B`tmvmgbg Mhgmvmgubi - Dbpb `lh`aptubi

Qhmgbgas l Pa`uah`mbs Gmgâ`tm`bs a Mhhlvb`mðh

Urasahtbgl plr?

Âhfai Fraflrml Klrob Âivbraz

Frupl?

752051\:>

Wutlr?

Vmiimbh Fardbh Fâdaz

Qhmvarsmgbg Hb`mlhbi Bkmartb y b Gmstbh`mb (QHBG)

As`uaib ga @mah`mbs ga ib Agu`b`mðh (A@AGQ)

Urlfrbdb? Im`ah`mbturb ah Dbtadâtm`bs

@ursl? Gmgâ`tm`b

@abg? Pbjbfÿh

 Hlvmadkra ;7 ga ;52=

2
 QHMGB
QHMGBGAP
GAP L PA@Q
PA@QAH@
AH@MBP
MBP GMG @WM@BP
@WM@BP A MHH
MHHL^B
L^B@M
@M H

Ib sa`uah`mb plsaa uhb Astâ gbgb tbdkmíh plr Ulsaa uh Mhtafrbh

Ib sa`uah`mb Gmgâ`tm`b as Pafÿh il axprasb

Astru`turb Ib Urlfrbdb`mðh Gmgâ`tm`b Dlgail Gmhâdm`l Ibs astrbtafmbs

Ai rasuitbgl ga astbkia`ar uhb
sarma ga b`tmvmgbgas ga
bprahgmzboa qua tahfbh uh
lrgah mhtarhl ahtra sä, `lh aiil
sa pbrta ga ib mhtah`mðh gl`ahta
ga ra`uparbr bquaiibs hl`mlhas
pravmbs qua tmahah ils
astugmbhtas slkra uh ja`jl.
Rua pardmtb
Gäbz Kbrrmfb (2=:7, 2==>). Ibs
sa`uah`mbs Gmgâ`tm`bs `lhstmtuyah ga Uibhab`mðh Uagbfðfm`bs y Gmgâ`tm`bs
uhb lrfbhmzb`mðh ga ibs b`tmvmgbgas Rua sa mhtafrb `lh Ib `ubi as
ga bprahgmzboa qua sa rabimzbrâh `lh Ai `ubi pardmta? Plh
ils biudhls y pbrb ils biudhls `lh
ib nmhbimgbg ga `rabr smtub`mlhas qua Gls aiadahtls Ib pibhmnm`b`mðh
ias pardmtbh gasbrrliibr uh qua sa rabimzbh smstadbtmzbgb gai prl`asl Wlgbs ibs b``mlhas rabimzbgbs plr
[abimzbr B`tmvmgbgas
ga dbharb ga ahsaòbhzb―bprahgmzboa
ahsaòbhzb―bprahgmzboa ai gl`ahta, `lh ai nmh ga nb`mimtbr
bprahgmzboa smfhmnm`btmvl. y Avbiubr ib nlrdb`mðh y ai bprahgmzboa ga
pbrbiaib. ga uh ârab l dbtarmb pbrb
ils astugmbhtas.
uh frupl aspa`änm`l ga
biudhls y biudhbs Ubrb
Ulr aiil
Ibs `ubias slh? @ldplhah
gurbhta uh `ursl.

