJersala)ereo(i)e 1 2 8 5, 1 1 wx-(Den-(e( De =, 6 8, ‘28, Prove that the general solution of 2) (:)s-(2} (1 Dee ()ee()e(3) ‘on the interval (—00, 00) is 1 vie 1 Ve o( - va? + (, + va Oe Qe) ‘on the interval (—00, 0) is 18. X= ) ( | 10.2 Homogeneous Linear Systems = Introduction In Example 5 of Section 10.1 we saw that the general solution of the 1 ( 3 wonopnonrgaant's (0 3)xuxneassaxine( ter o( Jen she both solution vectors have the form X, (t) eM, i= 1,2, where ky, a, Ai, and Apare constants, 102 Homogeneous Linear Systems 583FEEEA Exercises answorsto selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-25. GERD Distinct Real Eigenvalues In Problems 1~12, find the general solution of the given system. & ar 1 Faxty 2 Gams y Patsy Bort ty 3 Bases ay «Ee gey Po tery Panay e(8 de ans 1 Baxty-e Gna 2. Fase oy +4 Bay: Basen 11 0) 101 ax (: 2 thew e (0 )x 0 3-1 101 -1-1 0 “1 5 2 boa -b 0 0 6 In Problems 13 and 14, solve the given initial-value problem. ( )s 0-0) 11 4’ 1 ux=l[o 2 ofx, x@-=|3 melee 9, 15, Consider the large mixing tanks shown in FIGURE 10.25. ‘Suppose that both ianks A and B tnially comcain a 100 gat- lons of brine. Liquid is pumped in and out of the tanks as indicated inthe figure; the mixture pumped between and out ‘of the tanks is assumed to be well-timed. (@) Construct a mathematical model in the form of linear system of first-order differemtial equations forthe mimber of pounds 2,()) and (0) of salt in tanks A and B, respec- tively, at time ¢. Write the system in matrix form. [Hint: See Section 2.9 and Problem 38, Chapter 2in Review ] (b) Use the eigenvalue method of this section to solve the Jinear system in pat (a) subject to x,(0) = 20, x40) = 5. (©) Usea graphing utility or CAS to plot the graphs of (0) and x) in the same coordinate plane. (@) Suppose the system of mixing tanks is to be turned off ‘when the number of pounds of salt in tank B equals that in tank A. Use a root finding application of a CAS ot calculator to approximate that time. 3.x’ pure water icnne 2 piinin 1 gaia —y = ‘mixta Tein 2ewinie 1 gama FIGURE 1025 Mixing ranks in Problem 15 16. In Problem 26 of Exercises 3.12 you were asked to solve the following linear system at 50" [_._ — de 50" 75" dy 2 dt ~ 15% 25% using elimination techniques. @ecal, this linear system is mathematical model the for number of pounds of salt x;(#), x4), and23()in the comected nixing tanks A B, and C shown in Figure 29.7 on page 97. (@) Use the eigenvalue method ofthis section to solve the system subject to x,(0) = 15, x,(0) = 10,x5(0) = 5. (0) What are Tim,.,..21(9, tim,...%(), and lim, ...%4()? Interpret this result. = Computer Lab Assignments In Problems 17 and 18, use a CAS or linear algebra software as ‘an aid in finding the general solution of the given system. 9 21 32) 07 65 42|x Ll 7 34) 1 0 2 -18 0) 051 0 -13 eeai 1 2 -3 0 ox Oni) sa -28 0 0 15 1 18. (a) Usecomputer software to obtain the phase portrait of the systemin Problem 5. If possible, include the arrowheads as in Figure 10.2.2. Also, include four half-ines in your phase portrait. (b) Obtain the Cartesian equations of each of the four balf- lines in part (a). (©) Draw theeigenvectors on your phase portaitof thesystem. 28, Find phase portraits forthe systems in Problems 2 and 4. For ‘ach system, find any half-ine trajectories and include these lines in your phase portrait. 