Dling Daca Handbook G.GABOLDE. 17. NGUYEN Procedures IER and MLV. CARTALOS a air ‘M. MOUREAU, G BRACE GILLES BOURDAROT Engineer, Elf Aquitaine WELL TESTING: INTERPRETATION Translated tom the French by Barbara Brawn Batt Center for PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT | I | ' | 1998 | EDITIONS | TECHNIP t rile FSG Bats Cacon 15 SRE\- WELL TESTING: INTERPRETATION METHODS Bons[Essa de pts mstases nrpeaion .Baucart {© 1886 Canons Tec ang stu anc u pevele Iso 270.0975, © 1996 inn Tec Pais ntti pel tla ISBN 2-7108.0738-6 i ISSN 1271-8008 At gh reed pt of pi mabe eprint fe orbs mean sian meant ming poco ein asf ee “Can oe sae pte rien prin Sipe Contents ‘Symbols and abbreviations PRINCIPLE Chapter 1 Principles of well testing 1.1 toteduetion 12 Darcy's law 1.3. Compressbilty 1.4 fusion equation 1.5 Solving the dusty equation 1.6 Compressible zone 1.7. Radius ol ivestigaton 18 Flow regimes 1.9. Principia ot superposition Chapter 2 Wellbore storage 2.1 Datntion 2.2 Naturally enuptive wes, 23. Pumping walls 24 Oroers ot magnitude 25. Pressure variations 26. Botiomnole tow 27 End of tw wellbore storage effect Chapter 3 Skin 3.1. Defnion 3.2 laiitesmal shia 19 19 20 21 2a 28 28 a 33 34 35 35 37 a 20 393.3. rite thickness skin 34 Effective 1848 oan orn ‘88 Generalization ofthe skin concept INTERPRETATION METHODS Introduetion {Chapter 4 Conventional interpretation methods 4.1. Drawdown test. 4.2 Pressure buildup: Homer's method 4.3. Pressure buildup: MOH method 4.4 Alter varying flow rales... 45 Simplification of the fow vate story 48. Buidup radius of rvestgation Chapter 5 Type curves 8.1 Intodvetion 5.2 Gringarten type curves 53 Interpetaton method... ‘544 Using type curves during buidup Chapter 6 The derivative 6.1. Representation 82 Properties ofthe derivative 63 The derivative as eagnostic too! 6.4. Analysis with type curves 85. Direct interpretation by means of te detivaive 66 Conciusion RESERVOIR BOUNDARIES Introduction "chapter 7 Linear sealing faults 7.1. Description 7.2 The method of mages “0 4 4a 8 a” st 54 60 68 a7 or 6 70 75 9 79 a1 a or cy sag ‘6. eouRoAnor 7.3 Conventional ntereattion method 7.4 Type curves: the derwative ‘Chapter 8 Channels 8.1 Description of ows 8.2 naar tow 83 Conventional intereetation 84 Bounded channels ; 8.5 Pressure buildup with varying flow rates 8.6 Pressure derivaive, ype cures Chapter 9 intersecting faults 8.1 Conventional analysis 92 Type curves: pressure derivative / Chapter 10 Constant pressure boundary 10.1 Conventional interpretation method 10.2 Type cunes: derivative “Chapter 11 Closed reservoir 11.1. Producing wel, pseudosteady-state regime 11.2 Shubin wel, average pressure Chapter 12 Productivity index 121 Datntion 122. Productivity index ding the infinte-acting period 12.3 Productniy index during the pseudosteady- stale law 124. Real and theoretical P RESERVOIR ASPECTS J Chapter 13. Naturally ractured reservoirs 13.1 Geomety 132 Porosity 133 Capaciy 13.4 Permeabity 135 Moliiclractre exchange: 6. sounoanor 2 0 a 136 137 10 0 198 a 139 ats 0 1m 1 1% Me ett ue 121 Chap , 181 te 18 ta 188 1h 184 1 iss uy 188 157 Mt is ut is8 1424810 145 chant 1 181 “8 162 i ies 1a}, sar Chapt ura 1501721 182 1 133,173 va 175 , Ae4 1 152 14.6 Testing @ Wwolayer reservoir 13.6 Analysis of fows 13.7 Choosing between the pseudosteady-state and tne wansiont interporosty tow models... 138 Type cuve anaiysie. 13.9 Type cures dervatives : 18.10. Two examples of interpretation ina haclured ressoe Chapter 14 Two-layer reservoirs 14.1 vodvetion 142 Description ofa two-layer reserve 143° The Bourdet model. WELL ASPECTS Chapter 15 Partial penetration weils, 15.1 _letroduction 152 Flow around a partial penaivation wel 15.3 - Radial low atthe perforations 15.4 Spherical low 15.5 Rladal tow over the whoa net thickness 1566 Extrapolated pressure, average pressure 15.7 Pressure dewvatve 15.8 Ambiguous interpretation 15.9 Comparison wit core sampios 18.10 Paral perforation ana tractured tesanvies Chapter 16 Slanted wells, 16.1 tntroduction 18.2 Flows and skin lactor for slanted wos 16.3 Influence of permeatity anisotropy Chapter 17 Antificialy ractured wells 17.1. Description of tne fracture 17.2. Flows around an articaly iractured wall, Conventional terion methods 17.3 Type curvas the derivative 174 Type curves 178. Canetusion 159 162 red im 175 181 181 181 182 184 191 199 193 195 198, 197 199 203 203 208 200 210 an 213 219 ai 22 228 231 c-eounoAsor Chapter 18 Horizontal wes 18.1. Description ofa horizontal wel 18 Flow arcana hnizontal welt Convent teats ‘methods 18.3. Type cures, the derivative Chapter 19 Injection wells 19.1. Description ofan inaction well 19.2. Deserption of tows 19.3. Type cunes and derivative 19.4 The objectives of esting an inaction wel FLUID ASPECTS Chapter 20 Gas wells 20.1. Pseudopressure 20.2 Deviation rom Darcy's tow 20.3 Inierpretation of a gas wel test 20.4. Presentation of absolute open-fow potential tests 20.5. Conventional AOFP tests 206 Interpretation of AOFP tesls: Houpeur's method 20.7 Interpretation of absolute open-ow potental tests ‘empirical method 20.8 Other test proceduies Chapter 21 Multiphase flows 21.1. nroduetion 21:2 Perna mathod hypotheses 21.3. Perne's method 21.4 Proguetiity index of an ail well preducing unde the bubble pan Voges equstion INTERFERENCES Chapter 22 Interference tests 22.1. Presentation, paricuars {222 Interpretation methods in a homogenous fesenoe .aounoanor 233 203 203 239 2a 2a 202 266 288 287 291 299 20322.3 Interference tests in tracted reservoirs 22.4 Infivence of fow rate history 22.5. Skin and weltbore storage icc! 22.8 Objective ofinteterence lest, two examples Chapter 23 Pulse tests 23.4 Presentation 28.2 Interpreting puse tests: the Kamal and Bigharn matng Practical units Roterences Ingex 299 303 308 313 313 315 225 27 6 sounoaror Symbols and abbreviations a drainage area ofthe well a {stance from the wel 10 the end of the channel AOFP absolute open tow potential 8 volume tector 8, (985 volume factor s ll volume factor : a water volume factor e compressiity ¢ wotore storage Gy drainage aroa shape fector % dimensionless wellbore storage oo “Smensioniess welloresiorage of the fractures Colm dimensionless wellbove storage of he fractured reservoir Com imensioniss wellbore storage of the matrix Con ‘dimensionless wellbore storage versus a tacture equivalent comoressibilly tracture capacity G icant capacity ofthe fractured resenor 5 88 compressiity q q. ‘capacity ofthe matrix oo oll compressbity S ore compressibility oe compress othe voids located in the races f on ‘maltix pore compressiblly Y @ relative conductity of he fracture & {otal compresstity oy lolol compressiity of the hectares ‘6 sounowror ne ' ‘ 1 h k kFe m0 0p p9 ffrrrnage RPO RBBB RE Ree rE + = Pt Bin Loa compress o the matic {oil compresstity nin wate one water compresstty ection of devon tom Dary's tw Gstonce em tho we oa ray fzirry of ho wel nb hare ‘a0 oth pulse angi 1 he ota yl length dng a pu test gravity aceaeration = cine ae Deke foyer ensiess tckess in an aisonic reser (88 devted thekness ofa seen na two-layer esonci perforated thickness ee heros ait pereesbiy facture permeabiy prmesoaty to gas Ronn! prmeabity rat“ pemeabaty Dine rections ol pemeabaty tensor umeabity toot Skin parmeabaty Serer! parmeabity vera pamesbay ‘encal parmeabity oa sreen Permaabity to wate bread tesorcomoonent ‘th of he chara lenin ofa horzotal dese rae wht ole goe Sloe of he samog stag ne slop of ra sagt tne on hens fow plot Sie of ne somo sgh tne neo tone $18 of ie stag ine on tne spree four pat spe othe somo sagt tne nthe water ene characteris dimension ofa marr bos pressure ressure ceratve valu one deriaine coresponding oa sibiaed derhative Brest ead a= = nonin amg sa a areage pressure 6. sounaanor mansoniss pressure :Poucn Mila Oyes Hucirson cimesionlss pressure P exrapotted pressure % ‘earopolated pressure onthe staph ino characteristic of hacar tow m estrapouted pressure on ha Sanit ine chavatose ot sphancal tow produchaty doe a ‘tal pressure Pe Standard presse a flowing Botomnole wel pressure Pe sulin boltomhole wet pressure a wend ow ate a Dotter tow cole a welnead tow rate of 2 Gey, tama mutionase wel ow rate a sled Now rate of gas standard