^mh`uibril b smtub`mlhas
prlkiadâtm`bs y ga `lhtaxtls
rabias `lh ai nmh ga qua ib
mhnlrdb`mðh qua b ib qua vb
b``agar ai astugmbhta ah ai
gasbrrliil ga ib sa`uah`mb sab
smfhmnm`btmvb, astl as tahfb
sahtmgl y puagb bkrmr uh
prl`asl ga bprahgmzboa.
Wbdkmíh ib sa`uah`mb gadbhgb qua
Ai astugmbhta rabim`a `lsbs, hl
aoar`m`mls rutmhbrmls l
dlhðtlhls, smhl b``mlhas qua
vmh`uiah sus `lhl`mdmahtls y
axparmah`mbs pravmbs
@lh
Bifÿh mhtarrlfbhta qua
prlvahfb ga il rabi y `lh
mhnlrdb`mðh slkra uh
lk atl ga `lhl`mdmahtl.
`lhl`mdmahtl.
; ga ibs
As mdplrtbhta ahnbtmzbr qua hl
puaga ragu`mrsa b uh nlrduibrml
pbrb iiahbr aspb`mls ah kibh`l.
As
Qh mhstrudahtl qua gadbhgb ai
`lhl`mdmahtl ga ib bsmfhbturb, ib
`ldprahsmðh gai prlfrbdb ga
astugml y ib axparmah`mb y vmsmðh
pagbfðfm`b gai gl`ahta.
Bsä `ldl
Pus plsmkmimgbgas ga
`lh`akmr b`tmvmgbgas
’pbrb— ai bprahgmzboa ga
ils biudhls.
Gmbfhðstm`b
lkoatmvls, smtub`mðh ga mhtafrb`mðh (rafmgl kbol ai `urrä`uil), ils `l htahmgls, @rmtarmls ga avbiub`mðh a
mhgm`bglras ga ilfrl, Mhstrudahtls ga avbiub`mðh, @lhsa`uah`mbs ga ib avbiub`mðh, ib @bimnm`b`mðh,
Ga`msmlhas datlgliðfm`bs y gmgâ`tm`bs, Dbtarmbias y ra`ursls ga gasbrrliil `urrm`uibr, Avbiub`mðh ga ib
prlfrbdb`mðh gmgâ`tm`b, [asuitbgls ga ib avbiub`mðh gai `ursl ah ârab l dbtarmb, @ljarah`mb y bga`ub`mðh
ibs vbrmbkia
vbrmbkiass datlglið
datlglið m`bs @lhtrmku`m
@lhtrmku`mðh
ðh ga ib datlgli
Ib sa`uah`mb ga ibs
b`tmvmgbgas pbrb ai
bprahgmzboa y ib avbiub`mðh
pbrb ai bprahgmzboa mhs`rmtb
ah asbs dmsdbs
b`tmvmgbgas.
Wbdkmíh ib sa`uah`mb
Mhtafrb ga astb dbharb
prmh`mpmls ga bprahgmzboa
`lh ils ga avbiub`mðh
Gmra``mlhbgbs dagmbhta uhbs
Ah sus
kâsm`bs trbhsvarsbias
Wras gmdahsmlhas?
Pafumgls y astbkia`mgls kbol?
Pudbtmvb
Nlrdbtmvb
datlglil l äb b ib da lrb gai
gai `imdb
`imdb ga buib
Ai ðptmdl gasbrrliil
Ulsaa uhls ga ils `lhtahmgls.
’Ils as`ahbrmls `urrm`uibras ga
lrfbhmzb`mðh ga ibs b`tmvmgbgas
nlrdbtmvbs y ga ib mhtarb``mðh
Aiadahtls Kbol uhb
gai prl`asl ahsaòbhzb y
bprahgmzboa glhga sa ilfrbh
@lhnlrdbgls plr? `lhl`mdmahtls, vbilras,
Iähab ga sa`uah`mbs
prâ`tm`bs, prl`agmdmahtls y
Gmgâ`tm`bs
prlkiadbs prlpmls gai `bdpl ga
Pu ganmhm`mðh, nlrdb`mðh—
prafuhtbs ga Mhtafrbgb plr
`lhtrli y
a ad imnm`b
imnm`b`ml
`mlhas
has.. Ibs mhtaimfah`mbs dÿitmpias
Wras tmpls ga
b`tmvmgbgas?
Ubrb
bparturb,
gasbrrliil y
`marra. Fbrghar, ib mhtaimfah`mb as ai
@ldpatah`mbs
pltah`mbi ga `bgb parslhb. Gm`jl
Iähab ga Avbiub`mðh pltah`mbi hl puaga sar
y gms`mpimhbras.
`ubhtmnm`bgl, smhl qua sðil puaga
pbrb ai Bprahgmzboa.
lksarvbrsa y, b trbvís ga `martbs
râ`tm`bs gasbrrliibrsa.
] Kmkimlfrbnäb ga
ib sa`uah`mb.
Gas`rmka 22 tmpls ga mhtaimfah`mbs y slh?
(Imhfùästm`b, iðfm`l-dbtadâtm`b, dusm`bi,
`ahastísm`b-`lrplrbi, aspb`mbi, mhtarparslhbi,
mhtarparslhbi, ib hbturbimstb, ib pm`tðrm`b, ib gmfmtbi
buib ga `ahtrl.
`ahtrl. y ib axmstah`mbi l aspmrmtubi)
aspmrmtubi)
 [anarah`mbs Kmkimlfrânm`bs

 Gäbz-Kbrrmfb, Â. (;520). Fuäb pbrb ib aibklrb`mðh ga uhb sa`uah`mb gmgâ`tm`b-

[a`uparbgl ga?

jttp?//www.satsa.lrf.dx/[anlrdbAgu`btmvb/[udkl%;5b%;5ib%;5Urmdarb%;5Avbiub`

mðh/Nb`tlras%;5ga%;5Avbiub`mðh/Urâ`tm`b%;5Urlnasmlhbi/Fuäb-sa`uah`mbs-

gmgb`tm`bs\Bhfai%;5Gäbz.pgn 

 Flkmarhl ^bs`l. (;526). Fuäb pbrb ib aibklrb`mðh ga ibs prlfrbdb`mlhas gmgâ`tm`bs

Agu`b`mðh Kâsm`b? Agu`b`mðh Urmdbrmb y Agu`b`mðh Pa`uhgbrmb Lkimfbtlrmb. ^mtlrmb-

Fbstamz? Parvm`ml @ahtrbi ga Uukim`b`mlhas gai Flkmarhl ^bs`l. [a`uparbgl ga

jttp?//www.auscbgm.aus/`lhtahmgls/mhnlrdb`mlh/`lduhm`b`mlhas\`ahtrls/as\mhspa`/bgouh

tls/FQMB\U[LF[BDB@MLHAP\OQIML\;526\@BPW.pgn 

 Fbdklb, D., Fbr`äb, ]., y Kaitrâh, D. (;520). Astrbtafmbs pagbfðfm`bs y gmgâ`tm`bs pbrb

ai gasbrrliil ga ibs mhtaimfah`mbs dÿitmpias y ai bprahgmzboa butðhldl. [avmstb ga

mhvastmfb`mlhas ga ib QHBG agu`b`mðh b gmstbh`mb y aqumgbg. 2;, (2), 252-2;:.

[a`uparbgl ga jttp?//jadarlta`b.uhbg.agu.`l/mhgax.pjp/ravmstb-ga-mhvastmfb`mlhas-

uhbg/brtm`ia/vmaw/22>;

 Fbdklb, D. (;52=). Ib pibhab`mðh pagbfðfm`l-gmgâ`tm`b b trbvís ga ibs uhmgbgas

gmgâ`tm`bs. Klfltâ? Qhmvarsmgbg Hb`mlhbi Bkmartb y b Gmstbh`mb. [a`uparbgl ga

jttp?//jgi.jbhgia.hat/251=>/;0;:0