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Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology ( New Series) , Vol.24, No.3, 2017

DOI:10.11916 / j.issn. 1005⁃9113.17005

Review:State⁃of⁃the⁃Art of Stamping⁃Forging Process with


Sheet Metal Blank

Xinyun Wang ∗ , Junsong Jin and Lei Deng


( State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan 430074, China)

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to review the state⁃of⁃the⁃art SFPs and their applications, and to provide a
guide for researchers and engineers working in this field. Various SFPs are classified according to the
combination ways of stamping and forging operations. The process principle of each combination is reviewed,
with its applications discussed. The state⁃of⁃the⁃art of SFPs suggests that future work in this field should focus
on the development of high⁃strength die materials, better lubrication control methods, forming machines with
intelligent control capacity and special functions, and some new SFPs for high strength or ultra⁃high strength
materials.
Keywords: sheet metal; stamping; forging; stamping⁃forging process
CLC number: TG306      Document code: A        Article ID: 1005⁃9113(2017)03⁃0001⁃16

resource⁃intensive and time⁃consuming. Furthermore,


1 Introduction to reduce the production cost, net⁃shape and near⁃net⁃
shape forming technologies without subsequent finishing
    As is well⁃known, metal plastic forming is widely operations are increasingly required.
used in manufacturing industries. It generally includes Stamping⁃Forging processes ( SFPs) are a class of
sheet stamping and bulk forging. Metallic parts with novel processes combining stamping and forging
large specific surface play a non⁃substitutable role in together, to manufacture functional elements within
the mechanical industry [1] . Conventional stamping sheet metal parts, in which only specific regions of
processes are adopted to make this kind of parts from blanks are formed [3] . For example, cup parts with
sheet metals, but the thickness distribution is difficult gears and thickened walls can be manufactured by
to be controlled due to the approximate plane stress combining drawing and upsetting; tailored blanks can
when the blank is deformed. The thickness of formed be formed by drawing and reverse flatting. Comparing to
parts generally reduces around corners and increases in conventional forging or stamping operations, the need
the edge [2] . Furthermore, functional elements, such as for additional machining steps can be reduced, as well
bosses, teeth, steps, ribs, etc. can not be made due to as the load applying on tools.
the tension stress state. Forging can make parts with The aim of this paper is to review the state⁃of⁃the⁃
functional elements due to the three⁃dimensional stress art SFPs and their applications and to provide a guide
state when the billets are deformed. However, it is for researchers and engineers working in this field. In
limited to form prats possessing features of small this paper, various SFPs are classified according to the
thickness and large contour size due to the high load combination ways of stamping and forging operations.
requirements during forging with bars or block billets. For each class, the basic process principle is given,
The demand for lightweight metallic products with with its typical applications discussed.
customized properties, large specific surface, and
functional elements has been increasing in various 2  Classification of SFPs
industrial fields, such as automobile, aircraft,
electronics and so on. Usually, to obtain the expected     Merklein et al. [4] introduced SFPs based on tool
characteristics of workpieces, complex technical motion, as well as sheet thinning and sheet thickening
processes and tools are required, which can be very based on sheet thickness variation,while Nakano et al.[5]

Received 2017-01-15.
Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Grant Nos.50705034, 51175202, 51435007 and 51675201) .
∗Corresponding author. E-mail: wangxy_hust@ hust.edu.cn.

