Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2014) 18, 925–938

King Saud University

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society

www.ksu.edu.sa
www.sciencedirect.com

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide

principles
a,b,c,* a
Safia Zoubiri , Aoumeur Baaliouamer

a
Laboratory of Functional Organic Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari
Boumediene (USTHB), Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
b
Research and Development Center, EPE ALDAR, Moubydal Group, Dar El-Beida, Algeria
c
Scientific and Technological Research Center on Physical and Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail site, Tipaza, Algeria

Received 30 September 2011; accepted 1 November 2011

Available online 2 December 2011

KEYWORDS Abstract In the search for alternatives to conventional insecticides, essential oils extracted from
Plants; aromatic plants have been widely investigated. Their toxicities toward insects were of special inter-
Essential oil; est during the last decade. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the data published
Chemical composition; mostly in the past 10 years on aromatic plant and plant’s essential oils that have been reported to
Insecticidal activity possess insecticidal activity and practical methods and recent techniques for screening these com-
pounds. The review refers to 230 plants, their geographical distribution and the organism tested.
Some aspects of recent insecticidal activity directed research on natural products are discussed.
ª 2011 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

1. Introduction pesticides, botanical ones are experiencing a revival due to

Chemical control is an effective strategy used extensively in
daily life (Pavela, 2009a). However, the widespread use of syn-
thetic insecticides has led to many negative consequences
(Pavela, 2008), resulting in increasing attention to natural
products (Pirali-Kheirabadi and da Silva, 2010). Among bio-
* Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Functional Organic Anal-
ysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology
Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria. Tel.:
+213 551542478.
E-mail address: safia7fr@yahoo.fr (S. Zoubiri).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
their eco-toxicological properties (Cosimi et al., 2009). Plants
play pivotal roles in ecological systems (Garcıa et al., 2007).
They may provide potential alternatives to currently used
insect-control agents because they constitute a rich source of
bioactive chemicals (Qin et al., 2010). Essential oils are among
the best-known substances tested against insects (Pitasawat
et al., 2007). These compounds act as fumigants (Choi et al.,
2006), contact insecticides (Tang et al., 2007), repellents
(Islam et al., 2009) and antifeedants (Gonzalez-Coloma
et al., 2006) and may affect some biological parameters such
as growth rate (Nathan et al., 2008), life span and reproduction
(Isikber et al., 2006).
Risks and problems associated with the use of chemicals
lead to increasingly stringent environmental regulation of pes-
ticides (Pavela et al., 2010). There is therefore an urgent need
to develop safer, more environmentally friendly and efficient
alternatives that have the potential to replace synthetic pesti-

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.11.015
1319-6103 ª 2011 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
926 S. Zoubiri, A. Baaliouamer

Table 1 List of some tested plant essential oils for their insecticidal activity.
Botanical name Species (References)
Abutilon A. indicum (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b)
Acer A. campestre, A. cissifolium, A. negundo, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus (Pavela, 2008)
Achillea A. millefolium (Pavela, 2008; Conti et al., 2010)
Aegiphila A. lhotskiana (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Aegle A. marmelos (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b)
Aframomum A. melegueta (Ukeh et al., 2009)
Ageratum A. conyzoides (Bouda et al., 2001; de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Ailanthus A. altissima (Pavela, 2009a)
Ajuga A. iva (Jbilou et al., 2008), A. reptans (Pavela, 2008)
Alexitoxicon A. scandens (Pavela, 2009a)
Allium A. cepa (Pyun and Shin, 2006; Khater et al., 2009), A. sativum (Yang et al., 2010)
Alpinia A. offcinarum (Choi et al., 2006)
Ammi A. visnaga (Pavela, 2008)
Amygdalae A. oleum raffinatum (Choi et al., 2006)
Amyris A. balsamifera (Pavela, 2009b; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c)
Anacardium A. occidentalis (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Andira A. inermis (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Anethum A. graveolens (Choochote et al., 2007; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c)
Angelica A. archangelica (Pavela, 2009a), A. sinensis (Choi et al., 2006)
Aniba A. rosaeodora (Amer and Mehlhorn (2006a,c)
Annona A. crassiflora and A. glabra (de Mendonça et al., 2005), A. squamosa (Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Anthemis A. nobilis (Pavela, 2009b; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), A. tinctoria (Pavela, 2009a)
Apium A. graveolens (Pitasawat et al., 2007)
Arctium A. lappa (Pavela, 2009a)
Aristolochia A. baetica (Jbilou et al., 2008) , A. indica (Kamaraj et al., 2010)
Arnica A. montana (Choi et al., 2006)
Artemisia A. abrotanum and A. campestris (Pavela, 2009a), A. absinthium (Squires et al., 2011), A. annua (Senthilkumar et al., 2009;
Squires et al., 2011), A. herba-alba and A. monosperma (Abdel-Shafy et al., 2009), A. judaica (Abdelgaleil et al., 2008),
A. taurica (Pavela, 2008), A. vestita (Chu et al., 2010)
Astragalus A. chinensis (Pavela, 2009a), A. excarpus (Pavela, 2008)
Azadirachta A. indica (Choi et al., 2006; Kebede et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010)
Balsamita B. major (Pavela, 2009a)
Baptisia B. tinctoria (Choi et al., 2006)
Borago B. officinalis (Pavela, 2009a)
Boswellia B. carteri (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c; Choi et al., 2006)
Bryonia B. dioica (Pavela, 2009a)
Bupleurum B. exaltatum (Pavela, 2008)
Caesalpinia C. pyramidalis (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Calotropis C. procera (Elimam et al., 2010)
Campanula C. longistyla (Pavela, 2008)
Cananga C. odorata (Choi et al., 2006)
Cannabis C. sativa (Pavela, 2009b)
Carapa C. guianensis (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Carthamnus C. lanatus (Pavela, 2009a)
Carum C. carvi (Pitasawat et al., 2007; Lopez et al., 2008), C. copticum (Sahaf and Moharramipour, 2008)
Cassia C. angustifolia (Kamaraj et al., 2010), C. fistula (Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Cedrela C. fissilis (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Centaurea C. orientalis (Pavela, 2008)
Centaurium C. erythraea (Jbilou et al., 2008)
Centella C. asiatica (Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Cestrum C. nocturnum (Patil et al., 2010)
Chamaemelum C. nobile (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Chromolaena C. odorata (Bouda et al., 2001)
Cichorium C. intybus (Pavela, 2009a)
Cinnamomum C. camphora (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), C. osmophloeum (Cheng et al., 2009a), C. zeylanicum (Prajapati et al., 2005;
Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Circium C. arvense (Pavela, 2008)
Citrullus C. colocynthis (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008c)
Citrus C. aurantium (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b), C. bergamia (Cosimi et al., 2009), C. cinesis, C. reticulate, C. vulgaris and
C. X paradisi (Choi et al., 2006), C. limon (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c)
Clausena C. dentata (Rajkumar and Jebanesan, 2010)
Clematis C. vitalba (Pavela, 2009a)
Cleome C. hirta (Ndungu et al., 1999)
Commiphora C. nolnol (Choi et al., 2006)
Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles 927