conditions 4 ‘ota ottomnate ow ate a ‘weiad fow rte of water a ‘cea! gas constant i Gistance tom a pont thaw 0 timensioniass stance p=) oy Cimensioniess dstance fom tha wel to the end ofthe channel ‘ rads ol vestigation ‘ inction rac Ba water moby rao in characteristic langih of a matrix bloc a of dectuton rato teal tin eds & radive of he euivaletspiticl sourca & wret agus § geome! stan ss Skin & ‘kin due to angoliopy in & hosizontal wel s geometrical skin do tote tcture es Sas sluraton s Skin ue to wel inctnation & oi saturation s plugging skin in a horzoral wll 3 paral penetraton ska s. ‘rater saturation 6 eovsoanor 9BES Deena gs tec gecccc ag ineducibe water saturation tine temperate sierstores ine Gerenseries time versus cringe oes dvansioness tie coresporcing 10 the Begining of peeuseraca flow around a fracture ° ao ‘a sentra me coesponding ot Gienserless tie wins rlerncelrgth Pszotal imensionless time with ‘as a reference length. (channen) = lenseriess time wh 3a veterorce anak Gevenserlss tine ol the intersection ofthe sgh nes mand 2m tne cotespencig othe sieecton ofthe somasy soa, wath Sopem and 2m tie fg cure a ple lest dlvesenies tie versus deveseriesspreduclon ihe versus the asinage area corsa fw rte prodocton ine fecuven! proucton une Stancad empaaive vesoty vote ‘eve volume ote Factres compared to tha of he sample eras volume aired bythe wel Yolune of rected ator ‘kine volume of he mati Bor whe Solane othe we per unt nth ‘olin the wet wet ol hace vith othe around a Woctire Tctiee nat ngin G85 compress ator Svan gas comeressby octor Astanee Between the hong! wel and he foo ofthe reser heacensticcoticent ol mathe bce gesmany Sharacersie dmensoriess Berameter of Wansiion lr tans fows na actu reset tress difeoren uF op oe to skin time otena! 6 BounoaRor ae ay ‘Agarwal equivalent time a, uration ol @ pulse during a puse test ° Taio baiween the citushiy inside the tactue and that of the orome tween ' ro x Mancrissy contest between two ayersin arate esonct x exchange parameter between mati ang haclures 0” between layers na wo-tayer reser X vyacosiy ; rs ‘average gas viscosity i oivscosty water vscosiy s apacy cents! between the mate and facies or between Wo layers in a wortayer reserve ¥ pseudopressure function ‘ ¥ ‘average pseudopressure function i To flowing psevdopressure function : ° density a y ° factor cherecteraing well eccentric . wot wa ° angle: between two intersecting felts, of the devoted well le ‘ porosity u fracture porosity ' fy mate pores Functions ; 1 ow vergence , Eis) exponent integral function : ‘exo exponential funtion GE) Sonday hncon fh tate ged gradient n Neperian garth 09 ‘cima logan, . 6 7 6 uration of a cycle during a pulee test iPrinciples1 twoChapter 1 Principles of well testing a we nese The principles that ave discussed in this chapter and the methods that are dealt with in ater chaplers consicer one-phase low of olin a reserva Chapters 20 and 21 shaw how the principles and methods difer when the fui s a gas oF when itis multiphase, 1.4 INTRODUCTION Generally speaking, the aim of well testing is to get information about a we ‘and about a reservor. fic To got tn information, the wel ow rate is varied and the variaton tre the existing pressure inthe reservoi Measuring the variations in pressure versus time and interpreting them gives data on the reservoir and the wet ‘The pressure can be measure: ~ ln the well where the How rate has been clanged: this is the method used in mast test: oN = rin another wel: Ii isthe aim of ntaerence tess. .eouroanor 8sesines cre res The variations in pressure are interprated using @ number of laws of tid mechanics, This chapter wil introduce the major ones that are used and their £ S consequences, 1.2 DARCY'S LAW Darcy's lw is used to describe fuid fow in a porous medlur, Let us look at ts eea of appcation and its consequences on a wel lest + Presentation of the law: According lo Oarcy’s law, the flow fale ofa Mud flwing through a rock samples proportional o ~ 6 pressure gracent appt to the rock sample: ~ the sample's cross-section, S; the moby of he Rd, W. Darcy's taw fats within a time interval when the flow rate and other poramete's are constant does not depend onthe pores ofthe medium. or onthe comptessbilty of ether the fuids or the rock + Vectorial expression: ‘The vectorial expression of Darcy's law is as follows: Sgadp ay ‘A wel lest studi the variations in pressure that accur after @ fow rate Watation, Since the tow rate has varied, Oarcy’s law ean nol be sophcg ‘macroscopically to describe the flow around the wen, 20 6 sounoenor (aber eernenuesoF eu ese A Darcy's law can also be expressed as a function ofthe fid's fitration rate: Ved (1.2) 3 ee Size wa ers ay (neta ects to te aSSaoa ene pos msn + xremon Wendt ee eee K an 2 4) ay a a 1 abo renee been wo ei of Senki he Wd a a = ve sei = 2a) Pur“Pe oy o7ere nk 7 a 1.3 COMPRESSIBILITY ‘he information from a wel tess oblained because the rock and the Mids are compressive afo Ws wa] and rf ‘ues a ‘material's volume pee wd Yelame ca 1 (2) e 0 (22) +() 0 * Total compressibility ofan oll reservoir: 'n an ol reservoic several components ave compressible = the oi ~ the water, even at iteducble saturation ~ the pore volume ise = byex ol: water: ~ by a decrease in he pore volume Vy ‘The pow the Bthostatie When decompression eccurs, the fk Pressure remains constant \Wmen decor pression occurs, the id is proouced pansion of the ids V9 =~ 608,¥p 49 2My == 6ySyy AD Fre (0 volume is balanced between the ile of the fhid pressure and pressure Coad Sepa hid pressure decreases while the hosiie The pore volume cecreases, thereby causing general Vp =-6,¥, 49 ae (1.10) Incontas, th compress othe mata ise negigtie in comparison, The oleal compressby ofa pore vokme unt is dub to tho sum ofa ‘Compressible components: ‘neu ool The coms © 66, 2 Press capacity of a unit wolume ofthe porous meu is equal ‘c.souncanor + Equivalent compressibility: ‘The reservoir is modes by: A at Fete poravs19ch win a pasty f AS“ a). — yn I wat waded ) ~ and a uid of equivalent compressibiy e Bot Sut Sp seh eg OT aay ca + Order of magnitude ‘The oxder of magnitude for compressibility s as flows = for ci 310 10. 10-5psit = for water: 3.10°8psr! ~ for pore spaces: 310 100. 10°8psr 1.4 DIFFUSION EQUATION ‘The alifusivity equation governs the vavations in pressira in the reservoir versus lime is based on two laws and one equation of sat + Fluid tlow equatio ongtie tis assumed tat Darcy’ aw gov hd ow. . ary’ aw not applicable macroscoptcaly ove the wk ean oh test: tho fow af has jst vale, ho had an pot bo conered canynteanan However, tis apptee meroscopicly cui the era nt when he venous pavaretors ad the How ale can be considered Snstot ‘The expression usad isthe same as equation (1.3) Ga koa ee 3) Ini expression, gravatonal cesar o:896"06. In isthe hypothesis that mace in most wel tet interpretations. 3 a «.eovnosnor a+ Materia balanc: The variation in he mass of tid contained in the reservoir volume unit is equal to the Giference between the amount of fid input and oulput during the tene itera iv pi. 2100S) _ (ita) Equation of state: The Grail ofthe fuid varies with pressure and the variation ie shown by the cuialetcomoressity ofthe owing Nos. a7 Dison equation: Let us consige the material balance equation (1.12) and express firion rate ‘2nd ensy versus pressure using Darcy's aw (1.9) and ine equation o state (1.7) We wil get tne folowing pressure expression Sad p28 20 op +6, (ad p2~244 Ig 1.19) (ea py? ES, ae c Providing two assumptions: “Mid 8 low and constant: this is the case for a fauid not for 2 gas ~ Pressure gracions are low: this is the case in esenots where low rales are smal; 6, (9840 is smat compared 10 the two other lems of equation (1.19, the cuts edsced an ern city ecvoton rer) = 54 called the hydraulic diffusivity of the porous medium us, is the ratio between the mobility of the fds Wj and the compressible :apacit ofthe resenci €, 2 6. 