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introduced SFPs according to part cross⁃sections. In researchers working on metal forming, in this paper,
recent years, many new SFPs were developed. SFPs are classified according to the combination way of
Generally, a specific combination of stamping and stamping and forging operations, as shown in Table 1.
forging operations can make parts with specific features. Each class and related process principle are discussed
For a better understanding and to provide a guide for in details in the following sections.
Table 1  Classification of SFPs according to combination way
Method Operations Range of application
Drawing / flanging + upsetting Parts with thickened walls, or with outer teeth
Drawing + reverse flatting Tailored sheet, cups with thickened bottom corner, cups with thickened bottom
Bending + compression Tailored sheet, ups with thickened bottom corner
Combined forming method Drawing + extrusion / ironing Parts with thinned wall, step⁃shaped wall or wall having functional elements
Drawing + backward extrusion Parts with bossing, or thin walls
Blanking + forging Parts with local bulk forming
Extrusion Parts with bossing
Sheet forging method Spinning Asymmetrical parts with inner teeth or ribs
Joining Tubes connection, sheet connection
wall thickness or form functional elements.
3  Combined Forming Method This process has the widest application in
manufacturing parts with thickened walls. Wang,
3.1  Combination of Drawing / Flanging with et al. [6] and Luo et al. [7] thickened the outer wall of a
Upsetting pan to form a flywheel panel used in cars. As shown in
    Parts with thickened walls or functional elements Fig.1, the sheet was drawn into the die by an inner
on the wall can be fabricated by the combination of punch, and then the wall was compressed axially to be
drawing / flanging with upsetting. In this combination, a thickened. Finally, the wall was thickened from 10 mm
vertical wall is firstly formed by drawing or flanging, to 11 mm.
and then an upsetting operation is taken to increase the

Fig.1  Forming of a pan with thickened wall

    Suzumura et al. developed a combined process


[8]
obtained. Wu et al. [11] utilized a similar process to
to form a step⁃shaped cup with thickened flange. As make clutch hubs, so as to obtain flange corners with
shown in Fig.2, During the cup bottom, was drawn by smaller radii and less thinning.
the inner punch, the edge of the cup was upset by the
outer punch. As the wall and the flange were constrained
by the outer die, the buckling was prevented. The final
thickness can be adjusted by changing the inner and
outer punch strokes. The movement of punches was
controlled by a multi⁃action press.
    Luo et al. [9] thickened the inner wall of holes by
combining hole flanging and upsetting. A round blank
with a center hole was flanged first to form a vertical
wall, then the wall was held by an inner mandrel
together with an outer die and upset for three times, as
shown in Fig. 3. Yan et al. [10] also investigated the
flanging⁃upsetting process, with the effects of die
radius and die clearance on the flanging and upsetting Fig. 2   Forming process of a step⁃shaped cup with
discussed and an optimized wall upsetting ratio of 1.25 thickened flange [8]
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formed by a powerful backward drawing, in which, the


flange was pushed axially while the boss was drawn. In
the third step, the bottom of the boss was pierced and
flanged to form a straight inner wall. And then, the
inner wall was thickened by taking several upsetting
operations in the last step.
    Except for manufacturing parts with thickened
walls, this combination can also be used to
manufacture parts with functional elements on the wall.
Bedford et al. [14] developed a process by combining
drawing and upsetting to manufacture gear parts. The
active tool elements are depicted in Fig.5( a) and the
operation sequences are shown in Figs. 5 ( b ) - ( d ) .
Firstly, a deep drawing process without a blank holder
was employed to form the semi⁃finished sheet plate. In
this step, a tractrix curve shaped drawing radius was
used to reduce the forming force and the burr formation
when the wall passed through the tooth cavity. After
Fig.3  Process of hole flanging and upsetting [9]
deep drawing, the upsetting of the cup wall was taken
to force the material to flow into the tooth cavities of the
    Wang et al. [12] and Luo et al. [13] developed a die, and thus the external gear with 38 teeth was
multi⁃step process to form double⁃cup parts with finally formed. The difficulty of combining drawing and
thickened inner walls, as shown in Fig.4. In the first upsetting to form gears is to control the material flow,
step, a round blank was deformed to form a cup by so as to overcome the folding at the corner between the
forward drawing. In the second step, a center boss was wall and the web.