Table 1 (continued)
Botanical name Species (References)
Convolvulus C. cantabrica (Pavela, 2008), C. lineatus (Pavela, 2009a)
Conyza C. newii (Omolo et al., 2004)
Copaifera C. langsdorffii (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Coriandrum C. sativum (Knio et al., 2008; Lopez et al., 2008; Abdelghany et al., 2009; Islam et al., 2009; Zoubiri and Baaliouamer, 2010)
Corymbia C. citriodora (Dugassa et al., 2009)
Cryptomeria C. japonica (Cheng et al., 2009c)
Cuminum C. cyminum (Prajapati et al., 2005; Martinez-Velazquez et al., 2011)
Cupressus C. sempervirens (Tapondjou et al., 2005)
Curcuma C. aromatic (Madhu et al., 2010), C. longa (Prajapati et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2006), C. zedoaria (Pitasawat et al., 2007)
Cymbopogan C. citrates (Oyedele et al., 2002; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Senthilkumar et al., 2009; Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009),
C. nardus (Choi et al., 2006), C. winterianus (de Mendonça et al., 2005; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Cyperus C. scariosus (Prajapati et al., 2005)
Datura D. stramonium (Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Dendropanax D. morbifera (Chung et al., 2009)
Dictamnus D. albus (Pavela, 2009a)
Dioscorea D. villosa (Choi et al., 2006)
Diospyros D. melanoxylon (Kamaraj et al., 2010)
Dolichos D. biflorus (Kamaraj et al., 2010)
Dorycnium D. graeeum (Pavela, 2009a)
Dracocephalum D. moldavicum (Pavela, 2009a)
Dysoxylum D. beddomei and D. malabaricum (Nathan et al., 2008)
Echinacea E. purpurea (Pavela, 2009a)
Echinops E. sphaerocephalus (Pavela, 2009a)
Erigeron E. Canadensis (Pavela, 2009b)
Eucalyptus E. camaldulensis (Erler et al., 2006; Dugassa et al., 2009; Cheng et al., 2009a; Lucia et al., 2009), E. cinerea, E. dunnii,
E. grandis, E. gunnii, E. sideroxylon, E. tereticornis and E. viminalis (Lucia et al., 2009), E. citriodora (Amer and Mehlhorn,
2006a,c; George et al., 2008; Maciel et al., 2010), E. dives and E. radiate (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), E. globules (Amer and
Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Choi et al., 2006; George et al., 2008; Lucia et al., 2009; Senthilkumar et al., 2009; Maciel et al., 2010),
E. radiata (George et al., 2008), E. saligna (Tapondjou et al., 2005; Lucia et al., 2009), E. staigeriana (George et al., 2008;
Maciel et al., 2010), E. urophylla (Cheng et al., 2009b)
Eugenia E. caryophyllata (Choi et al., 2006; Fichi et al., 2007)
Euphorbia E. aegyptiaca (Abdel-Shafy et al., 2009), E. hirta and E. tirucalli (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a), E. thymifolia (Abdul
Rahuman et al., 2008b)
Ferula F. assa-foetida (Pavela, 2009a), F. galbaniflua (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), F. lancerottensis (Pavela, 2008)
Flourensia F. oolepis (Garcıa et al., 2007)
Foeniculum F. vulgare (Choi et al., 2006; Pitasawat et al., 2007; Cosimi et al., 2009; Conti et al., 2010)
Francoeuria F. crespa (Abdel-Shafy et al., 2009)
Fraxinus F. excelsior (Pavela, 2008)
Fumana F. ericoides (Pavela, 2008)
Galatella G. villosa (Pavela, 2008)
Galium G. verticillatum (Pavela, 2009a)
Gilia G. capitata (Pavela, 2009a)
Glebionis G. coronarium (Pavela, 2008)
Glossostemon G. bruguieri (Abdelghany et al., 2009)
Glycina G. max and G. soja (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Grindelia G. camporum (Pavela, 2009a)
Guazuma G. ulmifolia (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Gymnema G. sylvestre (Kamaraj et al., 2010)
Gynandropsis G. gynandra (Lwande et al., 1999)
Helichrysum H. italicum (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c; Conti et al., 2010)
Hibiscus H. sabdariffa (Abdelghany et al., 2009)
Humulus H. japonicas (Pavela, 2008)
Hypericum H. perforatum (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009a)
Hyptis H. spicigera and H. suaveolens (Ilboudo et al., 2010)
Hysopus H. officinalis (Pavela, 2008)
Illicium I. verum (Ho et al., 1995; Choi et al., 2006)
Imperatoria I. ostruthium (Pavela, 2009a)
Inula I. auriculata (Pavela, 2009a), I. britanica and I. helenium (Pavela, 2008), I. racemosa (Liu et al., 2006)
Ipomea I. carnea (Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Jacobaea J. maritime (Pavela, 2009a)
Jasminum J. grandiflorum (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Jatropha J. curcas (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a), J. gossypifolia (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b)
Juniperus J. communis (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c; Choi et al., 2006; Pavela (2009b), J. macropoda (Prajapati et al., 2005),
J. virginiana (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c
(continued on next page)
928 S. Zoubiri, A. Baaliouamer