20unoaor mobi? Ty of the Mui, cin BE Cape ol He hydiobe Sofas cu ‘The ditusivity equation is written as folows in racial Now: ' TAS oh State ri ee, 2 1119) + Boundary conditions: ‘The equation thet describes the variations in pressure in the reservor versus tine and the cistance from the wells obtained by solving the otsiily equation withthe boundary conditions. These condtions describe ~ the pressure a the beginning ofthe test: =the reservoir boundaries: = tre wel 2s, + infinite homogeneous reservoir solution: ‘The assumption that is usvelly made is to suppose that the reservoir is 18 wogeneous, isotropic, with constant thickness and limited by impermeable; 24 hom tropic, with constant t by reservoir Tackress. The Pa Reursares The wel peneales Ih loll eben iitess. The fad comoressbaly | znd vscost ae constant and uniorm using the lolowing bouneanyestaions | ono iTaT eRe: Dy 5 44 = init reser, Q {constant tow rate inthe woll that i considered fo have an infinitesimal ‘aus Hee The variations in pressure versus time and the cistance rom the well vey the equation: /p-P9 (1.18) Fee) a well bore ‘where Ei (xis the exponential integral function defined by: an aia I “expt gy 6. courant 25‘The way {0 solve the difusivity equation is inefcated with various sets of boundary conaftons in the book by F, Davi (Ret 1), ‘The equation is written as follows: Using he folowing dimensioniess factors: re ss Pressure: “py = fi St units) “09 : 0° a) (in Stunts) “oe i Pos fr practical US units) Tarzaer’? — Morectical US units) to fn practical metric wits} © Por rapeaer ? — Mmreteameticuni Longin: ge a ete re Time: = hat (Stunts) oH 0.000264 k at tye 2000264 Kat fr practical US units) He, 2.00035 at Gn practical marc unis) bug, 2 1.6 COMPRESSIBLE ZONE The flow at a distance «trom the well atime t can be determined based on the microscopic Darcy's law expressed in racial ow (14) and based on ection (1.16) which describes the pressure variation ar 028. ott Behe 6 eouncaRor aay Is the wathead tow rate; —= “ 8 Is he bottomhale tow rate, — Figure 1.2 shows the fow profte at tie t versus the distance from the well ae, ee lg 1.2 Flow profile e vor On tne fow profi it can be saen that between the wetbore and r, the flow ‘ate has almost the same valve as near the wellbore. Darcy’s law is applicable macroscopicalyin these aveas, | There is 2 negligible tow though the areas located beyond The pressixe drop between rand an infnite distance is nego Let us look at the variations in the flow profile between two times t and t" (Fig. 13, ae 2 Fig. 1.3 “Twauy te aves located between ine wes and r, there Is @ tow close to ge From 1 to the peessure drop between the well and 6 small 6. pouroaaor 2ae ae Orted Beyond net yet ited in the fw. The pressure drop between 13 and an inet distance remains negigble, jerntan. 2nd the pressure crop between an nnite distance and the wes therlore may due o wha is occuring between Bnd Oto aaa thatthe reserc's campressoly, allowing the Now to go ‘rom 010.08, comes into play. Tis aea is caled the compressions seo ee RIesSUe crop atthe wl since the inl pressure is equal othe pressure ‘top between an infte distance and the wet :. x The pressure drop in the well maid reflects the reservoir properties in the compressible 7 the compressible zone Jrpaepinnng ol he let the pressure chop reflects the resent propertes fe heyy ofthe wel. Later on ets reaches areas hat ae ne a ee THis what enables a wed lest to ~ facts the eveage mepertis iar way kom the wel, pemesbty tr example, 7 elect HR Feerogenetes: 7° cently pormeabity barns Nota bene: e 3A, The cofiept of compressible zone i¢ used ocala the reservar area that is af- tenet lan Paton a racic! way Tis & dees te en “ont.16) shows tte wl resent fectedss soanes heel enone coat ceva et be presse satan in te crop propre rebegaton velocity. in fact. the perturbation ie sicees eee cote weld eam. Eavatin (1.14) isa aasen eaalon & porn evation would nove a second oder cilerental equa vere oe 1.7 RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION one esa varavons atthe wel give an indication of he properties ofthe Comoresate ent eve in the compressa zone. is mportante bene we rection’ 0% a INS is whats iwotved in the conceplals eevee investigation, 2 6 eouncanor Ose SSS OF TESTS of the radius it industry iterature offers a large number of diferent defiions ot investigation. The article by H.K. Van Poolen (Ret. 3} provides a good summary the detitions. Among them, the following can be founds + Jones's definition: [The radius of investigation is the point in the reserve where the pressure variations represent 1% ofthe varations,cbserved atthe wel [ea shunts) (18) aus, + Posttmann's definition: The radius of investigation fs the point in the reservoir where the Row is equal 101% ofthe wel tow rate yn 420 / Erg + J. Lee (Ret. 3] and Muska (Ret, 2) definition: (Stuns) (119) The actus of investigation isthe point where the pressure variations are the fastest ‘The variations are given by the equation below (1.16) == 8 a (-*) pr erae SofFE) ‘The pressure variations are equal to: i 9 = 9Bu expt 19 (1.20) ot axkh aK tor 2B -o,te.tor at Tevtatonis aa masirum fr SP a In other terms: (Stuns) (2H) 6. souroanor { |wag ox (29 a Simulations performed with a gié-lype wel simulator show that an eve a faut for example) is percervad inthe well pressure variations at a time close to “hat computed with the last formula mentioned above. f seems to be the most sutable ore to vac iniocaling a wel les's avs uf rivesigalon ange In practical unis its expressed as folows: =0.032 4/2 | faprectica US unis) (122) og, {i practical meric unis) (123) 1.8 FLOW REGIMES % Ip pref ae + Transient ow o 7 Until the compeessible zone reaches the boundaries of the reservoir or comes Lunder me intuence of another wal the reserve behaves asi it was Infinte Tor tering purposes. we uring is period he tow regime is alec transient + Pseudosteady-stata flow: |When the compressible zone reaches a series of no-low boundaries, the flow ‘regime becomes pseudosteady-state, This is the type of flow in a producing reser with no Now boundaries, Pens BOS Sy + Steady-state flow: \Wmnen the compressibie zone is affected by some constant pressuce outer boundaries the flow becomes steady-state, This is the type of fow in a reservar Producing under gas-cap or water crve conditions when the mobil ofthe water is high compared to that of the ol A well est most aways performed a transient fow regime even though ‘some boundaries are reached. ~ ‘G.sounokaor 1.9 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION In section 1,5, equation (1.16) elects the pressure variations when the well is pene How can the pressure be described in he reservoir when Several Nove rate varations occur? r ey ‘The usual way of deating with this problem isto use the lact that the pressure vafation equations are Waar versus flow rate ‘The pressure variations due to several low rates are equal 10 the sum of the pressure drops due to each of ihe diferent low rales. This property is called superposition + Two flow cates: i. 14 Diagram for How rates 1 5 = 28H phe presse cop ue 16a tow ae 9, besnng at En tne, The dagram shownin igus 14 can be coreidred ste sum = #predcton a ow ae gy since =, onc 1 production at Row ate fy a sree The presse varon det th wo ates seas to ‘ 3) Bi exh Patty) (124 = 8 2x + mPa G.eouroaRor a+ Pressure buildup: (One case is of particular interest: when apis zero mmaoyoltesis se Tis is case forthe great yt i. 15 Shatin test Equation (1.24) becomes 2. Bm= 28H og ty + at -| Po lat] (1.25) + Multirate testing: For multirate testing Fig, 1.6) peu) = 9,1) Pt =4,.) (1.26) wath dg = 0 and ty «0 ‘6 BouRpanor eect eae bos 2 Pee I eeu: Ost PE ELON BM EE rately cell lem Vest i chapter 2 | Wellbore storage 32,3627 4 2.1 DEFINITION ‘A.wall test begins witha sudden variation ia the wel low ral. The variation cece HIT To WOEad ual) or Dover TS He Gen na DST oF ith a bollortole sh ‘The flow out of he formation undorgoes a racval vation because of the Compressibiy ofthe fd column in the tubing between the bottom ofthe Role and | the shutin po Fig. 21 ‘The surlace fow rate when the wellis opened is assumed to go al once trom 0 to.q, but the bottomhole flow rate does not increase instantly from O to qB, The bottom ofthe wel begins producing gradual Fig. 2). eouraanor 2 ASG ed A eg 1) O Baisace? enone some a 8 period when the bottomnole tow vanes is called the welkee sage effect period, a Wetbor