Fig.4  Forming process of a double⁃cup part with thickened inner wall [13]

Fig.5  Forming of gear [14] ,tool active elements and main processes

    According to studies mentioned above, the press is required when taking in one step. However,
combination of drawing / flanging and upsetting can be the wall tends to buckle, which easily leads to folding.
taken in sequence or one step. Conventional hydraulic Hence, the thickening ratio in a single step is limited.
presses or mechanical presses can be employed for the To obtain greater thickness, a multi⁃stage thickening
process when taking in sequence, but a multi⁃action process should be employed. Thus, the combined
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process conducting in sequence is a better choice when used for manufacturing tailored parts and bottom
the thickening ratio is larger. If combining stamping thickened parts.
and thickening in one step, the die set is complicated 3.2.1  To form tailored parts
and a multi⁃action press is required. Due to the friction     The combination of drawing with flatting is most
resistance, the difficulty of material flow increases with widely used for making tailored blanks which are used
the wall height, resulting in a small allowable wall to make parts with thickened corners.
height. Furthermore, the combination of drawing / Zhao et al. [15] developed a drawing⁃pressing
flanging with upsetting can not be used for parts with forming process to thicken the central area of a round
thickened portions not in the wall, such as tailored sheet metal. As shown in Fig.6, in the first step, the
blanks and parts with thickened bottom, since the load central portion of the round blank was drawn into the
cannot be directly applied to the plate. die. In the second step, the out rim of the workpiece
3.2  Combination of Drawing with Reverse was restrained, while the center portion was flatted and
Flatting thickened by a reverse compression. Tan et al. [16]
    In this combination, the blank is firstly drawn to developed a two⁃stage forming process to manufacture
form a cup or a groove, and then the cup or groove is tailored blanks. In the first stage, the target portion of
flatted with the other portion clamped by a flat punch. the blank was drawn into a die. In the second stage,
The punch vertically compresses the blank to plane, the target portion was reversely compressed by a flat
while the punch force is changed to an in⁃plane force to die with a flange clamped to increase the thickness, as
compress the target portion. Via compression, the shown in Fig.7.
target portion was thickened. This combination can be

Fig.6  Thickening process of the center of disc⁃like parts [15]

Fig.7  Two⁃stage forming process of tailor parts with local thickening [16]

    Since the thickness reduction of the drawn part clamped between the blank holder and the die, the
corner leads to a poor mechanical property, some conical bottom was compressed into a flat one by both
engineers have to make tailor blanks with annular the counter punch and inner punch, resulting in
thickened zones as preforms to increase the corner increased thicknesses around the bottom and flange
thickness. Abe et al. [17] developed a three⁃stage corners. Finally, the flange corners and wall
stamping process including bottom thickening and thicknesses around the bottom were increased by about
corner flanging for a cup with a flange.In the first and 10%, as shown in Fig.8.
second stages, the cup with a conical bottom was     In these processes, the drawing depth is the key
formed by drawing using conical punches, and the factor for thickening. If the drawing depth is too large,
volume of the conical bottom was larger than that of the the thickness increase of the center portion becomes
flat bottom. In the third stage, with the flange being un⁃uniform or the blank folds in the reverse

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compression step. Otherwise, the thickening ratio is not achieved by presses with translational movements, such
large enough. Thus, multiple steps are required to as hydraulic presses and mechanical presses.
ensure the thickening ratio. This process can be

Fig.8  Three⁃stage stamping process and relative section [17]

3.2.2  To form bottom thickened parts was squeezed into the bottom during drawing. After
    The combination of drawing and compression can that, the bottom was compressed and thickened from
also be used to make parts with thickened bottom. Jin 4 mm to 4.25 mm.
et al. [18] manufactured aluminum alloy shell parts with In this process, the initial interposition of counter
non⁃uniform thickness by using a single⁃step hot punch is the key factor for bottom thickening. An over⁃
stamping forging process. In this process, a die⁃set large initial interposition results in a small thickening
with floating seat was employed.As shown in Fig.9, the ratio, otherwise, a non⁃uniform bottom will be formed.
die was installed in a stationary seat and fixed together. The merit of this process is that both drawing and
The counter punch was installed on a spring⁃supported flatting are achieved in only one step, and the
floating seat. In the beginning, the blank was placed shortcoming is that the volume of material squeezed
on the top of the die. Then, the punch descended to into the bottom from the wall is difficult, resulting in a
deform the workpiece, and the workpiece pushed the high forming load and small thickening ratio of the
counter punch downward. In this process, a convex bottom.
bottom was firstly formed, and the material in the wall