594 CHAPTER 10 Systems of Linear Differential EquationsLEED Repeated Eigenvalues In Problems 21-30, find the general solution of the given am a Ga eny a, Ga e+ 5y ® no, -sy Ba stay ax a x-(% x at Sart ay tae + So acats @ Ba at ny 432 nx 1001 xax-=(0 3 1]x oO -1 1 410 xaweloaiix 0 0 4, In Problems 31 and 32, solve the given initial-value problem. “Cf ds x0-() oo1 1 0 1 O}x, x@=|2 10 0, 5 13. Show that the 5 x 5 austrix 2x’ coone exnoo exnoce = 000 ‘has an eigenvalue A, of multiplicity 5. Show that three linearly independent eigenvectors corespanding to A; can be found. = Computer Lab Assignment ‘34 Find phase portraits forthe systems in Problems 22 and 23. For each system, find any half-line trajectories and include these lines in your phase portrait. GLEE) Complex Eigenvalues Jn Problems 35-46, find the genera solution of the given ae a a= a Sa atsy » oa “a “te aX ax @ Be) 1-3 a « a we Saatytx 4 a. 2 Bares 6 a &_ 2 fr % 1-12) 401 ex=[-1 1 0]xax-=/ 060]x -1 01 -404, 251 24 4) wx-(-s -6 4|xex-(-1 -2 o]x 0 02, “1 0-2 In Problems 47 and 48, solve the given initial-value problem. 1-12-14" 4 ax=[1 2 -3)x, xm=[ 6 1 1-2, 7, ax-( x x0-(%) 48. (@) Inthe closed system shown in AGUAE 1026 the three large tanks A, B, and C initially contain the number of gallons of brine indicated, Construct a mathematical model for fhe number of pounds af salt x2). rf), and 14() im the tanks A,B, and C at time, cespectvely. (©) Usetbe eigenvalue method ofthis section tosolve the sys- tem in part (a) subject to x (0) = 30, (0) = 20, x4(0) = 5. FIGURE 1028 Mixing tanks in Problem 49 ‘30. For the system in Problem 49: (@) Showthats,() + 2(0) + %() = 55.lmexpetthisreslt. (b) What are lim, ..0%)(1), lim, so%a(t), and Lim, .9.23(2)? Interpret this result. 10.2 Homogeneous Linesr Systems 535= Computer Lab Assignments 51. Find phase portraits fr the systems in Problems 38-40. S52. Solve cach of the following linear systems. r(ut @x=(1 tx oa-() Find a phase portrait of each system. What is the geometric significance ofthe line y = —x in each portrait? = Discussion Problems 58. Considerthe 5 x 5 matrix giveninProblem33,Solvethesystem ‘X’ = AX withoutthe aid of matrix methods, but write the general solution using the matrix notation. Use the general solution as a basis fora discussion on how the system can be solved using the matuix methods ofthis section. Carry out your ideas. 54. Obtain a Cartesian equation of the curve defined paramet- tically by the solution of the linear system in Example 6. denify the curve passing through (2, ~1) in Figure 10.2.4. ine: Compute ?, 9%, and ay. 85, Examine yourphase portraits in Problem 51. Under what condi- tions will the phase portrait of a 2 X 2 homogeneous linear system with complex eigenvalues consist ofa family of closed ‘curves? Consist of a family of spirals? Under what conditions is the origin (0,0) arepeller? An atractor? 56. The system of linear second-order differential equations myx] = —haxy + hye — m1) mx = — kee, — x) (zn) ‘describes the motion of two coupled spring/mass systems (see Figure 3.12.1). We have already solved a special case ofthis system in Sections 3.12 and 4.6. In this problem we describe ‘yet another method for solving the system. (@) Show that (27) can be writen as the matrix equation XX" = AX, where Lith hh (eel PF m™m “tm (b) Ifa solution is assumed of the form X = Ke™, show that X" = AX yields (A-ADK=0 where A= 0? (©) Show that ifm, = 1m, = 1, = tion ofthe system is X= (Jett a(det+e(J)eree + a(JJeve (@) Show that the solution in part (c) can be written as, xa(Jans(i + (7) Vor + 6.