storage dtned by co-ae ey Se wee: {Vis the volue vraion of Run tne well unr wl conons: {0th vation n pressure app to ine wel 1 Weltbore storage is homogeneous with the prodvet of a volume by a compressbity A dimensionless actors related to wetbore storage defined by SoS in Stand practical metic units) ea ‘ation aac ne, 3T or {rn pracieat US uns) ea she 2 and 2.2 NATURALLY ERUPTIVE WELLS ln a natualy eruptive wo the variation in uid vlume depends on the compress ! he fd nthe vl aV=-0v, ap wrerore: Oem cy) wer: ate volume ofthe wabore "isthe compressiby ofthe fu The compressliy ofthe fd inthe wotboris very often ‘rom ri ver oan much greats hon "Sy | totthe oii reser constons cecause theo losses go J-The price of gas causes wellore siuiaye 1 vary Gutng festng, pte a ‘te begining and les afterwards ean 9 ee “ 6. sounoent 2.3 PUMPING WELLS tn a pumping wel the vaation in Kquid vekime 1s dua to the changing quid velit he al av=V, an were: ‘is the volume ofthe welbore per unt ef langth ¥, is homogenous with & suriace); _ahis the variation in Ric love 3p apg an, 23 8 atrece gay lhe his cian he webs Gena ‘eeainp oon on verde one es ae Leptere storage of cueing wis eonseaey gate han welbore ‘pressure bun a purpig wel canbe corse 3 nvr lea he were Sage tet uss en ef goo oss a Bll he Tle te pesure ble sia 2.4 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE By way of comparison, here are a few wesboce storage orders of magnitude: osr: 2.0001 to 0001 mE |e, Eruptive well: 001 01 m/bar Pumping wel: 0.1 to Tear storage 2.5 PRESSURE VARIATIONS ‘Just alter the well has been opened, the bottomiiule pee alfacied by ina wellbore storage ello 25 6 eourosRorvel a spendacl Condition wl storages constant, the btomhole press long 28 walbre storages acomncien ease JThe slope of the straight ling wher Yersus lie, is used lo compute C fig, 22). Cu _ 98 Bxsiope —— MP*ECICaIUS and metic unit) eg bron plenue Fie may expan the oot ~ #0 much tine sis between measuremer Period is ending when the second me eee = Vorbie weitere strage anton ~ Mid segregation inthe welbore, 7 eae Share the welbore storage ele surement ie mede: oP test 36 6 Bounoanor ( rocical metre and US units) co) (in emensioness factors) en Potlomhole pressure drop is plotted owe 2 weuBone sroRce 2.6 BOTTOMHOLE FLOW 4 whe When the well is opened, the wallbore storage elect delays bettomhole production, ae Bortommole flow under standard condtons is given by pene? “ Fett heed sondecd __ajnas 240.80 29 eee BS Rgsweter malt f qy=a[1-c, 20] 210) rae 2.7 END OF THE WELLBORE STORAGE EFFECT ertpeay 8] Tiree criteria are proposed in ol industry iterate 1o determine the end of the waar storage effect ‘A+ Ramey's criterion: tp=(60+355) Cy en) |e, approximately: 1 = (200.000 + 12.000 §) ¢ {in practical US units) (2.12) hie ‘where $s the skin ofthe wal (2 Chapter 3 * Chen and Brigham’s exterlon: tg = 80 Cp exp(0.14 8) 2:19) Le. epproximatey MOCO E0101 S) Gy practical US unt) 14) koa + Pule of thumbs: ‘This criterion can be applied to the representation used for Wype curves (Chapter 6). This representation shows pressure variations versus ime on a log-log eph, ‘s-s0unenor a aeomni sot eu rete 2 wesose sonace ‘The period when the wall storage etfect Preval fine witha ope ot 1 slorage atfact Brevals is represented by a straight The rule of thumh locates the and of the wollbore storage et intersection of the measuxement point curve and the ine inecocio fhe mestrman i the Ine paras 0 the slope 1 line atte 1 Bask op Ducts Tehe Dib e LT ae 2 Dla cloorn Sole Be # ‘6. sounaanor Chapter 3 Skin — #4, el 3.1 DEFINITION. ‘Te vighi of he wellbore has characteristics that are diferent om those in the eseror as a eau of ling and we eaten operates ‘The skin elect reflects the diference in pressure drop thal exist in the vicinity ‘ofthe well between: = the reservoir 9s tis, and << as t would be iit characteristics (especialy permeabity) were uriform right {up 10 the walbore. ‘The skin affect reflects the connaction between tha eservoi and the well. The iiference in pressure drop in the vicinity of the wellbore can be interpreted in ‘several ways! = by using infritesial skin: = skin of a fie thickness: © = or the elective radius method. 3.2 INFINITESIMAL SKIN ‘The adciional pressure drop due tothe skin effect is detned by euBu ap, = Habe S enswith; | = 12 6 Sl units) i ania (9 practical US units) | a= 18.66 (in practical metric units) ; ene eae Yan Evecngen's approach Ral Se cvessre crop cw to Sn lect oat ns ent tn fn arcurd ie wore Fe, Fo. The stn eet S. homogeneous wih a dmenioness pressure top. 3.3 FINITE THICKNESS ‘SKIN c ‘Another representation consist in assum nat tt : ing the pressure drop is located in an Permeabitty ks around the wel (ig 3.2). Fig.92 en the compesse ze leaves this aro, the Pseudosteady stale ands governed by Darcy's law, '* 'OW 68M BE considered «© 6 wounpanor ‘The diference in pressure ckop between the real reservoir and a reservoir Uunlirm right upto the welbore is expressed as follows with Darcy's law: pg= Sy — 98H gf Beugh ie ami PS < By expressing dps with equation (2.1) we get: Se[k-a)nse 62 p Mts 4 ! shin ef¥ect 4 : - er oer ine! | Equation (9.2) shows that a difibe tig < ) coresponds 10 a positive skin /_ ‘men the nity ol the welt ls Bugged sn CaTTENE tery SSS SIOEE TS more permeable the mechum and the greater the damage, the righer the values. Nota bane: ‘Wel treatments, such as acidzing for example, are performed to improve the ‘near-wel permeabily and thereby reduce the skin vahue Equation (3.2) shows that an improved permeability corresponds toa ¢ ‘egative.skin. What valve can negative skin reach? Lel us imagine a sufficiently etfectve treatment so that Wk i smal compared {a 1 on @ racus fg of 2 m around the wellbore, Considering a wellore with a radius (of 10.cm, equation (3.2) shows that under these conditions the skin is. ee Improved germeabilty distributed homogeneously and involving 0 radius of ‘over 2 m around the wel would not be very probable. B ‘2 improvement in pemmeabty in the chit ofthe webore can corepond to contbuton of betwoon 0 and -2 to tne sk. A sale Sin vole must Oo Fw Seso ‘ewpaned by other phenomena, 0 actures, issues. 3.4 EFFECTIVE RADIUS The elfective radius method consists in replacing the real well with a r3ds ry ‘and skin S by a fitlous wel witha radius ¢, and zero skin Fg. 3.3), ‘c.sovapanor acue -cany prea Padus ¢ is anterned to hav a pressure sre top Deen and in ha fetus wet uo the pressure op between gana nine redaee AP le S= 0) A fe S) Exoressing the pressure drop with Darcy's aw: SBM na 8 nS yg) iho fective radius method is used to represent the skin analytically inal ossbie cases, nclucing whan tne skin's negatins, expresses the effect of wel veatments, This canoe suated by he case of a rave case oa gravel pack, The afecive asus 0 vol shed roy fal between tho scent aus ond he orton oie An eetive rac ta sess ran tei ads wale ews ho ‘iS particularly inettective, oeete ‘The skin retacts ha connection b+ . etwean tie Borenole and the reservoir. This Why if recommended to use the inner radius of the borehole as race te 2 ‘6. s0urosnor {compute the skin: the inner casing radius when there are perforations and the inner ‘adi o! he tners whan Ine ie 2 gravel pack, 3.5 GENERALIZATION OF THE SKIN CONCEPT ‘The skin presents an adetonal presi cop located i he vc a he womore Inthe preceding sections the actions resi cho was due to variations sa pamasbityin te nearwes iomaton Te skin concept canbe generalized to ary sdtonal presse crop stusted sate sea nee ha wa Se: Tha shin canbe used to account fo 1 Pelratons Fieve The sin de 0 paroratonsincudes seve phenomena: go, Gusst =the fow resticion due to the pera nl: 9 postive skin: 7 oo = punted reservar de le peoaty operation feat a negative ‘skin (rrinifracture); ———_ % = het ha on Some ofthe pedratons a aive: a postive skin ‘These diferent phenomena are generaly nat dissociated Irom the damage ec ofr + Inclined wells (see Chapter 16): Se i osictne Lee. The inclination of a well improves tow in tha vicinity of the walbore and wFcorustutes to negative si + Partially perforating the reservoir (se Chapter 15 Perforating only part of the thickness ofthe reservoir causes a resticon in the stream ines near tha wellbore and contributes to postive shin + Hydraulic fracturing (see Chapter 17: Hydraulic fracturing considerably improves the flow around the wellbore. It produces a negative skin, + Ahorizontal wel (see Chapter 18h Ahorzontal wal can under certain conctons be treated a a vertical wel wth negalve skin due tothe improvement 0 How trout about by the wel ors rar (6 soxnoanor °* Gas we: deviation trom Darcy's law (68 Chepter 20} Te fui velocty inthe vty ofa gas wels ote high. Flow doesnot flow Darcy's aw near tho wel, active sk, depending on he fow rat, shows the addtional pressure crop (20 othe deviation rom Oary's lw per + Injection skin (eee Chapter 19): Inection of tid (water, pohmers, etc.) into the resent creates a zone of eran moot nthe went ofthe weloore, I causes accilonal posture fl can aso be considered as askin wn te compressible fone eae ee Tid ijection radius, ee * Geological skins. 