Fig.9  Forming process of a pan with thin wall and thickened bottom [18]

3.3  Combination of Bending with Compression developed a bending⁃compression process to shorten


    The combination of bending and compression was and thicken the connecting portion of a bracket shown
generally employed for manufacturing tailored blanks in Fig.11. Since the sum of the two walls􀆳 heights was
having straight thickened portions. In this process, a larger than the distance between them, the connecting
uniform sheet was firstly bent into a hat shape to get portion should be shortened. Hence, the connecting
two inclined portions, and then these portions were portion was firstly bent to a U⁃shape and then
compressed to be thickened by a flat die. Mori et al. [19] compressed with two ends fixed by a flat punch. Then,
employed this process twice to realize two the compressed portion was thickened and shortened.
perpendicular groups of thickened areas, and the     According to the process described above, this
thickness at the four corners was doubled, as shown in process can be used not only for manufacturing tailored
Fig.10. The critical height of the drawn square cup blanks but also for shortening sheets. The key factor of
reached 28.3 mm for the tailored blank, while that was this process is the inclined wall or convex height of the
21. 3 mm for the uniform blank. Wang et al. [20] bent portion, that is, a larger height leads to folding in
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compression similar to that in drawing⁃reverse described in section 3.2, in this process, the thickened
compression processes. Comparing to the process zone is straight as the blank is bent along a line.

Fig.10   Bent⁃compressed tailored blanks and drawn parts [19]

Fig.11 Bending⁃compression process for a bracket [20]

3.4  Combination of Drawing with Extrusion / to a thickness of 1. 5 mm from a plate with 5 mm


Ironing thickness, with a good fabrication accuracy.
    In this combination, a blank is drawn into a cup, This combination can be used for parts with step⁃
and then a subsequent ironing or extrusion is applied to shaped walls, such as tubes and cups. Mori et al. [2]
form thinned wall, step⁃shaped wall or wall with introduced an integrated process of drawing and
functional elements. extrusion / ironing for a thin⁃wall tube as displayed in
When an ironing process was applied to a drawn Fig.13. Via extrusion and ironing, the steps, different
workpiece, not only the wall thickness was thinned, thicknesses, and sharp corners can be formed. Kampuš
but also the uneven wall thickness distribution was et al. [21] superimposed force on the cup edge in a
eliminated. Nakano et al. [5] developed an integrated combined process of upsetting and ironing operation,
combination process of drawing and ironing for and obtained a cup with the external or internal wall
producing double⁃cup parts with thinned walls, as thickened ( see Fig.14) .
shown in Fig.12. The wall of the product was reduced

Fig.12  Ironing process for the side wall [5]

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Fig.13 Extrusion of thin⁃wall tube [2]

    This combination of drawing with ironing can not


only process simple cylindrical workpieces. Zhuang et
al. [22] proposed a hybrid method of deep drawing and
extrusion to produce geared drums using a servo⁃
controlled press, as shown in Fig.15. In this process,
specifically designed oscillation motions and step
motions were adopted in the hybrid deep drawing and
extrusion process. The results showed that the surface
quality of parts was obviously improved and the extent
Fig. 14   Cups with thickened wall made by deep of thickness reduction was reduced when using a step
drawing and ironing [21] motion in the early stage of the process.