(~})sin Vee. and k, = 2, a solu- | 10.3 Solution by Diagonalization Introduction Inttis section we are going o consider an alternative method fr solving {a hemogenenis system of Finear first-order differential equations. This method is applicable 10 Review Section 812. Pp such a system X” = AX whenever the coefficient matrix A is diagonalizable. Coupled Systems A homogeneous linear system X’ = AX, ay ay ayn\ (x =| 22 am || a | mn nt a An] \%x in which each x; is expressed asa linear combination of 1, %,... is said to be coupled. If the coefficient matrix A is diagonalizable, then the system can be uncoupled in that each x; can be expressed solely in terms of x. Ifthe matrix A has Hincarly independent eigenvectors then we know from Theorem 8.12.2 that we can find a matrix Psuch that P-'AP = D, where Dis a diagonal matrix. If we make the substitution X = PY in thesystem X’ PY'=APY of Y'=PUAPY or Y'=DY, 2) 596 CHAPTER 10 Systems of Lin X, then Differential Equations‘Hence the solution of the given system is 12 1\/ee ce ™ + Dege! + ese x=Ppy=[0 2 1][ ce Dee! + exe (oe 0 1 1) \ege® exe! + ce ‘Note that (6) can be written in the usual manner by expressing the last matrix as a sum of column matrices: 1 2 1 X= oO fe™ + o,f 2 Jet + ef 1 Je® 0, 1 1 Solution by diagonalization will always work provided we can find n linearly independent ‘eigenvectors of the n X n matrix ‘the eigenvalues of A could be real and distinct, complex, or repeated. The method fails when A has repeated eigenvalues and n linearly independent eigen- vectors cannot be found. Of course, inthis last situation A is not diagonalizable. Since we have w find eigenvalues and eigenvectors ofA, this method is essentially equivalent 10 the procedure presented in the last section. ‘Inthe next section we shall see that diagonalization can also be usedto solve nonhomogeneous linear systems X’ = AX + F(). [ EEDEWExercises answers to selected add-numbered problems begin on page ANS-26. In Problems 1-10, use diagonalization to solve the given system. wee ge awe( ps CHAPTER 10 Systems of Lin 11. We have already shown how to solve the system of linear second-order differential equations that describes the motion of the coupled spring/mass system in Figure 3.12.1, mix} = —kyx + kaa ~ 1) mx} = —kd — 1) in three different ways (see Example 4 in Section 3.12, Problem 56 in Exercises 10.2, and Example 1 in Section 46). In this problem you are led through the steps of how (7) can also be solved using diagonalization. € ) m (a) Express(7)inthe form MX" + KX = 0, where x = (* Identify the 2 2 matrices M and K. Explain why the ‘matrix M has an inverse. (©) Express the system in part (a) as X"+BX=0. (@) ‘Identify the matrix B. (©) Solvesystem (7) in the special case where m, = I,m, = 1, 4 = 3,and k= 2bysolving(@) using the diagonalization ‘method. In other words, let X = PY. where P is amatrix whose columns are the eigenvectors of B. (@ Show that your solution X in part (c) is the same as that given in part (4) of Problem 56 in Exercises 10.2. Differential Equations‘ty Substituting 1 = tin (13) yields Xp = ()C, from which we get C = ™"Gg)Xo. Substituting this ast result in (13) gives the following solution of the initial-value problem: X= OOK + so[e “KORO ds. 9) 10.4.3 Diagonalization (J The Assumptions Asin Section 10.3, ifthe coefficient matrix A possesses linearly in- dependent eigenvectors, then we can use diagonalization to uncouple the system X' = AX + F(). ‘Suppose Pis the matrix such that P~'AP = D, where Dis a diagonal matrix. Substituting X = PY into the nonhomogeneous system X’ = AX + F() gives, PY'=APY+F oo Y'=PUAPY+P"F or Y'=DY+G. (15) In the last equation in (15), G = PF isa column vector. So eachdifferential equationin this new systemhas the form y = Ay, + g(@) = 1,2, ...n. Butnotice that, unlike the procedure for solv- ing ahomogeneous system X’ — AX, wenow are required to compute the inverseof the mauia P. Diagonalization (2 2)x+ (*)oyaipmaain SOLUTION. The eigenvalues and corresponding ei fantioted, = 45K =(_)um= (2) Pts ( a) Using the substitution X = PY and re-G DED-() the uncoupled system is 0 oy , (i! +(#). ( s+ () ‘The solutions of the twe linear first-order differential equations yicdé and yh Spt Be are respoctvely,y, = }¢+ ¢, andy, = — Jye!