2 ‘A wall in alow-input lens can be relected by askin ~ BR reser has the characievaics of the stant regions that supply the lens; on = the skin elects the characterstics of the lens, wha Lo eae nats I accitonal pressure crop inthe vicinity ofthe welbore can be ofc Weta Be a son roid at he fow te kn can be Consered mentite Fortis tobe tue the compresstie zone must have reaches Devore Meare on raecept of the vicinity ofthe wellbore may cover @ number of very ferent things in actual fact ~ nen Zetzing Nas been performed, the adctional pressuce drop emotes a distance of less tnan 2m around the wel trnen vSaulc fracturing has been done, the test needs fo have started iMecting regions located several tens of meters trom the wel belong Wee Fracture can be considered in terms of shin “a @. eouroxror Interpretation methods i | |a Introduction Alot of diferent methods can be used 10 analyze a wel test, Iney can be cassie into two main groups: = methods using lype curves; = conventional methods. Inside each of the two groups the methods depend cn the type of wel, reservor and reser boundaries. This invroduction deals withthe features that are commen tothe methods in ach group. In the folowing chapters we will consider the los inthe reserve as a one phase flow oo ‘The fst three chapters il introduce interpretation metnads in the simplest ‘case, 2 avartesl wet nan infiite homogeneous reservoir ‘Then we wil dacuss bounded reservoirs and more complicated reservoir-wall ‘configurations. Gas and multionase resarvols wil be covered in Chapters 20 ‘and21 Fist ofa lt us look at what the methods in each group haven common with each other, + Type curve matching: These methods bagan to be used in the saventes, but ony became ‘developed and widespread inthe eighties. (6 eourossor aegal"! ®9080ed in the form of sels of curves using dimensioness parameters. Te crs wrogosinoting hpctses be ea resorted a en ‘Severely limit their conditions of use. " i Ropar ie crectyrlted tothe encxmous progress made n computer computer,” (M2 Considerable reduction in CPU time on increasing somenal computers rraimeans thatthe pressure variations expected throughout the wal est can nay ied 2ecoring tothe chosen reseroi-wel confusion ty reeks oan ‘analytic mode! with 2 minimum amount of simpitication, [3he cunts proded by 3 well medal ona PC have eiminated mot ‘method's limitations. nest ole rom G88 00. be cure methods were greatly improved as they wore used comming on,tth the pressure dervatve. Wal type cunve metnoce Tove recorded Guay in take into account atthe same tine al the pressure voretoey ‘corded during ine wet est tis alows the detenrinaion eth cre’ fows eccring ing the test and then a diagnosis of the wel and the reservoirs. "s casa 5, cite Now periods alow the appfcaon of conventional interpretation ‘methods corresponding lo the determination ofeach tow, * Conventional mettiods: orentond methods wee deveope inthe Pies nd were the ony available until the seventies, “e "Yores sry, Consist in identiving the diferent periods ol charactrste ow in svecession on fe represented by Using on cranbacks: the pressure recording, Fimaelerstc Mow (racial, linear, etc) the pressure variation is atime scale adapte to have a sri ine forthe particular fw WY convene nts to anaae a tet ad fo ceva 6 pounoanor Into account ~ Interpretation takes onthe point located onthe stright in "he pont Soresponag o he vasion utwacn wo tows a rota. Because of ths, aen happens tht ony a smal propa’ o! the Cot ved conventona ara ee It sometimes ditfut to daw the “Foper eight fro. In many ‘errtations several sight ines may seem to aopent hs oten deat {0 determine which staght ine coresponds tothe react anahits. Some Staines ot corespondo he angen fo cure who it cabo ae a Interpretation procedure: SSnce ype curves have bon inlegrate in ana, the rocedure has baer considera mediod * Tho process now in vei es otows “ segienes of tvs Diagnosis: Diagnosis stows the cetominalion of tha secu on opening surg (he est. ientivng the fons Coarmioes wach reser al Contra when be ute forte leet, “he ciagness is made in on the basso the pressure dena. Analysis: Analysis aime 10 quantily the parameters of the reservir-wet contguaton Hs poomed wih -hpe Gewo, te es, Sosaive ood omertere!rtboo alidaton: Anis aided by geen 3 ype cove siusing te dats ands davai Cowes pesoe bp mothe on eave esd soot toe renewal conan aoe ecrce an te The it parometrsin he model een dg ean has ‘teal ehtont of pararaars i vuaynacesenry 1 teeta bet, expec tara Votes Gent ow pines, |G. BOURDAROT °chapter 4 Conventional interpretation — methods A eee st uring a wel test on an infinite Nomogensous reserve two Hows can be seen it the test lasts long enaugh = llow that is elated to wellbore storage: ~ radial Now over the whole reservoir hickness, Analysis methods wil be presented for this conkiguration—the simplest one that can be found—then developed in later chapters with moxe complex resenci wall contgurations, The flow r6lat6d 0 wellbore storage and its analysis were deat with in chapter 2 In Chapter 4 the effect of wellbore storage is considered to he over and the mathods covered are used Io study radial ow around a wel that has been perforated over the whole reservoir thickness, eo Tree flow rate conditions are examined = the drawdown test sen ~ the buildup Lest, wilh pressure buildup preceded by one constant flow rato a = the test folowing any number and type of previous low rates 6 eouraror stMe ETON EAMETS 4.1 DRAWDOWN TEST ine aati that describes pressure variations versus ime and efstance from the well ater opening the wel at 2 fered et ater opening th wala constant fow alee was ened 285 (-2 ~ oh, [= noone alsa) ws wih K = k/juc, hyeraue dts, When the lead nt PESSHE 8 messed inthe wel where the fw ate distance i eel Assoonas © 10° which usualy cours ay < 10% which usuaty occurs belore the wellbore storage ‘ects ovr, he & function ean be replaced by its logarthnie approximation 42) Taking pressure crops in the skin into account, this expression becomes: Pad) = BH ty Kot Pal = Sto 2001 «253 “3 Mean also be witen in other equa arms: =n pracea! US unis: 162.6 08 Par HEBEL song “27 s08r9) me a4 in practical metic unis: 218 Bape (oo etn peer] Pe, ae as + #84 dimensiones eqation fo} Oniysoat +25) uo 6. eouncaRor 0.84 S hte Consumo Enea METHOOS + Interpretation: Equations (4.2) to (4.6) show that bottomole pressure varies logarithncaly versus ime, op TOE nat botlompele the pressure measured at the bottom of the hale ie plotted on @ graph versus the logarithm of ime, a straight ine with a slope of m can be observed once {he wellbore storage effect has end: me 128.088 (fn practical US units) an ij agg ma BS ABL apace metic unt “o) ‘The slope, m, is used to termine the reser's kh oy = 2803 988 in Sh units) (6a 4am hn = 162.6284 fr practical US unis) 6.10) kn 2215 BH (i practical metic units) an ‘The skin vale is usualy computed using the pressue measurement al 1 hour fon the semi-iog straight line: fo his pont log $21.15 (PCP _ jog K4.3.25) fm practical US units) Wj ug. (62) = tog £43.10} ferprectcal mec units) (4.19) ong Corg_mu sl be taken to-read. the pressure 3 line and not by interpolating among the measur il ~oals may BBE lected by the wellbore slorage elect Fi, 22 rot ery the semlog sali re eats 6. e0uRDAROr 3 i i nsCro Come ron renonerAroN ETHOS pw wo to 10 ry 4.2 PRESSURE BUILDUP: HORNER'S METHOD Nest cna itamaon tom awa comes fom nrg he press buildups. - moe . lxepraiog a dows esti ted byte tow ato hans Saf to beaducton, The Ruckatons caus presaureveatons at me pean ee eS Gl st han ie passe varaion ne al chee a The 200 fow aa that corespnds to pressure buldups doesnot cay the ‘ype ct problem The symbols sea are presented a Foye 42 Pa the towing pressure: moe Cou tom when the wets opened Pasa the passe cing te Bicip phase: tna k courted on wnen vewells statins Pl Pail) Pressure buidup is analyzed using the flow rate superposition principe ‘mentioned in section #9; P,P yal =(6)-Pydty + 9] =[04~ py fat] 19 5 (6 s0uRcaROT i q i ] | | igi Ir a oy a Fig 42 ‘The variations in flowing pressure are given by equation (4.3) once the wellbore storage effect as ended. Replacing the two rgh-hand tems of equation (4.14) by the semi-togarthic exeression of rail How (equation 43) gies: rat pga) = 28H Iq 0 (215) Pi Pal ry Oi which is wton In practical US unis: 2.6 ABH jog oat P,~Pyglal = SZEABH og (616) Pe in rn in practical mete units He peter at ren P.