Fig.15  Forming process of gear drum [22]

    Mori et al. [23] developed a hot forming process for to form the teeth ( see Fig. 16 ( c ) ) . To realize the
gear drum from an ultra⁃high strength steel. The sequence of heating, releasing and forming, an 800 kN
sequence of this novel spline forming process was CNC servo press was synchronized with the power
illustrated in Fig.16. In Fig.16( a) , the cup wall was supply for heating and air cylinders for the electrodes
electrified to heat between the upper and lower while moving. The difficulty of this process for
electrodes. And then, the two electrodes were moved manufacturing gears was controlling the material to full
away by air cylinders, as shown in Fig. 16 ( b ) . fill the tooth top.
Finally, the cup was drawn through the die by a punch

Fig.16  Forming of cups with spline using resistance heating [23]

    Drawing can also be combined with backward solid bosses from a plate. Fig.17( a) shows the process
extrusion. Wang et al. [24] proposed a new combined principle. When the die was moving upward, and the
process of drawing and compression to form a cup with blank was drawing, a constant punch load was applied
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to the bottom. Thus, a boss was extruded in the bottom temperature, and then the preforms were hot extruded
when the plate was compressed. to the desired geometry, as shown in Fig.18.
In order to investigate the influence of the boss     Lin et al. [26] formed hollow parts having flange
position on the boss forming behavior, a double⁃boss from sheet metals by combining drawing and cold
model ( as shown in Fig. ( 17c ) ) was studied. The extrusion. As shown in Fig. 19 ( a ) , firstly, a cup⁃
distance from the boss center to the cup center changed shaped workpiece with a center hole was formed by
in the range of 3 - 13 mm. Figs. 17 ( d ) and ( e ) drawing. Secondly, it was put into the die cavity. The
compare the cross sections of the cup obtained by punch and the moveable die extruded the rim of the
simulation and experiment. The experimental result workpiece together to form a flange in the center of the
shows a good agreement with that of the simulation. cup bottom at the back face. During this process, the
    Sheng et al. [25] proposed a hybrid forming process cup was positioned by the cup holder and the movable
by combining the warm drawing and hot extrusion to die. The formed workpieces were shown in Figs.19( b)
produce cup parts with inner ribs.In which a sheet was and ( c) .
firstly drawn to form a preform at warm forming

Fig.17  Forming of the cup with solid bosses [24]

Fig.18  Illustration of the hybrid⁃forming process [25]

Fig.19  Forming of hollow flanged parts [26]

    The combination of drawing with ironing / forward the bottom can make the material in the bottom flows
extrusion is favorable for making thinned wall parts or outward, resulting in a lower flow stress. Thus, the
gears. The key factor of this combination is the forming load is decreased. Meanwhile, a thicker blank
entrance shoulder angle of the die. An excessively low is required for compensating the material flow to the
angle will lead a large deformation zoom, resulting in a wall from the bottom. Compared to the conventional
serious friction force. Furthermore, the angle is limited hole flanging, the advantage of making hollow flanged
to the step shape of the part wall in some cases. A too parts by this process is that the forming limit is much
large angle will make the material flow difficultly. As higher.
the wall mainly deforms in tension when forming gears, 3.5  Combination of Blanking with Forging
the material is difficult to fill the tooth tip. The merit of     Some stamping processes can also be combined
drawing combined with backward extrusion for forming with die forging processes. Hui et al. [27] combined a
cups with solid bosses is that the radial tensile force in blanking process with a closed⁃die forging to
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manufacture an aviation connector, as shown in Fig.20. portion of the workpiece together with a lower punch
Firstly, the main shape of the part was made by fine having a conical end to make the material flow into the
blanking, and then the branches were bent, finally, corner. In the second step, a lower punch with
the small boss was formed by a closed⁃die forging. Li et chamfered end was used instead of the conical one,
al. [28] developed a process by combining drawing with with the compression of the two punches, more
closed⁃die forging to form an automobile clutch bush. materials were driven to the corner. Thus the corner
In the first step, the preformed blank was drawn into was thickened, as shown in Fig.21.
the cavity die by a flat punch. When the up punch In these processes, as the stress is very high in
reached a certain depth, it compressed the center closed⁃die forging, the forging area is generally small.