Table 1 (continued)
Botanical name Species (References)
Justicia J. gendarussa (Senthilkumar et al., 2009), J. procumbens (Kamaraj et al., 2010)
Kaempferia K. galangal (Choochote et al., 2007)
Laburnum L. anagyroides (Pavela, 2008)
Lantana L. camara (Bouda et al., 2001; Verma and Verma, 2006)
Lapasana L. intermedia (Pavela, 2009a)
Launaea L. arborescens (Jbilou et al., 2008)
Laurus L. nobilis (Erler et al., 2006; Isikber et al., 2006; Cosimi et al., 2009; Pavela, 2009b), L. novocanariensis (Rodilla et al., 2008)
Lavandula L. angustifolia (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c; Pavela, 2009b; Conti et al., 2010; Pirali-Kheirabadi and da Silva 2010),
L. hybrid (Cosimi et al., 2009), L. luisieri (Gonzalez-Coloma et al., 2006), L. officinalis (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela 2008),
L. stoechas (Sertkaya et al., 2010)
Leptospermum L. scoparium (George et al., 2009)
Limonium L. Bonduelii (Pavela, 2008)
Linaria L. genistifolia (Pavela, 2008)
Lippia L. aff. Gracilis (Lima et al., 2008), L. citriodora (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c), L. javanica and L. ukambensis (Omolo et al.,
2004), L. multiflora (Ilboudo et al., 2010), L. rugosa (Tatsadjieu et al., 2010), L. sidoides (Cavalcanti et al., 2010)
Litsea L. cubeba (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Lobelia L. siphilitica (Pavela, 2009a)
Lythrum L. salicaria (Pavela, 2009a), L. virgatum (Pavela, 2008)
Maesa M. lanceolata (Tadesse et al., 2009)
Matricaria M. chamomilla (Abdelghany et al., 2009; Khater et al., 2009), M. maritima (Pavela, 2008)
Matthiola M. tricuspidata (Pavela, 2008)
Maytenus M. rigida (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Medicago M. romanica (Pavela, 2008)
Melaleuca M. alternifolia (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b), M. leucadendron and M. quinquenervia (Amer and Mehlhorn 2006a,c)
Melia M. azedarach (Kebede et al., 2010)
Melilotus M. albus (Pavela, 2009a)
Melissa M. officinalis (Pavela, 2008; Koliopoulos et al., 2010)
Mentha M. longifolia and M. suaveolens (Koliopoulos et al., 2010), M. piperita (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Erler et al., 2006;
Khater et al., 2009), M. pulegium (George et al., 2009), M. spicata (Koliopoulos et al., 2010; Sertkaya et al., 2010)
Micromeria M. fruticosa (Çalmasur et al., 2006)
Mimosa M. pudica (Kamaraj et al., 2010)
Myristica M. fragrans (Choi et al., 2006; Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Myrtus M. communis (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c; Conti et al., 2010)
Nepeta N. cataria (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Pavela, 2009b), N. racemosa (Çalmasur et al., 2006)
Nigella N. sativa (Prajapati et al., 2005)
Ocimum O. americanum (Ilboudo et al., 2010), O. basilicum (Prajapati et al., 2005; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Erler et al., 2006;
Kostic et al., 2008; Lopez et al., 2008; Pavela, 2008; Dugassa et al., 2009; Maurya et al., 2009; Pavela, 2009b; Martinez-
Velazquez et al., 2011), Ocimum canum (Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009), O. gratissimum (Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009;
Tatsadjieu et al., 2010), O. kenyense and O.kilimandscharicum (Bekele and Hassanali, 2001), O. selloi (de Paula et al., 2003),
O. suave (Dugassa et al., 2009)
Olea O. europaea (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Onobrychis O. miniata (Pavela, 2009a)
Onopordon O. acanthium (Pavela, 2009a)
Origanum O. majorana (Abdelghany et al., 2009), O. onites (Sertkaya et al., 2010), O. vulgare (Çalmasur et al., 2006; Pavela, 2008;
Kim et al., 2010)
Otanthus O. maritimus (Pavela, 2008)
Pedilanthus P. tithymaloides (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a)
Peganum P. harmala (Jbilou et al., 2008)
Pelargonium Pelargonium (Choi et al., 2006), P. graveolens (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), P. roseum (Pavela, 2009b)
Perovskia P. abrotanoides (Arabi et al., 2008)
Persea P. gratissima caertim (Choi et al., 2006)
Petroselinum P. crispum (Knio et al., 2008)
Phyllanthus P. amarus (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a)
Physalis P. alkekengi (Pavela, 2009a)
Picea P. excelsa and P. excelsa (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Pimenta P. dioica (Pavela, 2009b; Martinez-Velazquez et al., 2011)
Pimpinella P. anisum (Prajapati et al., 2005; Erler et al., 2006; Knio et al., 2008; Abdelghany et al., 2009)
Piper P. aduncum (Silva et al., 2009), P. capense (Matasyoh et al., 2011), P. gaudichaudianum, P. hostmanianum, P. humaytanum and
P. permucronatum (de Morais et al., 2007), Piper marginatum (Autran et al., 2009), P. nigrum (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c;
Choi et al., 2006), P. sarmentosum (Qin et al., 2010)
Plectranthus P. marrubioides (Omolo et al., 2004), P. punctatus (Tadesse et al., 2009)
Plumbago P. zeylanica (Patil et al. (2010)
Pogostemin P. cablin (Choi et al., 2006)
Polygala P. comosa (Pavela, 2009a)
Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles 929

Table 1 (continued)
Botanical name Species (References)
Potentila P. erecta (Pavela, 2009a)
Prosopis P. juliflora (Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Prunus P. armeniaca (Choi et al., 2006)
Psoralea P. bituminosa (Pavela, 2009a)
Pteridium P. aquilinum (Jbilou et al., 2008)
Pyrethrum P. corymbosum (Pavela, 2009a)
Raphanus R. raphanistrum (Jbilou et al., 2008)
Ravensara R. aromatica (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b)
Reseda R. odorata (Pavela, 2009a)
Reynoutria R. bohemica and R. sachalinensis (Pavela, 2009a)
Ricinus R. communis (Senthilkumar et al., 2009)
Rosmarinus R. officinalis (Prajapati et al., 2005; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Choi et al., 2006; Isikber et al., 2006; Khater et al., 2009;
Pavela, 2009b; Conti et al., 2010)
Rubia R. tinctorum (Pavela, 2009a)
Salix S. alba (Choi et al., 2006)
Salvia S. farinacea (Pavela, 2008; Koliopoulos et al., 2010), S. glutinosa (Pavela, 2009a), S. officinalis (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2008),
S pomifera (Koliopoulos et al., 2010), S. ringens, S verbenaca and S. viridis (Pavela, 2008), S. sclarea (Amer and Mehlhorn
2006a,c; Pavela, 2009b)
Santaium S. album (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c; Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b)
Saponaria S. officinalis (Pavela, 2009a)
Saraca S. asoca (Singh and Singh, 2009)
Sassafras S. albidum (Choi et al., 2006)
Satureja S. hortensis (Pavela, 2008; 2009b), S. nervosa (Pavela, 2008), S. thymbra (Cetin et al., 2010)
Schinus S. terebinthifolius (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Schisandra S. chinensis (Pavela, 2009a)
Scrophularia S. nodosa (Pavela, 2009a)
Sedum S. rosea (Pavela, 2009a)
Seseli S. pallasii (Pavela, 2009a), S. tortuosum (Pavela, 2008)
Sideritis S. euxina and S. montana (Pavela, 2008)
Silphium S. perfoliatum (Pavela, 2009a)
Simarouba S. amara (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Simmondsia S. chinensis (Choi et al., 2006)
Solanum S. torvum (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b)
Sonchus S. arvensis (Pavela, 2008)
Stachys S. byzantina (Pavela, 2009a), S. cretica (Pavela, 2008)
Swietenia S. macrophylla (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Symphytum S. officinale (Pavela, 2009a)
Syzygium S. aromaticum (Ho et al., 1994)
Tabebuia T. avellanedae (Choi et al., 2006)
Tagetes T. minuta (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), T. patula (Dharmagadda et al., 2005)
Tanacetum T. parthenium (Pavela et al., 2010), T. vulgare (Larocque et al., 1999; Pavela, 2008; 2009b)
Tarchonanthus T. camphoratus (Omolo et al., 2004)
Tetradenia T. riparia (Omolo et al., 2004)
Teucrium T. chamaedrys and T. hircanicum (Pavela, 2009a), T. leucocladum (El-Shazly and Hussein, 2004), T. capitatum, T. chamaedrys
and T. polium (Pavela, 2008)
Thuja T. occidentalis (Choi et al., 2006), T. orientalis (Singh and Singh, 2009)
Thymbra T. spicata (Sertkaya et al., 2010)
Thymus T. capitatus (Pavela, 2008), T. fragrantissimus and T. serphyllum (Pavela, 2009a), T. satureoides (Amer and Mehlhorn,
2006a,b,c; Pavela, 2009a,b), T. vugaris (Choi et al., 2006; Knio et al., 2008; Pavela, 2008; George et al., 2009; Pavela,2009b;
Pavela et al., 2009Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009)
Trifolium T. arvense (Pavela, 2009a)
Trigonella T. foenum-graecum (Tang et al., 2007)
Tropaeolum T. majus (Pavela, 2009a)
Verbascum V. pinnatifidum (Pavela, 2008)
Verbena V. hirta and V. officinalis (Pavela, 2009a)
Vernonia V. brasiliana (de Mendonça et al., 2005)
Vincetoxicum V. hirundinaria (Pavela, 2009a)
Viola V. odorata (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c)
Vitex V. pseudo-negundo (Sahaf and Moharramipour, 2008)
Xeranthemum X. cylindraceum (Pavela, 2009a)
Xylopia X. aethiopica (Nguemtchouin et al., 2010; Tatsadjieu et al., 2010)
Yucca Y. schidigera (Choi et al., 2006)
Zanthoxylum Z. limonella (Pitasawat et al., 2007), Z. piperitum (Choochote et al., 2007)
Zingiber Z. cassumunar (Pavela, 2009b), Z. officinale (Prajapati et al., 2005; Ukeh et al., 2009; Pushpanathan et al., 2008), Z. zerumbet
(Kamaraj et al., 2010)
930 S. Zoubiri, A. Baaliouamer