-Pyglt = 2ES8BH tog a + Analysis: ‘The equations and analysis method were presented by Horner in 1951 (Ref. 6. Equations (6.16) to (4.17) show thal the bottomhole pressure veres nearly Lyeat wero tog 2 6 sounoARoT I(ecm #-coswennon mtewmeTaTOV MeTCOs Urthe valve of the pressure measured at the Bottom of the hole is plotted eat versus he gant ot a at 10" 8 graph, once the welbore storage elect has ‘ended 9 straight fas wit a Slope of mcan be observed, m~ 1828.980 ( practical US wits) (19 m= 215.98 fo practical merc units) is ( prac ) 4.19) + Reservoir ky ‘AS wilh crawrown, the value of stope mis used 1 compute the reserves ine ‘28.80 (in practical US units) (4.20) ky = 21.5. 08p (9 practical metic units) (4.21) + Skin ‘The skin value is computed from the diference between ~ Falgngeita eressure recorded ater + hou of buildup on the semi-iog straight line (Fig. 43}: B-B(1 nw BZESBL ogy, ~ 8P¢ the value of he pressure at shut-in tee: Pe Pall) = MEOH p69 «op 223.0079) ot tHe wydin! s_ 14 Stbeactng neo erent om, skin canbe acne Pn Pall | ty Sat.ts (Pm Pell soo '*t og ka ug (a2) oS He, Pn Pod) | S115 (PB oy tog —K—-+9.10] (metic) a2) ™ tag Teter log 2" sual negkable competed othe ter ems rs to ean 107 Fig 4 + Extrapolated pressure: During inal tests the amount of uid produced belore shut-in is usualy nectoiecompured wine arent olla ce. | the pressure buildup was to continue indsiniely, the bottomhole pressure ‘would be equal Io the intial reservoir pressic. , The ‘nial reservoir pressure can be read on the pressure buildup for teat 21 (Fig. 43) a This pressure value is caled the extrapolated pressure and is writen ‘Nis equal to the initial eservoir pressure in mest intial ests 1s ued 1 compute te vrage presse when moon lve compared to the amount of lin place. The mathart tad 0 pressure by means of pis covered in Chap 11 o G.90esoM0rmot Comer ueamRETATOW HED CCS n+ Conn TEAMETANH ET OOS 4.3 PRESSURE BUILDUP: MDH METHOD i + Interprotation method! ress vas Sneaty versus the att of ire. By HONG 3x4 The preci secon showed ta a buldip Ihe presse varies Enea Cee eee awe eran oe sexs tnefogortn ote aa sot senngcit m ‘Ris expression canbe wiln na simlifed frm whenever precucton tne a accl US units) (29 ‘pls large compared to tne prsaur titan ne at 1828.08 (a proctea US nts wea a are 215.984 (practical metric units) 4.25) eae m= 2a Equation (4.18) becomes: = Puy = = 28H fo atin PP — asa 2 ‘Te bottombole pressure varios lneay versus pressure buldup tie, ‘This means that during buildup he pressure crop due fo previous production 's dsregarces, Foxe 44 susrates tis etepetton mated developed by Mar Oes ard Mucinton Fa 8 etre MOM mee a ~ the real pressure buildup isa: the pressure buildup dealt wit bythe MOH is yoy ah Fig 45 a 1 oe ‘The siope is used to compute the reservoirs kh kh = 182.6 48 {in practical US units) (8.26) iy «215.988 practi metic unis) wan ‘The skin is computed the same way as inthe Horner method: = bal sta Svs Pe Fe og 2 +329) us 20 The diference between 4p and Apr is negligible when at is sma es comparesaty =P atthe Begining of buldup: sa 1.15[PmPalld og +20) (roti) (2 oral ped at corbion ow at = 019% ‘6 sounoAnor 6. s0uRDAROT 9‘Sue + comguno sutamneranon verons The advantag, ‘major crawbacks: ‘+i can not be used to find the extrapolated pressure: ~~ Kean be used ony for values ofa that ae sm comnares ty ssn, odcton te is short oF cose Io At lil tests on a wel, te last ‘us pos a laid uncer the Tetcies a hey aoe representation (Fig. 4.6), at hemor 3° OF this method is that iis very simple, however it has two 3] Z| al ae 4.4 AFTER VARYING FLOW RATES A lest alter vaning tow rates is interpreted Using the How rate sunersetion ‘Principle discussed in section 1.9: naire Ne ewperpost Pi Pad = BEF (9,-0.4) Pg 1, Bran (4.30) Once the welbore storage ellect has ended, the bby equation (4.9). Equation (6.30) then becomes: Pad in ——*" soars (@. (oS82-omes) san ©. BouRaxnor iat change in ‘The interpreter is interested in the pressure vartions since the Now ate, jy. The pressure variation a the time when the change look place: Kita) eS g-ayh BE aan ‘The pressure buldup since the time when the well was shut in is expressed by: Seam hs Pal ~ Pal is ~165- Gq) HEB o.1 251] (4.32) tis the tine lapsed since the lst change inflow rate canbe written as totows: nt Sates Pat) Py) = 82888 (5 (9,0 00 at fn practical US units) ~(0y~ Gy fos at + 109K - 3.23 0.87 | ong, | aes frm Senha (a alan = BEEBE (Fc gog “es (i practical meric vis) ke | ~(4y~ 4.) fog at + og 9,104.87 8) Ss one, | + Interpretation: The pressure varies linearly versus the right-hand member (between parentheses) of equations (433) and (434). The member isa Kuncton of fow rates fang tme and fs called the superposition funtion |G. BOURDAROT “ue 4 conennow sresrreTanon WeTHCOS tho value of the pressure measured in the bottom of the hole is plotted versus the superposition function, astaight ine wih a slope of m (Fg. 4.7} ean be se8n once ha eset af wellbore storage Rae end mu 182.68) 28 (i practical US units) 35) m22t5Bu 2S (i practical mete units) (6.98) ° 100 aac ss Suparpostion Fig. 47 Tre stops is independent of tow rate. This isthe advantage of tne ‘epresaiaon: the sts obtained wih cteent tow ales canbe Coca ee the same graph. me sat itd an exeson of m we pune on ow ate canparaie 0 'cbaned win Hears maltod a sperpooon clon nas ny divided by the last flow rate. ses oni tobe + Rasen ‘The slope, m, ofthe straight ine is used to determine the eservoi's kh in 62888 (i practical US unis) (an Khe 21SBe ( practical metric units) (4.38) 6. e0uroanor Cu conten mtonerAnOW ATOOS + Skin: ‘The skin is determined need on the pressiee value teat an the straight Se 1 nour afta a last flow rate variation: Pin Plo tog 920) tn pracica US units) (4.38) a= 99) Gn sesas( Pm~ Publ _iyo ga1.tg[2h Pade gg 4,10) tn practical metic units) (4.40) (= 3) ang + Extrapolated pressure Wns last tow rate vaiaton isa shutn, the prossure reading fr ifite tine, ie for a value of the superposition function equal 10 zero, is used to dotermine the extrapolaed reservoir presize (Fig, 4.7). ‘The comments made in section 4.2 on the meaning of the extrapolated pressure are applicable ere too. 4.5 SIMPLIFICATION OF THE FLOW RATE HISTORY ‘The superposition function takes the tow rate history nto account. It doss not cause any problems when the intenveter has a computer to deal wath However few would try manual calculation even wilh two or theee flow rates. \What equivalent function coud be used inthis case?” + Equivalent time: To analyze the final buildup, the simplest method consists in reducing the flow rate history 10 one single rate and using Homer's method for the actual interpreting, ‘The single-ate production data thal replace the n-1 multirate reality must be ‘governed by the folowing prncilas: .scunnanor a(noe + Commurenes eresereranonuericos = flow rate = the ast rate: ~ equivalent production tie: Ea-4) ee aan ‘The production ime is designed to provide a tot! Production value identical to ‘the production that