Fig.20  Forming of aviation connector [27]

Fig.21  Forming of a clutch bush [28]

synchronously [30] . Wang et al. [31] formed a cooling fin


4  Sheet Forging Method from 1100⁃H14 aluminum alloy sheets using backward
extrusion ( Fig.24) , and Sun et al. [32] investigated the
4.1  Extrusion effects of process parameters on the boss forming
    The characteristic of extrusion is that the material ( Fig.25) . Chen et al. [33] also studied embossment
flows in the direction or the opposite direction of the formation in the backward extrusion of AZ31
punch under compression. magnesium⁃alloy sheets. The results indicated that the
Zhang et al. [29] proposed a backward extrusion of thicker the blank is, the better the embossment can be
AZ31B magnesium components at 250 ℃ , as shown in formed. Also, the greater the friction coefficient is, the
Fig. 22. He also applied this process to form better the embossment can be done. But the increased
magnesium⁃alloy notebook cases with complex friction will lead to an increased forming load and
geometries as shown in Fig.23, in which sidewalls, reduce the sidewall uniformity.
hooks, and bosses of the case were formed

Fig.22  FEM simulation of forming process and experiment results [29]

    Extrusion can also make bosses in both sides of a extrusion to manufacture a load⁃bearing disk, as shown
sheet, and if the section change is large, multi⁃step is in Fig.26.
required. Cai et al. [34] developed a multiple step
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Fig.25  Formed part with boss [32]

Fig.23  Press⁃forged cases at different punch strokes [30]     In plate extrusion, as the punch pressing the
blank in the plane, the contacted area is large. Hence,
it is hard for the material to flow and the material
between the punch and die suffers from high hydrostatic
pressures, resulting in a very large punch load. Thus,
the key issue of this process is to decrease the punch
load and promote the material flowing to the boss. For
this purpose, Maeno et al. [35] applied load pulsation
into the forging of a stainless steel sheet to form a boss
without cavity and rollover, as shown in Fig. 27. The
load pulsation can effectively improve the forming
Fig.24  Formed cooling fin [31] shape as well as decrease the forming load.

Fig.26  Forming of the load⁃bearing disk [34]

    Extrusion can also be used for plane gear forming.


Hetzner et al. [36] formed plane gears by compressing a
sheet using a punch with geared ends. In their study,
two FEA simulations were carried out, one with a
global friction factor of m = 0. 12, and the other one
with locally adapted friction factors, m = 0.3 and m =
0.05 in front of and behind the teeth, respectively, as
shown in Fig.28( a) . The results indicated the material
Fig. 27   Comparison of stainless steel parts with a boss flow could be obviously improved by changing the
formed without and with pulsation [35] friction condition.

Fig.28  Definition of frictional zones and comparison of material filling [36]


    Compared to extrusion in bulk forming using block friction force resists material flow in⁃plane greatly,
or bar, the material thickness is much smaller, and the resulting in a high punch pressure. Thus, measures for
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reducing friction, such as better lubrication, load result was also investigated. It was proved that the
pulsation, and tailored die surface, should be taken. groove angle played the dominant role. Jin et al. [39]
4.2  Spinning studied the metal flow in this process. The flow line
    It is well known that spinning is a flexible revealed that the material was not only compressed in
incremental forming process suitable for asymmetrical the radial direction but also driven to flow in the
parts. The forming load is relatively low, since the tangent direction in the outer side of the rim.
workpiece deforms gradually under the partial tool In this process, as the rim is subjected to radial
contact. Conventionally, this process is used to form compression, it is easy to buckle, leading to a small
tabular parts or cup parts with thinned walls or wall thickening ratio. Multiple steps should be taken if a
thicknesses equal to those of original blanks. With the large thickening ratio is required. Moreover, the
development of this process, it can be used for buckling is sensitive to the roller shape. Thus, the
manufacturing parts with thickened walls or other roller shape should be optimized.
functional elements. 4.2.2  Spinning for teeth or rib
4.2.1  Spinning for rim thickening     Cup parts with inner teeth are widely used in
    For parts with thick rims and thin web plates, automobiles. Xu et al. [40] developed a multi⁃pass
Wang et al. [37-38] proposed a new rotary forming stagger spinning process to form a gear with internal
process, as shown in Fig.29. In the proposed process, teeth from plate blank. Two passes, i. e., power
a workpiece was sandwiched between the upper spindle spinning and drawing spinning, were designed for
and lower spindle, with all of them rotating together. A stagger spinning. It was shown that the using drawing
roller with an outside groove compressed the workpiece spinning in the first pass is helpful for teeth forming in
in the radial direction to thicken the rim. The forming the second pass, as shown in Fig.30. Xia et al. [41] and
process stopped when the roller contacted the spindle. Ma et al. [42] also employed this process to manufacture
In this study, the effect of groove shape on the forming clutch hubs with inner teeth.