Table 2 Plant essential oil showing insecticidal activity.

Plant Insect tested Dose Mortality / lethal dose / lethal Tested activity Reference
time
A. millefolium Aedes albopictus LD50; LD90 211.3 ppm; 328.0 ppm Larvicidal Conti et al. (2010)
A. vestita Sitophilus zeamais LC50 50.62 lg/adult Contact Chu et al. (2010)
13.42 mg/L air Fumigant
C. osmophloeum Aedes albopictus LC50 40.8 – 144.4 lg/mL after 24 h Larvicidal Cheng et al. (2009a)
LC50 30.5 – 124.3 lg/mL after 48 h
LC90 81.7 – >400.0 lg/mL after
24 h
LC90 65.6 – 368.7 lg/mL after 48 h
C. dentata Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 140.2 mg/L; 341.6 mg/L at Larvicidal Rajkumar and Jebanesan (2010)
24 h
C. newii Anopheles gambiae RD50 (·10-5) 8.9 mg/cm2 Repellent Omolo et al. (2004)
C. sativum Ochlerotatus caspius LC50;LC90 156 lg/mL; 303.8 lg/mL at Larvicidal Knio et al. (2008)
24 h
123.1 lg/mL; 230.2 lg/mL at
48 h
C. japonica Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 28.4 – 56.7 lg/mL; 111.8 – Larvicidal Cheng et al. (2009c)
153.9 lg/mL at 24 h
Aedes albopictus LC50; LC90 51.2 – 57.9 lg/mL; 177.5 –
187.0 lg/mL at 24 h
C. cyminum Rhipicephalus microplus 1.25% (100.00 ± 0.0)% Larvicidal Martinez-Velazquez et al. (2011)
C. sempervirens Sitophilus zeamais LD50; LD95 0.84 lL/cm2; 3.65 lL/cm2 Contact Tapondjou et al. (2005)
Tribolium confusum LD50; LD95 RC: V Repellent
0.74 lL/cm2; 2.42 lL/cm2 Contact
RC: V Repellent
C. citratus Anopheles gambiae LC50; LC80 18 ± 0.7 mg/L; Larvicidal Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
25 ± 1.1 mg/L
D. morbifera Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 62.32 ppm; 131.21 ppm Larvicidal Chung et al. (2009)
E. camaldulensis Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 31.0 lg/mL; 71.8 lg/mL Larvicidal Cheng et al. (2009b)
Aedes albopictus LC50; LC90 55.3 lg/mL; 192.4 lg/mL
E. citriodora Lutzomyia longipalpis 3.2 mg/mL (63.21 ± 1.35)% Larvicidal Maciel et al. (2010)
E. globules Lutzomyia longipalpis 35 mg/mL (78.47 ± 3.20)% Larvicidal Maciel et al. (2010)
E. saligna Sitophilus zeamais LD50; LD95 0.36 lL/cm2; 1.33 lL/cm2 Contact Tapondjou et al. (2005)
Tribolium confusum LD50; LD95 RC: IV Repellent
0.48 lL/cm2; 1.20 lL/cm2 Contact
RC: V Repellent
E. staigeriana Lutzomyia longipalpis 4 mg/mL (73.44 ± 1.64)% Larvicidal Maciel et al. (2010)
E. urophylla Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 95.5 lg/mL; 166.3 lg/mL Larvicidal Cheng et al. (2009b)
Aedes albopictus LC50; LC90 285.8 lg/mL; >400.0 lg/mL
E. caryophyllata Psoroptes cuniculi. 10% 77.88% Acaricide Fichi et al. (2007)
F. oolepis Tribolium castaneum 0.5 mg/cm2 21% after 24 h Contact Garcıa et al. (2007)
Myzus persicae ED50 (5.34–82.72) lg/cm2 Antifeedant
F. vulgare Aedes albopictus LD50;LD90 142.9 ppm; 239.2 ppm Larvicidal Conti et al. (2010)
G. gynandra Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 0.01 lL (89.9 ± 0.0)% Repellent Lwande et al. (1999)
0.1 lL (98.9 ± 0.0)%
H. italicum Aedes albopictus LD50;LD90 178.1 ppm; 288.6 ppm Larvicidal Conti et al. (2010)
L. nobilis Tribolium confusum 172.6 mg/L LT50: 58.98 h; LT90: 77.17 h Larvicidal Isikber et al. (2006)
LT50: 54.82 h; LT90: 67.25 h Adulticide
L. novocanariensis Spodoptera littoralis 100 lg/cm2 (5 – 36)% Antifeedant Rodilla et al. (2008)
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (47 – 79)%
Rhopalosiphum padi (32 – 80)%
Myzus persicae (25 – 71)%
L. angustifolia Aedes albopictus LD50;LD90 >250 ppm Larvicidal Conti et al. (2010)
L. luisieri Spodoptera littoralis 11 lg/cm2 (64 ± 12 – 19 ± 9)% Antifeedant Gonzalez-Coloma et al. (2006)
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (77 ± 8 – 0)%
L. stoechas Tetranychus cinnabarinus LC50;LC90 2.92 lL/mL; 13.0 lL/mL Acaricide Sertkaya et al. (2010)
L. aff. gracilis Aedes aegypti LC50 56.2 ± 0.4 Larvicidal Lima et al. (2008)
L. javanica Anopheles gambiae RD50 (·10-5) 26 mg/cm2 Repellent Omolo et al. (2004)
L. sidoides Tetranychus urticae LC50 0.001 – 0.014 lL/L Acaricide Cavalcanti et al. (2010)
L. ukambensis Anopheles gambiae RD50 (·10-5) 43 mg/cm2 Repellent Omolo et al. (2004)
M. officinalis Culex pipiens LD50;LD90 61.25 mg/L; 88.62 mg/L at Larvicidal Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
48 h
M. longifolia Culex pipiens LD50;LD90 78.28 mg/L; 106.75 mg/L at Larvicidal Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
48 h
Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles 931