was actualy secordon, The real production ti equivalent Now rate * Validity of the mothod: me shoud not be used in any case 10 compute an Jeet eee TE: sivoiving the How rae Nisory can be considered to ine aa eager when the Bolu Graton is es than tke Pe ae Ol the ast constant fow rate Betore shun (Fg 49 6 be Pes tow tes Sip How ren 9-48 Simpitestin ot fow rate star introduces hte enor nicaeania le vais cocued shorty belor shui, the simplfealon Sau ere wider the variions ane the Coser thoy neces Sao shutin, the greater the enor iniocuced, Fie 4.9incicales the rection tho ero akes ona Horner plo 6. sounnanor pean tye ig. 48 Simplitcation of ow rate slr introduces eror Lett be the buidup duration (Fig. 4.10). The simplcation of flow rate history (iy ~ 201) and ty can inrocuce error inthe nterpretation, Simpicaion Belove ty ~ 84) \Bualy trodes only a sight gree of ero. . ayia» oo ee, r wot et Porton o sine dla Sid data lg. 410 Simptifeation of mutate history 6s .c.s0unaAnor4.6 BUILDUP RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION ‘The theoretical radius of investigation depends only on the duration of the Pressure bulcin, ‘The radius of investigation can be estimated by using the formula proposed in section 1,7 KT Gn practical US units) (4.42) ee, x03 4f Bat , ug, Iti theoretical independent of the duration ofthe drawdown perio. (i practical matic units (44s) In contrast, he practical buildup radius of investigation i limited by the ‘2ccuracy of pressure gauges. When the pressure buildup is long compared wn {he duration of the drawdown period, then the pressure drop recorded loward te end of ne buidup may become too small be measured. To increase the practical radius of investigation ofa pressure buldus, several ‘metneds can be used ~ use more accurate pressure gauges: = increase the wel tow rate to increase the pressure crop before buildup; increase the duration ofthe drawdown penod for the same reason Care must also be taken since the production of other wots may intrtre with the shut-in of ie wel self during a buidup pero that is too long. in this case, the ‘nal measured would be nothing else but an interorence signal {eee Chapters 22 and 23), LUkewise, when buildup lasts several days, moon tides may disturb the pressure buildup by cyclic variations with an amplitude of approximately 0.1 psi (see Chapter 23 on ierterenee). % 6 eouncanar ‘Type curves > INTRODUCTION ‘oe curves fst appeared in ol industry Strature i the seventies vera kinds, a5 listed below, are used 10 ntrpet a tat ina vertical wel win “Vita homogeneous reservar: Agarwal etal. type curves Mckinley ype curves wlougher and Kersch type curves; Guingaten eta. type curves. Daviau [Ret 1] has examined type curves in data in his book on new wat Sst inlepretation methods, He suggests thal the Gringasten st al. curves are the “Sst complete and practical 10 use. They are also the most wacely Used in et Sst fteratute, They are the only ones presentog here. GRINGARTEN TYPE CURVES type curve represents the variations in pressure versus tine for a species sv aval configuration, tis calculated using an anaiyic model and expressed in dimensionte amas “wynavaor‘nme nae cumses ‘Tho analytic model used by Gig geen lo describe a vertical wel in an ifeite homegeneous.resenovisciscussed DyF. Daviau (Ret. j]in Chapiers tand @ + Dimer nless varias: ‘me variables used are as folows in practical US uns: Presue: = 60 Por Taiz aon oP Tine 2.000264 K 4p 6 1G. Wee storage C= -089 ¢ 69) hee. Skin s + Representation: In vertical wot in an int le homogeneous ‘eserair he dimensionless ressure variations depend on tee ‘actors: ime, welbore storage and skin, Type curves tnerelore correspond to an exaession ofthe folowing fom: Po=Po lo. Gp. 5) Representing ie skin by an elective ads ee section 2.4 ‘wistepaceddy erent g) ‘pBresiecedty ts exp25) Coisrenlacedty yeaa. ‘The pressure is reoresented by an exoresson of the following form: Po = Po la exI25), Cp expt25)) with Gringarten using the foem below 6 eouncanor omer s-necunes * B vob ert £08 enazen srounauoua o 6.e0unosA0r Fig. 5.1 Type cites fora wall with wallbore storage and sin aft homogeneous reserol)The upper tures in the set cordibong to high Cp exp(28) velues Considering areas ange of webore storage gro. hese Nh wan canton becbiained wi gh shins ey coves to damage wets 7 Likewise, the lowest Co exp(25) values correspond to acidized or even Tracts wets, : ole During the period of dominant wellbore storage elect the dimensioniess pressure (620 caction 2.5) is ecial to. Py . % The pons coresponilng to this period ae lacated on the straight Sno wth a slope ot 1 tat goes rough the lene ori ype cures have te Sra In oe =u asimplote for shod tines. ‘Two cuves in the sel indcaia the end ofthe wetbore storage eect: the upper one corresponds to type cuves where Cp exp(25 gest than 1 tha bur one coesponds to hase wnere Co ext) sas an 5.3 INTERPRETATION METHOD + Procedure: The lntpetation mathod is tstalad in Fgue 5.2 and consis inthe fotowing sos Fa 1 Plt ne measured pressre cop on rains Wn on he type ces, sig tg acl of ne pe cuves a 2 Look or the port ofan indeyng type cue matching the data best (Fig. 5.20). 4 On arto alowed cin ha st, eepig he vo Gis prate 3 Nota ine specication of he ype cure wrth messed pote mae they corespond toa vata of Coen) 4 Pek match po, M, whose coonates canbe rea in oth the type cure spo of aes lo, Ce) 08 ol as falda soem aoe The point M can be chosen anywhere on the plot. not necessary cr thy ‘cure (Fg. 5:20, 0 ‘6 wounoanor e «a. souroanor wb ws, £04 ameend cencinuna sl= & cs Dimensionless tne grou Fig. 828 nowes nc CURES ye 8 woes me cumes .6.souncanor+ Interpretation: The orcinaie ofthe match point is measured: = nthe type cure aystom of sx08! py ci EF In ela aera system of axes: 3p, as ae Pp= i ap, ( practical US unis) 1412 Bu The proportionally factor between pp and dp can be used fo determine the reservoirs kt 64) In the same way the abscissa of tne match point, M, is measured in the ype curve system of axes, fo/Co and in the field dala system of axes AS fy 2 2.000285. gy Gn practi US unt 65) rr Skis already determined, ‘Tne proportional factor between fy/Cp and at can be used to calculate C, the welbore storage: 9.000235 kh (304 | in practical US units) 68 wlohe ‘The type curve where the data have been matched is characterized by Coeeni28) pis tnen calculates: y= 2896 (i practical US units) en 9S 1 ‘s.sounoanor ‘The value of Cp exp(25) is usea zo determine the sin (©, exes 2 6 6a) 5.4 USING TYPE CURVES DURING BUILDUP Type curves were estabshes tee constant flow rate procuction (deawcown} How can they be used to analyze pressure Ouklup? + Using the curves directly to analyze buildup: ‘The curves can be used directly :2 analyze pressure built QtEe ty aller a constant ow rate; ALE Ipyey alter a mutate rsstory Rel. 1, 9. 94-35} |pjsiy*® duration ofthe last eroduetion period belora shut-in, ‘These conditions are the sama 2s ior using the MOH mated (see section 4.3) It these conditions do not exist. using the type cues directly may lead 10 inaccurate results. w (pesioscnninewttenioniiee se —| ess 3-138 ot i io oF 7 Fig 89 (6 soynoaoT 5woe see comes The etlect of shat production time can be seen fa toning ut 8 seen in toning out ofthe oo une th bul cone inde he srewecn pe cave FES) aoe g eH force a match between the buicun dala ports snd a Saweour cine wed eee 8 ype cave located to high onthe se of curves and helo nsneceoe ne + Agarwal's equivalent time method: The most useful method of using drawdown type curves for buldup is ‘Agarwal’ method fel 1, pp. 32-33 and Rel. 7, pp. 32-23) I cords in ploting each measurement versus an equivalent tine defined below instead of versus at: aces spat sa The equivalent time is very cose to At for At values that are sma compared he eae 3 are smat compared to The equivalent tie canbe much sma than st when at becomes amared io The measured ports are concenaed ona wey kee ren the type curve and maiching loses reliabiity. weyteneg ‘ Te bd mend pons ltd Yrs ya bested on a enw can ond he fatony fet oad eases ee come Fema 76 6 sounoanor ous s+ rrecumes F. Daviau indicates that Agarwal's method can be used for buldup provided thatthe sem-og