Fig.29  Rim thickening process

Fig.30  Spinning of inner gears [40]

    Jiang et al. [43] manufactured a thinwalled tubular spinning ( Fig. 31 ( a ) ) . The experimental results
part with longitudinal inner ribs using backward ball showed that the minimum ball diameter should be
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controlled to guarantee the occurrence of inner ribs. mechanical property and is not economical due to the
The minimum diameter of the ball is decided by the low material utilization and long machining duration.
process parameters, i.e., the feed ratio, the reduction Meanwhile, spinning has advantages when dealing with
of wall thickness, the thickness of the blank and the this kind of parts.
material property. The experimental results indicated Ma et al. [44 - 45] formed conical parts with
that a larger ball size contributed more to the metal flow transverse inner ribs via a power spinning process. To
stability and the formability of the inner ribs, but too form the transverse rib and take off the workpiece from
large ball size resulted in poor surface quality. the die, a mandrel with splint was used, as shown in
    Transverse inner rib of conical parts is generally Fig.32.
made by machining, but it will decrease the

Fig.31  Ball spinning of spun part [43]

Fig.32  Spinning of spun part with transverse inner ribs [44-45]

    Although cup⁃shaped or tubular parts with so as to form bosses or flanges.


longitudinal inner ribs or teeth can be made by ironing In boss forming, the thickness of the plate is
or extrusion, only simple shapes are allowed due to the reduced,and the boss is formed by a conical roller as
limitation of translational tool motion. This limitation shown in Fig. 33 [46] . Material flows towards a rotating
can be avoided by making the tool to compress the mandrel and upwards to form a central boss. Xue et
material radially. Thus, spinning is a preferable al. [47] employed this process to manufacture a pulley as
selection for this kind of parts. For both inner shown in Fig.34. Zhao et al. [48] employed this process
longitudinal and transverse teeth / ribs, a mandrel with to manufacture double⁃cup parts as shown Fig.35.
teeth is generally required. Especially, for parts with     In splitting forming, as shown in Fig.36, the disk
transverse teeth or ribs, a mandrel with splint should blank is fixed to a rotating spindle. While rotating, a
be employed to ensure demolding. Process parameters, roller moves radially onto the disk blank􀆳s edge and
such as feeding rate, significantly affect the forming separates it into two flange areas [49] . This process can
results. Thus optimization of process parameters is the not only be used for materials with good plasticity at
key issue of this process. room temperature but also employed for hard⁃to⁃deform
4.2.3  Spinning for sheet splitting materials at elevated temperatures. For example,
    Except for manufacturing cup⁃shaped parts, Huang et al. [50] adopted this process to manufacture
spinning can also be used to split sheet blank partially, TA15 titanium alloy parts.
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    Both the boss forming and split forming are mainly