+ oe Hence, the solution ofthe original systemis ~py-( 1 2)\( ita mH +o + Deg! sero Dee) (CES). ‘Written in the usual manner using column vectors, (16) is x-a(2)+a()e- Qe: Solve X’ vectors of the coefficient matrix are _(1 2 Ths wei = (2 2) a y | EEQZM Exercises answers to solected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-26. e+) 4 4t + 9 e+ (22°%) In Problems 1-8, use the method of undetermined coefficients to solve the given system. ar ar Gamer y-7 2 Ga Set 42 ; ‘ = * )x+ ( Je =or- =-x 6 = a +s = + lly +6 10, 604 CHAPTER 10 Systems of Linear Differential EquationsoC Beet ve-(pr ae (ae ae) In Problems 9 and 10, solve the given initial-value problem. ox -(4 eG) 20-() ( e+(4,) x0-G) 11, Consider the large mixing tanks shown in FIGURE 10.41. ‘Suppose that both tanks A and B initially contain 100 gallons ‘of brine. Liquid is pumped in and out ofthe tanks as indicated {nthe figure; the mixture pumped between and out ofthe tanks {is assumed to be well-stined. () Construct a mathematical model in the form of 2 Ti ear system of first-order differential equations for the umber of pounds 1,(0) and x,(t) of salt in tanks A and B, respectively, at time ¢. Write the system in matrix form. [Hint: See Section 2.9 and Problem 38, Chapter 2 in Review.) (b) Usethe method of undetermined coefficients to solve the Jinear system in part (a) subject tox,(0) = 60,2,(0) = 10. (© Wastarelim, ..14(0) and lim, ..¥(0)?Intexpretthisresult. (@ Use a graphing utility or CAS to plot the graphs of (0) and 2(¢) in the same coardinate plane, 0, x’ pos wt saiatse yates 2eanin J evhnia 2 ean A a —— mixture ixrae i pinin 2eain 3 eainia FIGURE 1041 Mixing tanks in Problem 11 12, (a) The system of differential equations for the currents i,(0) and i,(¢) in the electrical network shown in Ficuaeteazis 4 (:) a (rity Rik )) ‘ (et) a Rill ~ (Ry + Robe) \is) * \wpt,)* Use the method of undetermined coefficients to solve the system if R, = 20,2: = 30,1, = 1b, L,= 1h, E = 60 V, ix(0) = 0, and ix(0) = 0. 104 Nonhomageneaus Linear Systems (b) Determine the current i,(). FIGURE 10.42 Network in Problem 12 LEED Variation of Parameters ‘In Problems 13-32, use variation of parameters to solve the given system. a a a Gase-yt4 a Faany ® ay Diy gna B-1 qa ate ; 2 1 ax-(3 {)x+() 1 (0-2 seo aaa o**(4') (1 3) ae d¥+G)e y(t cost) aen\ + (Se 2-2). (\e* 3 )** 0) ,_( ot ° aee\ 2) * Coors) ,( on 1 an-(7)x+(2) (12), (ewe av-(1 (ee a(t -2)y, (am ax =(} ~2)x+ (4) 110 é ax=[1 1 ofx+| 0 0 3, te3-1-1 0 wax=fr 1 -1}]xe+[e 1-44 26 In Problems 33 and 34, use (14) to solve the given initial-value problem. =e-(4 (2) 20-() axe (} Ti)x+ (HH). xm = (4) 35. The system of differential equations forthe currents i) and 4,() in te electrical network shown in FIGURE 1043 is a () = ie + Rab Rall J) + Cr) at \in RL, =R/L,) \in of} ‘Use variation of parameters to solve the system if R, = 8 2, R,=30,L,= 1h, L,= 1h, A) = 100sint V, 1,0) = 0, and i,(0) = 0. FIGURE 1043 Network in Problem 35, = Computer Lab Assignment 3%. Solving a nonhomogeneous linear system X' = AX + F(.) by variation of parameters when A is a 3 X 3 (or larger) ‘matrix is almost an impossible task to do by hand. Consider the system 2-2 2 1 te ,{-l 30 3 et RT go 4 -2 |X th ew 0 0 2-1 1 (@) Use a CAS or linear algebra software to find the eigen- vvaluae and sigenvactors of the coafficient matrix. (b) Form a fundamental matrix {) and use the computer to find &“"(9. (©) Use the computer to carry out the computations of © ‘oro, fo ‘wrod, ooo OK at, YK, and (OC + J © (OF (dt, where Cis acolumn matrix of constants coc, and cy (@ Rewrite the computer output for the general solution of the system in the form X = X, + X,, where Ken OX + ee + Ks + oe (ZED Diagonalization In Problems 37-40, use diagonalization to solve the given system, (a =)x+(Q) G ds) G 3)s+(¢) ( a)s+ (st) | 10.5 Matrix Exponential = Introduction Matrices can be used in an entirely different manner to solve a system of linear first-order differential equations. Recall that the simple linear first-order differential equation x’ = ax, where ais a constant, has the general solution x = ce“. It seems natural, then, to ask whether we can define a matrix exponential e™, where A is a matrix of constants, s0 that eis a solution ofthe system X! = AX. (] Homogeneous Systems We shall now see that itis possible to define a matrix expo- nential eso tha the homogeneous system X’ = AX, where A is an n X n matrix of constans, hhas a solution x=C, a) ‘Since Cis to be an n X 1 column matrix of arbitrary constants, we want eto be ana X n matrix. ‘While the complete develcpment of the meaning and theory of the matrix exponential would require athorough knowledge of matrix algebra, one way of defining ois inspired by the power series representation of the scalar exponential function e*: at alt ate ta 4 - Set @ 2 606 CHAPTER 10 Systems of Linear Differential EquationsWe next use (10) in (11) to replace A* and At as finite sums followed by an interchange of the order of summations = fife Ea, fot Be (Sam) b10) A o@) po (12) fee Pe a (§ A 2) - S50. (13) where b(t) = Zizo(t*/kt)qj(&). Analogous to how we used the eigenvalues of A in (10) to de- ‘termine the c), we again use the eigenvalues, but this time in the finite sum (13) to determine a system ofequationso determine the bj these cocffciens, in tum, ar used in (12) to determine BESTT] Matrix Exponential Comput ora = (—? a): SOLUTION Wehave already scen the matrix A in Section 89, and there we found itscigen- values o be A; = —1 and A; = 2. Now since A is a2 X 2:matrix, we have from (12) and (13) A= bl + DA and c= by + iA (14) Seuting A = —1 and A = 2 in dhe second equation of (14) gives two equations In dhe two ‘unknowns bp and b. Solving the system by— by Ody t By yields by = }1e* + 2c], by = He — e”']. Substituting these values in the first equation of (14) and simplifying the entries yields “ete: erie) ; . (15) = Cette oie " In Problems 25-28 in Exercises 10.5, we show how to compute the matrix exponential e™ when the mauia A is diaguualizable (sce Gevtivn 8.12). (] Use of Computers For those willing momentarily rade understanding for speed of solution, e* can be computed with the aid of computer software; for example, in Mathematica, ‘the function MatrixExp/A t] computes the matrix exponential for a square matrix A; in Maple, ‘the command is exponential(A, t); in MATLAB the function is expm (At ). See Problems 27 and 28 in Exercises 10.5. Exercises Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-27. In Problems 1 and 2, use (3) to compute eM and e~™. fl © ,_ (ov wa=() 2) (4) sx=(5 2) ex-(t x 0 2 10 144 0 0 0 In Problems 3 and 4, use (3) to compute e™. ax={ 1 1 1fxax=[3 0 ofx raid 0 0 0 2-2-2, $1 0, elated | cnet In Problems 9-12, use (6) to find the general solution of the -2 -2 -2 51 0, given system, In Problems 