a HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES silt or else the water in cou: se of its jc ir ; in courte ofits journey in the eh aight collect more sit. Therefore, sometioes vt gist Provided in the channel to eject silt. ‘The mumber of theee srgiectors depends upon the amount of silt and availability “The foreba absorb water and in case there is sudde! Below the byepass, a fine trash rack may be provided to protect the mechine and machine apparatus through which Water ows, ‘The clear opening between bars’ is made Rarrower than the narrowest part of the water passages of the Trachines to prevent clogging by material whieh passes. the fash rack. The raking or the cleaning of the trash racks Tay be done either manually or mechanically. In case of fine trash racks the raking i generally done mechanically. ‘An intake siruture i placed in a surface water source to pont the withdrawal of water from this source to the power fasion, ‘Thus the main intake structure provides fer the installation of trash racks, gates to controt the flow of Water inside the penstock, as well as the streamlined transition seam tmooth fov in the penstock. Generally the intake tructure will be a gravity structure to resist (as well as hold the penstocke, oes From the intake water fows through COMPONENTS OF MAIN POWER HOUSE 9 lectricity is generated. After running the turbines the Water is discharged into the draft tube. From the draft tube inside the power house, the water is collected in the tail race channel, Thus the water conductor system in a development described above would consist of the head race channel, penstock and the tail race channel. 22 Water Passage Ina high head development, the passage of water may be a bit different as shown in Fig. 2.2. The water from the reservoir enters through the intake, into the head race or power tunnel, which runs under pressure, Before entering the penstocks a surge tank is provided between the head race tunnel and the penstock. The Purpose of the surge tank is to provide sufficient water to the power houso in case of sudden load acceptance during the time taken by water to flow from the reservoir to the penstock. The other purpose of the surge tank is to prevent the high water pressures being transmitted to the head race tunnel during load rejection or sudden stopping of the” machine. From the surge tank, the water fows under pressure in the Penstock, then to the potter house, For controlling and Felaugting the flow of water, valves may be provided both upstream of the penstock inthe surge chamber and down- stream of the penstock in the power house. The water from the power house is discharged into the teil race tunnel, 2.3 Components of Main Power House It will not be out of place here to introduce to the readers important components of a power station which are described below. Fig. 2.3 shows a typical section of a hydroelectric power station showing the components as well as sequence of construction of the power house. Inside the power station the water from the penstock enters the spiral case. It is the fixed circumferential casing of a reaction turbine of gradually contracting cross section, so designed as to impart to the incoming water an initial whirl