used for pulleys or wheels. As the part is formed
continuously and near net⁃shaped, boss forming and
splitting forming have the advantages in lower forming
load, smaller subsequent machining allowance, higher
material utilization, more continuous metal fiber and
relative higher product strength, when compared to
conventional forging processes. For boss forming, its
shortcoming is difficult to form the boss with a large
thickness, because the wall thickness highly relies on
Fig.33  Principle of boss spinning [46] the original blank thickness. For splitting spinning, the
key issue is to overcome the buckling of the unclamped
portion of the blank under a radial compression.
4.3  Joining
    Joining is a widely used process for sheet
connection and tube connection. Joining by plastic
deformation is one of the commonly used connection
methods.
Alves et al. [51] proposed a new process to join a
sheet to a tube as shown in Fig. 37 ( a ) . Firstly, a
Fig.34  Pulley made by spinning [47]
mandrel was put in the center of the tube. Then the
material of pipe end was piled⁃up and localized
thickening produced by partial compression of the wall
thickness along the longitudinal direction. In the
second step, the upper tube end inserted in the sheet
hole and was locked.
The deformation of the sheet⁃bulk forming of tubes
was limited by the occurrence of plastic instability and
buckling for the ratio l gap / t > 10 between the initial gap
length l gap and the final wall thickness t . Radial cracks
along the outer radius of the piled⁃up material also
developed due to the accumulation of ductile damages
in cases with large values of initial gap length l gap .
Silva et al. [52] developed an overlapped lap joint
Fig.35  Principle of forming double cup part [48] process for tubes as shown in Fig.38. In the first stage,
the chamfered upper end of the lower tube was forced
to insert into the lower end of the upper tube to make
an overlap and an expansion of the lower end of the
upper tube. The insertion depth was adjusted through
the side clearance of the lower die. In the second
stage, axial compression was applied, the overlapped
tube ends beaded and was locked. In this process, a
mandrel was used to ensure beading exclusively
outwardly and guaranteed the inner diameter of the
Fig.36  Principle of split spinning tube joint.

Fig.37  Sheet⁃bulk forming of thin⁃walled tubes for joining applications [51]


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Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology ( New Series) , Vol.24, No.3, 2017

    Bragança et al. [53] developed a process to join passed entirely through the mortise. Then, compression
sheets perpendicular to one other, as shown in Fig.39. was applied on the end of the tenon to make plastic
In the process, one sheet had a rectangular hole deformation and ensure a mechanical lock between the
( mortise) cutout, and another one had a tenon cutout two sheets to be joined.
in the edge. The tenon was longer than mortise and

Fig.38  End⁃to⁃end joining of tubes by plastic instability [52]

Fig.39  Schematic illustration of the new process [53]

    Currently, fastening, crimping, welding, brazing 1) Comparing to conventional stamping or forging


or adhesion are used for the joining of sheets or tubes. processes, the forming stress in the die or punch is
Each joining process offers advantages and much higher, while in many cases the punch size is
disadvantages for specific applications. Compared with small. Developing new die materials with high strengths
these processes, plastic joining is more environmentally is an urgent task.
friendly. In joining by plastic deformation, the key 2) Being different from conventional forming
issue is to control the deformation zone to ensure the processes, as the SFP process includes stamping and
joint strength. Especially, the shape of the joint before forging, the Coulomb friction model and shear model
deformation is decisive to the deformation process. cannot describe the friction behavior in this process,
the influence of friction on material flow and forming
5  Conclusions load is much more significant. In some cases, the
friction is beneficial for forming and goes against in
    Stamping forging processes ( SFPs) are attractive other cases. Investigations of friction on the material
for producing shell parts and tube parts with functional flow and measures to utilize friction for material flow
elements. In this paper, the processes were classified control are necessary. Developing new methods for
according to the combination way of stamping and better lubrication and die set for utilizing friction is also
forging operations, with each class of SFP reviewed in required.
details. According to the available literature, most 3) With the development of SFPs, the action or
SFPs were developed in recent years, indicating that function of the machine is much more complex, and an
this process is a favorable means for manufacturing intelligent system is required, conventional forming
sheet parts with functional elements, but some aspects machines can no longer meet the requirements. Thus,
still require further investigations. new machines with intelligent control and special
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Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology ( New Series) , Vol.24, No.3, 2017

functions, such as multi⁃action, oscillations units, Thickness. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science &
compress⁃torsion units, etc., should be developed. Technology, 2011.
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can heat the material during forming should be thickening process in the centeral area of disc⁃like part.
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