5-8, use (1) and the results in Problems 1-4 to find va (! ’) (4) =(t °) () the general solution ofthe given system. ae ( 2)¥*\-a)™ ¥ (0 a)®* ee 105 Matrix Exponential 609x’ 0 1). (1 1a (0 ty, (cosh? @ o)x+G) == (0 o)x*(Gh) 19, Solve the systom in Problem 7 subject to the inital condition 7 x0-(-4) 6 14, Solve the system in Problem 9 subject to the initial condition x= G In Problems 15-18, use the method of Example 1 to compute e™ for the coefficient matrix. Use (1) to find the general solution of the given system. nase 4 1 (4-2 Bx G -)x «x -¢ )* 1 (5-9 , ov mx-(62)x wx (2 x In Problems 19-22, use the method of Example 2 to compute” for the coefficient matrix. Use (1) to find the general solution of the given system. wre(ee mwe( ts a 8 1-2 (3-1) (i Dx 2. If the matrix A can be diagonalized, then P-!AP = D or A = PDP‘, Use this last result and (3) to show that = Pept or en) a. x! 2x’ 4. UseD = and (3) to show that In Problems 25 and 26, use the results of Problems 23 and 24 to solve the given system, ,(24 21 aee(s de aee(l = Computer Lab Assignments 21. (a) Use (1) to find the general solution of X’ = ( 3x Use a CAS to find e*. Then use the computer to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the coefficient matrix A= (52) norman ema ner of Section 10.2. Finally, reconcile the two forms of the general solution of the system. 3-1 Go) (b) Use()tofindthe general solution of Use a CAS to find e™. In the case of complex output, uti- lize the software to do the simplification; for example, in ‘Mathematica, if m=MatrixExp[A t]hascomplexentries, then try the command Simplify[ComplexExpand{m]]. 2, Use (I) to find the general solution of -4 06 0 0 -5 0 -4 -1 01 0f* 0 30 2 Use a CAS to finde. = Discussion Problems 28. Reread the discussion leading tothe result given in (8). Does the matrix sI~A always have an inverse? Discuss. 3A. In Exercises 8.9 we saw that a nonzero n X n matrix A is nilpatentif misthe smallest postive integer suchthat A" = 0, -1 11 veiyona-(=1 0 1 spa ty 111 isrelatively easy to compute e when A isnilpotent. Compute &* for the given matrix and then use (2) to solve the system X= AX. Ei Chapter in Review Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-27. In Problems 1 and 2, fill in the blanks. ; 1 Mh cata veer X= 4(*) in lon ote se @ -t)s-()ee- a mecnentaa(t)eta a(S) Anant 110 2 (5 39) x.x0 = (2) fr system X |-value problem X’ and cy = ___. aac) 3. Consider the linear system X’={ 1 3 2)x. 1-4-3, Without attempting to solve the system, which one of the following vectors, (Ja(J=() is an eigenvector ofthe coefficient matrix? What is the solu- tion of the system corresponding to this eigenvector? 610 CHAPTER 10 Systems of Linear Differential Equations4. Consider the linear system X’ = AX of two differential equations where A is a real coefficient matrix. What is the general solution of the system if it is known that A, = 1 + 2 (})isaconesandingeigenece? isaneigenvalueand K, In Problems 5-14, solve the given linear system by the methods ‘of this chapter. dr dx sort . +2 5 GF a2rty 6 mca tay dy 1 tf x= + e ') me ( ) 7 15. (@) Consider the nar system X” = AX of thee fstonder ifeenial equation where tho cotficent mati is 303 5 3], -5 73 and A = 2 is known to be an eigenvalue of multiplicity two. Find two different solutions of the system corre- sponding to this cigenvalue without using any special formula (such as (12) of Section 10.2). (b) Use the procedure in part (a) to solve we ety» (*) ete ute tn en er ey 10) w=(0 9)" forarbitrary constants cy and c, By hand, draw a phase portrait of the system, CHAPTER 10 in Review 611