Table 2 (continued)
Plant Insect tested Dose Mortality / lethal dose / lethal Tested activity Reference
time
M. spicata Culex pipiens LD50;LD90 52.85 mg/L; 79.06 mg/L at Larvicidal Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
48 h
M. spicata Tetranychus cinnabarinus LC50;LC90 1.83 lL/mL; 7.55 lL/mL Acaricide Sertkaya et al. (2010)
M. suaveolens Culex pipiens LD50;LD90 47.88 mg/L; 64.35 mg/L at Larvicidal Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
48 h
M. communis Aedes albopictus LD50;LD90 >250 ppm Larvicidal Conti et al. (2010)
O. basilicum Rhipicephalus microplus 1.25% (13.64 ± 2.76)% Larvicidal Martinez-Velazquez et al. (2011)
O. canum Anopheles gambiae LC50;LC80 201 ± 0.9 mg/L; Larvicidal Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
300 ± 1.5 mg/L
O. gratissimum Anopheles gambiae LC50;LC80 180 ± 0.8 mg/L; Larvicidal Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
270 ± 1.3 mg/L
O. kenyense Sitophilus zeamais MLD 2.0 mg/cm2 Adulticide Bekele and Hassanali (2001)
0.85 mg/cm2
Rhyzopertha dominica
O. kilimandscharicum Sitophilus zeamais MLD 1.44 mg/cm2 Adulticide Bekele and Hassanali (2001)
Rhyzopertha dominica 0.8 mg/cm2
O. selloi Anopheles braziliensis 10% 89.0% Repellent de Paula et al. (2003)
O. onites Tetranychus cinnabarinus LC50;LC90 0.69 lL/mL; 3.14 lL/mL Acaricide Sertkaya et al. (2010)
P. abrotanoides Sitophilus oryzae 32 lL/L air TL50: 11.54 h; TL90: 17.55 h Fumigant Arabi et al. (2008)
Tribolium castaneum TL50: 4.53 h; TL90: 9.21 h
P. crispum Ochlerotatus caspius LC50;LC90 34.3 lg/mL; 62.2 lg/mL at Larvicidal Knio et al. (2008)
24 h
23.4 lg/mL; 42.2 lg/mL at
48 h
P. dioica Rhipicephalus microplus 1.25% (0.00 ± 0.0)% Larvicidal Martinez-Velazquez et al. (2011)
P. anisum Ochlerotatus caspius LC50;LC90 65.07 lg/mL; 136.8 lg/mL at Larvicidal Knio et al. (2008)
24 h
38.2 lg/mL; 96.1 lg/mL at
48 h
P. gaudichaudianum Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 121 lg/mL;169 lg/mL after Larvicidal de Morais et al. (2007)
24 h
P. hostmanianum Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 54 lg/mL;72 lg/mL after 24 h Larvicidal de Morais et al. (2007)
P. humaytanum Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 156 lg/mL;227 lg/mL after Larvicidal de Morais et al. (2007)
24 h
P. marginatum Aedes aegypti LC10; LC50 14.8 – 19.2 ppm; 19.9 – Larvicidal Autran et al. (2009)
23.8 ppm
P. permucronatum Aedes aegypti LC50; LC90 36 lg/mL;47 lg/mL after 24 h Larvicidal de Morais et al. (2007)
P. sarmentosum Brontispa longissima 100 mg/L (8.16 – 50.32)% Antifeedant Qin et al. (2010)
500 mg/L (18.98 – 61.29)%
P. marrubioides Anopheles gambiae RD50 (·10-5) 8.9 mg/cm2 Repellent Omolo et al. (2004)
R. officinalis Aedes albopictus LD50;LD90 >250 ppm Larvicidal Conti et al. (2010)
Tribolium confusum 172.6 mg/L LT50: 31.64 h; LT90: 57.89 h Larvicidal Isikber et al. (2006)
LT50: 24.49 h; LT90: 37.54 h Adulticidal
S. fruticosa Culex pipiens LD50;LD90 91.45 mg/L; 138.58 mg/L at Larvicidal Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
48 h
S. pomifera Culex pipiens LD50;LD90 79.46 mg/L; 98.54 mg/L at Larvicidal Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
48 h
S. hortensis Culex quinquefasciatus LC50;LC90 36.1 lg/mL; 45.5 lg/mL at Larvicidal Pavela (2009b)
24 h
T. patula Aedes aegypti LC50;LC90 13.57 ppm; 37.91 ppm after Larvicidal Dharmagadda et al. (2005)
24 h
Culex quinquefasciatus LC50;LC90 22.33 ppm; 71.89 ppm after
24 h
Anopheles stephensi LC50;LC90 12.08 ppm; 57.62 ppm after
24 h
T. parthenium Spodoptera littoralis LD50;LD90 0.05 lL/g; 0.18 lL/g. Larvicidal Pavela et al. (2010)
T. camphoratus Anopheles gambiae RD50 (·10-5) 240 mg/cm2 Repellent Omolo et al. (2004)
T. riparia Anopheles gambiae RD50 (·10-5) 50 mg/cm2 Repellent Omolo et al. (2004)
T. leucocladum Culex pipiens LC50 14.55 – 17.63 ppm Larvicidal El-Shazly and Hussein (2004)
T. spicata Tetranychus cinnabarinus LC50;LC90 0.53 lL/mL; 1.83 lL/mL Acaricide Sertkaya et al. (2010)
(continued on next page)
932 S. Zoubiri, A. Baaliouamer

Table 2 (continued)
Plant Insect tested Dose Mortality / lethal dose / lethal Tested activity Reference
time
T. satureoides Culex quinquefasciatus LC50;LC90 43.6 lg/mL; 81.5 lg/mL at Larvicidal Pavela (2009b)
24 h
T. vulgaris Anopheles gambiae LC50;LC80 119 ± 1.5 mg/L; Larvicidal Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
147 ± 2.4 mg/L
Culex quinquefasciatus LC50;LC90 32.9 lg/mL; 99.1 lg/mL at Larvicidal Pavela (2009b)
24 h
Ochlerotatus caspius LC50;LC90 15 lg/mL; 37 lg/mL at 24 h Larvicidal Knio et al. (2008)
13.5 lg/mL; 31 lg/mL at 48 h
LD: lethal dose; LC: lethal concentration; RD: repellent dose; ED: effective dose; LT: lethal time; MLD: Minimum lethal dose; RC: repellency
class.

Table 3 Plant essential oil five major components.

Plant Five major components (%) Origine Reference
A. millefolium Eucalyptol (14.2), b-pinene (12.4), borneol (7.1), Italy Conti et al. (2010)
sabinene (6.8), camphene (6.3)
A. vestita Grandisol (40.29), 1,8-cineol (14.88), camphor (11.37), China Chu et al. (2010)
germacrene D (7.56), c-elemene (3.88)
C. osmophloeum Linalool (0 – 95.13), trans-cinnamaldehyde (0 – 91.9), Taiwan Cheng et al. (2009a)
camphor (0 – 56.78), cinnamyl acetate (0 - 59.65), L-
Bornyl acetate (0 – 21.53)
C. dentata Sabinene (21.27), biofloratriene (19.61), borneol India Rajkumar and Jebanesan (2010)
(18.57), b-bisabolol (17.68), d-cadinol (4.61)
C. newii Perillaldehyde (29.28), limonene (10.06), 1,8-cineol Kenya Omolo et al. (2004)
(6.84), perillyl alcohol (4.27), geraniol (1.17)
C. sativum Linalool (57.11), trans-anethol (19.83), c-terpinene Lebanon Knio et al. (2008)
(3.83), geranyl acetate (3.2), a-pinene (1.8)
C. japonica 16-Kaurene (19.53 – 20.69), elemol (18.30 – 19.05), Taiwan Cheng et al. (2009c)
sabinene (6.81 – 10.83), (–)-terpinen-4-ol (6.19 – 8.83),
c-eudesmol (6.27 – 7.16)
C. cyminum Cuminaldehyde (22.03), c-terpinene (15.69), 2-caren- Mexico Martinez-Velazquez et al. (2011)
10-al (12.89), o-cymene (7.39), b-pinene (6.58)
C. sempervirens Sabinene (14.8), terpinene (11.4), a-pinene (9.9), Cameroon Tapondjou et al. (2005)
terpinene (5.7), a-terpinene (4.2)
C. citratus Geranial (39.3), neral (21.9), geraniol (15.6), myrcene Cameroun Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
(14.0), borneol (2)
D. morbifera c-Elemene (18.59), tetramethyltricyclohydrocarbon Korea Chung et al. (2009)
(10.82), b-zingibirene (10.52), b-selinene (10.41), c-
cubebene (4.19)
E. camaldulensis a-Pinene (22.52), p-cymene (21.69), a-phellandrene Taiwan Cheng et al. (2009b)
(20.08), 1,8-cineol (9.48), limonene (4.56)
E. citriodora b-Citronellal (71.77), (-) isopulegol (7.3), isopulegol Brazil Maciel et al. (2010)
(4.3), b-citronellol (2.9), a-pinene (1.1)
E. globules 1,8-cineol (83.89), limonene (8.16), a-pinene (4.15), o- Brazil Maciel et al. (2010)
cymene (2.93)
E. saligna b-pinene (39.5), p-cymene (31.1), 1,8-cineol (9.8), Cameroon Tapondjou et al. (2005)
terpinene (9.5), terpineol (3.7)
E. staigeriana Limonene (28.82), E-citral (14.16), Z-citral (10.77), a- Brazil Maciel et al. (2010)
terpinolene (9.4), 1,8-cineol (5.30)
E. urophylla 1,8-Cineol (58.34), a-terpenyl acetate (14.87), a-Pinene Taiwan Cheng et al. (2009b)
(6.25), cis-ocimene (3.55), a-terpineol (3.04)
E. caryophyllata Eugenol (59.3), b-caryophyllene (24.9), eugenyl acetate Italy Fichi et al. (2007)
(4.2), d-cadinene (3.6), a-humulene (2.8)
F. oolepis c-gurjunene (20.69), d-cadinene (10.27), 2-methylene- Spain Garcıa et al. (2007)
4,8,8-trimethyl-4-vinyl-bicyclo[5.2.0]nonane (10.15),
santolinetriene (6.22), s-muurolene (6.14)
F. vulgare Methyl clavicol (43.5), a-phellandrene (16.0), fenchone Italy Conti et al. (2010)
(11.8), (E)-anethol (9.8), myrcene (4.2)
G. gynandra Carvacrol (29.2), trans-phytol (24.0), linalool (13.3), Kenya Lwande et al. (1999)
trans-2-Methyl cyclopentanol (7.2), 1-a-terpineol (3.3)
H. italicum Neril acetate (25.3), a-pinene (14.5), limonene (12.3), Italy Conti et al. (2010)
c-curcumene (8.7), neril propionate (6.4)
Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles 933

Table 3 (continued)
Plant Five major components (%) Origine Reference
L. Nobilis 1,8-cineole (54.71), sabinene (9.19), a-terpinyl acetate Turkey Isikber et al. (2006)
(6.95), a-pinene (5.34), b-pinene (4.28)
L. novocanariensis a-pinene (8.8 – 22.4), 1,8-cineole (1.2 – 17.0), b-pinene Madeira Rodilla et al. (2008)
(6.4 – 15.6), D3-carene (1.1 – 5.6), a-terpenyl acetate
(0.2 – 4.7)
L. angustifolia Fenchone (33.9), camphor (13.8), camphene (13.7), a- Italy Conti et al. (2010)
pinene (6.8), bornyl acetate (5.3)
L. luisieri Camphor (53.7 – 1.8), 5-Methylene-2,3,4,4- Egypt Gonzalez-Coloma et al. (2006)
tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone (38.3 – 5.8), 1,8-cineole
(20.6 – 0.4), viridiflorol (12.1 – 0.3), fenchone (22.0 –
0.0)
L. stoechas a-Thujone (65.78 ± 1.1), L-camphor (18.44 ± 0.5), Turkey Sertkaya et al. (2010)
1,8-cineol (7.76 ± 0.1), bornyl acetate (2.83 ± 0.07),
fenchyl acetate (1.15 ± 0.03)
L. aff. gracilis Carvacrol (54.4), p-cymene (10.7), a-terpinene (8.0), Brazil Lima et al. (2008)
trans-caryophyllene (6.1), bicyclogermacrene (5.1)
L. javanica Limonene oxide (38.99), cis-verbenol (11.33), Kenya Omolo et al. (2004)
verbenone (6.06), linalool (2.69), limonene (2.58), a-
terpineol (2.04)
L. sidoides Thymol (7.25 – 70.36), carvacrol (0.30 – 46.09), c- Brazil Cavalcanti et al. (2010)
terpinene (2.34 – 15.49), p-cymene (8.36 – 15.06), b-
caryophyllene (0.19 – 8.81)
L. ukambensis Camphor (39.84), camphene (8.63), 1,8-cineol (2.42), Kenya Omolo et al. (2004)
c-terpinene (1.42), borneol (1.14)
M. officinalis Terpinen-4-ol (15.8), caryophyllene oxide (13.2), Greece Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
sabinene (12.9), b-pinene (12.1), (E)-caryophyllene
(10.2)
M. longifolia Carvone (54.7), limonene (20.0), piperitenone (5.0), b- Greece Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
pinene (5), carvacrol (2.6)
M. spicata L-Carvone (59.35 ± 0.5), limonene (9.87 ± 0.2), 1,8- Turkey Sertkaya et al. (2010)
cineol (7.35 ± 0.02), b-caryophyllene (3.08 ± 0.01),
trans-dihydrocarvone (2.68 ± 0.04)
Piperitenone oxide (35.7), 1.8-cineol (14.5), trans- Greece Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
calamene (6.4), spathulenol (5.2), Dehydroedulan II
(4.4)
M. suaveolens Piperitenone oxide (62.4), Dehydroedulan II (4.1), Greece Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
trans-calamene (2.7), 1,10-di-epi-Cubenol (1.4), a-
cadinol (1.2)
M. communis a-Pinene (51.8), eucalyptol (24.6), limonene (7.6), Italy Conti et al. (2010)
Myrtenyl acetate (2.4), linalool (1.8)
O. basilicum Linalool (30.61), estragol (20.04), a-farnesene (6.96), Mexico Martinez-Velazquez et al. (2011)
eugenol (6.61), 1,8-cineol (6.2)
O. canum Linalool (56.3), limonene (10.9), terpinen-4-ol (7.7), b- Cameroun Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
humulene (3.5), 1,8-cineol (3.2)
O. gratissimum p-Cymene (32.1), thymol (24.3), (E)-b-ocimene (8.0), Cameroun Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
a-thujene (6.5), myrcene (5.5)
O. kenyense 1,8-Cineol (36.93), b-selinene (23.57), methyl chavicol Kenya Bekele and Hassanali (2001)
(12.86), iso-eugenol (8.23), ethyl isovalerate (2.99)
O. kilimandscharicum Camphor (70.43), 1,8-cineol (7.20), limonene (6.23), Kenya Bekele and Hassanali (2001)
camphene (5.07), trans-caryophyllene (2.8)
O. selloi Estragol (55.3), trans-anethol (34.2), cis-anethol (3.9), Brazil de Paula et al. (2003)
caryophyllene (2.1)
O. onites Carvacrol (68.23 ± 1.68), p-cymene (10.9 ± 0.46), c- Turkey Sertkaya et al. (2010)
terpinene (6.94 ± 0.1), b-caryophyllene (2.54 ± 0.03),
caryophyllene oxide (1.89 ± 0.02)
P. abrotanoides Camphor (28), 1,8-cineol (23.38), d-3-carene (7.45), a- Iran Arabi et al. (2008)
pinene (6.71), bornyl acetate (4.84)
P. crispum Thymol (49.7), p-cymene (28.7), c-terpinene (15), Lebanon Knio et al. (2008)
trans-anethol (1.6), b-pinene (1.1)
P. dioica Methyl eugenol (62.7), eugenol (8.3), 1,8-cineol (4.1), Mexico Martinez-Velazquez et al. (2011)
caryophyllene (2.7), b-caryophyllene (2.47)
P. anisum trans-Anethol (76.7), anisalacetone (7.1), estragol Lebanon Knio et al. (2008)
(6.1), anisaldehyd (1.5)
(continued on next page)
934 S. Zoubiri, A. Baaliouamer

Table 3 (continued)
Plant Five major components (%) Origine Reference
P. gaudichaudianum Viridiflorol (27.50), aromadendrene (15.55), b-selinene Brazil de Morais et al. (2007)
(10.50), ishawarane (10.00), selin-11-en-4alfa-ol (8.48)
P. hostmanianum Asaricin (27.37), myristicin (20.26), dillapiol (7.66), Brazil de Morais et al. (2007)
germacrene D (6.82), piperitone (5.58)
P. humaytanum Caryophyllele oxide (16.63), b-selinene (15.77), Brazil de Morais et al. (2007)
spathulenol (6.33), b-oplopenone (6.02), sesquicineole
(5.03)
P. marginatum (Z)-Asarone (4.5 – 30.4), (E)-asarone (6.4 – 32.6), Brazil Autran et al. (2009)
patchouli alcohol (16.0 – 25.7), (E)-caryophyllene (6.8
– 13.1), a-copaene (0.6 – 9.4)
P. permucronatum Dillapiol (54.70), myristicin (25.61), elemicin (9.92), Brazil de Morais et al. (2007)
asaricin (8.55), b-pinene (0.32)
P. sarmentosum Myristicine (65.22), trans-caryophyllene (13.89), China Qin et al. (2010)
germacrene B (3.60), d-cadinene (1.896), a-copaene
(1.81)
P. marrubioides Camphore (48.80), 1.8-cineol (9.00), p-cymene (3.08), Kenya Omolo et al. (2004)
a-terpinene (2.58), fenchone (1.75)
R. officinalis a-Pinene (39.2), eucalyptol (19.7), camphene (6.9), b- Italy Conti et al. (2010)
pinene (6.4), camphor (4.6)
1,8-cineol (43.12), a-pinene (11.58), camphor (7.67), b- Turkey Isikber et al. (2006)
caryophyllene (7.44), borneol (6.85)
S. fruticosa Camphor (23.1), a-pinene (12.7), borneol (12.6), Greece Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
camphene (9.0), 1,8-cineol (6.9)
S. pomifera (E)-Caryophyllene (22.5), trans-thujone (21.0), cis- Greece Koliopoulos et al. (2010)
thujone (14.9), caryophyllene oxide (7.0), 1,8-cineol
(6.8)
S. hortensis Carvacrol (48.1), c-terpinene (36.7), p-cymene (4.7), a- Czech Pavela (2009b)
terpinene (3.5), b-bisabolene (1.7)
T. patula Limonene (13.6), terpinolene (11.2), Z-b-ocimene India Dharmagadda et al. (2005)
(8.3), E-caryophyllene (8.0), p-cymen-8-ol (5.4)
T. parthenium Camphor (46.2), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (22.2), Prague Pavela et al. (2010)
camphene (12.3), p-cymene (4.0), a-pinene (2.6)
T. camphoratus Camphene (16.82), a-pinene (16.62), a-fenchyl alcohol Kenya Omolo et al. (2004)
(14.76), 1,8-cineol (6.51), a-terpineol (3.78)
T. riparia Fenchone (64.82), limonene (2.02), 1,8-cineol (1.5), c- Kenya Omolo et al. (2004)
terpinene (0.96), b-pinene (0.78)
T. leucocladum Patchouli alcohol (31.24), b-pinene (12.66), a-pinene Egypt El-Shazly and Hussein (2004)
(10.99), a-cadinol (9.27), t-cadinol (5.48)
T. spicata Carvacrol (70.93 ± 1.04), p-cymene (6.98 ± 0.02), b- Turkey Sertkaya et al. (2010)
caryophyllene (3.3 ± 0.12), a-terpinene (1.31 ± 0.03),
myrcene (1.32 ± 0.02)
T. satureoides Thymol (60.3), p-cymene (10.1), c-terpinene (5.3), Czech Pavela (2009b)
myrcene (4.4), borneol (1.7)
T. vulgaris Carvacrol (70.6), thymol (10.1), p-cymene (4.2), Lebanon Knio et al. (2008)
carvacrol methyl ether (2.8), trans-anethol (2.4)
Thymol (40.1), p-cymene (23.4), c-terpinene (15.1), Cameroun Tchoumbougnang et al. (2009)
borneol (4.5), carvacrol (2.4)
Thymol (32.5), borneol (30.3), carvacrol (10.6), bornyl Czech Pavela (2009b)
acetate (5.3), a-terpinene (3.5)

cides and are convenient to use (Tapondjou et al., 2005). In
this context, screening of natural products has received the
attention of researchers around the world (Kebede et al.,
2010). Many secondary plant metabolites are known for their
insecticidal properties (Lopez et al., 2008), and in many cases
plants have a history of use as home remedies to kill or repel
insects (Kim et al., 2010). In recent decades, research on the
interactions between plants and insects has revealed the poten-
tial use of plant metabolites for this purpose (Kamaraj et al.,
2010). It is known that some chemical constituents of essential
oils have insecticidal properties (Pavela, 2009b). In some stud-
ies, essential oils obtained from commercial sources were used
(Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c). Specific compounds isolated
from plant extracts or essential oils were tested for fumigation
purposes (Maciel et al., 2010).
In the search for alternatives to conventional pesticides,
essential oils extracted from aromatic plants have been widely
investigated. Their toxicities on pests were of special interest
during the last decade. With the objective of contributing to
these studies, a literature search on the use of natural products
(essential oils) which have already been evaluated particularly
for insecticidal activity, has been carried out.
Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles
2. Materials and methods
The keywords used for the literature search for this review
were insecticidal activity, essential oils, plants and natural
products. The search was carried out using data bank of the
University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene in
Algeria, updated on December 2010. The references found in
the search were then studied in detail.
3. Results and discussions
Consultation of various literature sources resulted in the elab-
oration of a list of plants evaluated for insecticidal activity
(Tables 1). It should be noted that some of the references cited
are compilations copied from other sources. Selected literal
results, of both insecticidal activity and chemical composition
of plant essential oils, are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The
review presented here focuses on the examination of the main
sources of essential oils currently used as insecticides especially
against acari, stored product insects and mosquito.
3.1. Acari
Plant extracts with acaricidal activity provide a potential alter-
native as a substitute for synthetic acaricides currently used for
tick control (Fichi et al., 2007; Martinez-Velazquez et al.,
2011). Tetranychus urticae is one of the most important pests
of greenhouse plants in the world and is associated with 900
plant species. The acaricidal activity against T. urticae of Lip-
pia sidoides essential oil was measured by Cavalcanti et al.
(2010). In addition, the use of anti-tick plants, which repel,
immobilize or kill the free-living stages of ticks, has been pro-
posed as a possible tick control method (Lwande et al., 1999).
Essential oils have a broad spectrum of insect and mite activity
due to the presence of several modes of action (George et al.,
2009). The advantages of an insecticide or miticide with several
modes of action may include a delay in resistance develop-
ment. Sertkaya et al. (2010) discussed the toxicity of essential
oil against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, one of the most impor-
tant and highly polyphagous pests of wide range of field and
greenhouse crops world-wide.
3.2. Stored product insect
Sitophilus and Tribolium species cause considerable economic
losses of stored wheat grain (Arabi et al., 2008; Chu et al.,
2010). Heavy infestations of these pests may cause weight
losses of as much as 30–40% (Tatsadjieu et al., 2010). Pest’s
actions are able to cause up to 90% loss of cereal stocks after
5 months of storage (Nguemtchouin et al., 2010). Control of
these insects relies heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides
and fumigants, which has resulted in several problems
(Zoubiri and Baaliouamer, 2010). Therefore, there is an urgent
need to develop safe, convenient, environmental and low-cost
alternatives. Considerable efforts have been focused on plant
derived materials for potentially useful products as bioinsecti-
cides (Jbilou et al., 2008). In integrated stored-product protec-
tion, phytochemicals may be used for (1) pest prevention,
repelling pests from goods, (2) early pest detection, attracting
pests to lures or (3) pest control by using toxic compounds
935
(Lopez et al., 2008). Plant extracts and essential oils have
potential to be used in crop protection. They contain com-
pounds that show toxic effects in a wide range of insects
(Ukeh et al., 2009).
3.3. Mosquito
Mosquitoes are nuisance pests and a major vector for the
transmission of several life threatening diseases (Rajkumar
and Jebanesan, 2010). Aedes aegypti is known to carry dengue
and yellow fever; malaria is carried by Anopheles stephensi; and
filarial disease by Culex. The present proliferation of these dis-
eases is due basically to increasing resistance of mosquitoes to
current insecticides (Knio et al., 2008). In many parts of the
world, plant-derived products have been used to repel or kill
mosquitoes and other domestic insect pests. Solvent extracts
and essential oils of many plants show varying levels of
insect-repellent properties (Omolo et al., 2004). Most mosquito
control programs target the larval stage at their breeding sites
with larvicides since adulticides may reduce the adult popula-
tion only temporarily. Therefore, a more efficient approach
to reduce the population of mosquitoes would be to target
the larvae (Chung et al., 2009; Conti et al., 2010). The search
for new strategies or natural products to control destructive
insects and vectors of diseases is desirable due to the prevalent
occurrence of vector resistance to synthetic insecticides and the
problem of toxic non-biodegradable residues contaminating
the environment and undesirable effects on non-target organ-
isms (Cheng et al., 2009a,b,c). An alternative to conventional
chemical control is the utilization of natural products from
plants and essential oils (de Morais et al., 2007) as an alterna-
tive source for larvicidal agents (Koliopoulos et al., 2010).
4. Conclusion
Plant essential oils have demonstrated optimal potential for
insecticidal activity against several species. The present review
shows a range of plant extracts that exhibit interesting insecti-
cidal properties in vitro. Almost listed studies have analyzed
enough essential oils and biological endpoints to determine
whether there is a specificity for different effects according to
different oils or not. However, there is no detail of the mode
of action.
Essential oils are complex mixtures of various molecules.
Their biological effects might be either the result of a syner-
gism of all molecules or could reflect only those of the main
molecules. Almost literature cases analyses only the main con-
stituents of essential oils. In that sense, for biological purposes,
it could be more informative to study the entire oil rather than
some of its components because the concept of synergism
seems to be important.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to dedicate the present work to the
memory of Professor Hassan Al-Hazimi, King Saud Univer-
sity. This work was possible thanks to the technical assistance
of the ‘‘Research and Development Center of ALDAR com-
pany of Moubydal group, Algiers’’ and the ‘‘Scientific and
Technological Research Center on Physical and Chemical
Analysis CRAPC, Tipaza’’, Algeria.
936
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