straight line was reached during the previous drawdown period. + Advantagee and limitations of type curves, well models | Type curves help the interpreter to: ‘make a Glagnosis about the type of reservoir and understand the flow 4 regimes: se conventional methods by determining the sequence of fow regimes; in @ homogeneous reservoir type curves can be used lo locate the end of the \welbore storage effect and thereby situate the semi-log straight ine corecty ‘The lype curve representation has two important limitaions in an infinite homogeneous resent ~ the wellbore storage efact is represented by a constan! value ~ a lest needs to be interpreted with ype curves estabished for drawdown, ‘The second lnitaion can be eliminated ifthe interpreter uses a well model instead ofa set of ype curves, ‘A well model isan analytic program used to generate type cues taking the flow rate history into account. ‘Acdlionaly, tne repcesentation by a sol ol curves several lis the numberof parameters that can be taken into account, twas possible fo estabish a set of type curves to interpret a test for an infite homogeneous reservoir since only three parametors govern the pressure variation: wolbore storage, permeabily and sk, When the reservoir-well configuration is more complex, the number of Parameters becomes f00 large for a type curve representation. A well model fs'the ‘nly way 1 generate appropiate type curves. ‘Type curves represented in sols or gonerated by a wet model undergo the same fattening out effect dve tothe logarithmic representation Pet ‘The scale allenvates pressure variations. Because o! this nterpoing with type ~~ cones is often tricky. For a long time the problem discourages interpreters who were used to the senstinty of conventional methods. gre, 2 ‘The use of type curves combined with the pressure dervalve has complotely tenated this uly e.eourosnor ”Got =P steady sue eee Boscee (BE) Ter Chapter 6 The derivative ~ up IAS at ‘The preceding chapter showed the advantages and ckawisScks of type cues: advantages related to the fact that one single curve can dea! nih a whale tast and ‘rawbacks related tothe log-log representation that makes ofc fo observe smal relative pressure variations. ll Methods using the pressure derivative take advantage of he advantages of the type curve eepreseniation and counteract the drawbacks of the logarithmic representation, ‘These methods aro based on an observed fact: in a wel test the pressure votson swore sgican than the pseu. dsl. Th slated by he fat that @ te slope OF Tie femog siaight Ines (hal fs eed fo gel ntrmaion on the reser i conventional methocs Diferant forms of derivatives were proposed ino incusty erature in the ‘eary eghties, Among them the most interesting 1s D. Bourde’s approach (Ret, ‘which is tne only one presented and used inthis book, 6.1 REPRESENTATION ‘The pressure dorvave as represented by 0. Bourdet is calculated in relation to the time function of racial flow in the transient regime. c.scurcanor 7coy y/o) fer adawsonn en fps at fra bua ater a constant crys iO tow rte petod 6a °Pe/@ (supeoson lunction) more genera, with avaningfowrate (63) ‘The derivative i presented on a og-og graph tke a type cuve 6.2 PROPERTIES OF THE DERIVATIVE + Radiat ows Inradal fw dmensiriess pressure is expressed curing drawdown by: P=! nig+0.81 +25) 64 Nan ao be itn #2} (r&r061 mc oon) 65) Te ress hates crete a lows wh he aa fow tne ron ite ps FO 60) Prete Re & 2a pe ures eros have he 0.5 ornate sigh ine as on asympote ‘rng radia tow (9.6.1). = + Wellbore storage eect . iner ine wellbore storage elect prevals, dimensionless pressure is expressed by: 4 “2 67 (see section 2.5, 8 6.souncteot Ow 6 ne nema ‘Tho pressure dervalve is expressed by: yen ta 2 ea) an glo ce & ' poe fo 6a) & ‘Thorelor, the derivate tke the pressure has as an asympote the unt slope stright line that passes Uough the origin of the coordinates on @ log-log graph 9.6.1) Po potest wt ain acy ots) Seapine Tanten 'o!05) Fae 6.3 THE DERIVATIVE AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL + Flows with a power function equation: Generally seaking, whenever a tow presants pressure variations ofthe type: °, =f +b 6109) 6. souRoaR0T ath dat fo pes dr he ow isa oronla} en So) 1 er woe he dette apse on 9 og eg apn ab sth re wh Sopeet + Flows wn logarithmic ction equation va eerste pre oP sysah[h eo ‘he derivative ofthe pressive during the flow is equal to Pos a 6.19 in other words the derivative appears on a log-log graph as a horizontal stsight ine wih an orcinate of a + Diagnosis: ‘Most flows that can be seen during a wel test have pressure variations that ae either near versus te logan at time or inear versus & power of tine. ‘The characteristic shape ofthe derivative in both cases makes i an excelent agnostic toot ~ al Rows can be seen ca the same graph; = each flow corresponds to a horizontal straight line of a straight tine with 3 soe of. ‘The fact thatthe pressure drop is represented by the derivative attenuates the fattening out ettect of te log-log representation. Interpretation sensi is similar to that of conventional incepeetaion 6.4 ANALYSIS WITH TYPE CURVES D. Bourdet's type curves with a derivative for hamageneous reservoirs are ‘shown in Figure 62. 2 6 eourcanor acrimtonwentincin | seein Te we Dimansoness ime groupcece me occa His set of curves is simlar to Gringarter's (Fi er 2 es ingarten's (Fg. 6.1), with the adaiton of the As indicated in section 6.3, derhative type curves As neta ve TYPE Curves have the folowing estate, Ne 8008 1 sigh tne passing though the ction ofthe cooa asymptote as long as the welbore storage ‘tect a = They have the 0. ordinate st storage atfect i over. ight ine 2s an asymptote when the welbore + Analysis method: ‘The analysis method is similar tothe procedure without the derivative. 1 Fe measured fed dla pons and thi cahatve simutancously on {racing pape using the scale provided bythe type cures fay & se 2 Look fora ype curv to match the fed cata wth 3 Nole the (Cp ex02S) value of he ype curve matching the data bes 4 Pict & match point in both the type curve coorcnate system and the deta system, 5 Anatyze, ha oa » teed 6 eounomor ‘The mejor advantage ofthe derivative Is the considerable help it gives in the ‘matching step. The interpreter does I in two stages: ~ The points ofthe derivative of radial low measurements correspond 10 9 hovzontal sight tine. The polis are matched on the U2 ordinate horizontal straight ne on the set of curves. The grealy simples vertical matching (Fig. 6.3). = The points of the derivative of wellbore storage elect measurements are located on a slope 1 straight fine. They ae maiched on the slope straight line passing through the origin ofthe coors on the set of type cues Fig, 634), Once these two operations have been performed the measured points and ther derivative are matched simultaneousy on a ype Curve and ts derwative, The ‘only remsining stop isto read the vale of Cy ex). * Beginning ofthe semi-log straight ln ‘The beginning ofthe semi-og straight ne is determined with the derivative by Considering @ deviation with respect fo the semi-log straight Ine: ~The semiiog straight fine is reached theoretically when the deri stabized. tis then equal to 0.5 in dimensionless parameter. = The sem-iog straight line is considered as having been reached hn prectoe when the deviation o the derivative in alaion to slabization fla than 10%, |e. in dmensioniess parameters when the derivative on the set of ype curves ‘sess than 0.55 for valies of Cp exp25) greater than 1 and when iis greater than 0.45 fr values of Cp exp(28) tha ae lowe than er equal 0 ‘This isthe cievion used to incicate the start of the sem-log siaigh ine on the sels of ype curves without dervatives. ‘The slat of the semi-og straight tine does not appear onthe type curves with rivalves since the interpreter can judge by using the derivative how lar the data {ate rom the semi-og sraight ine, Nota bene: The use of seis of ype curves with derivatives assumes that the Interpreter has pressure measurements and their derivative, Its ctiticult to calcu the derivative simply by hand fortwo reasons = The flow rate history has even more impact on the derivative than on the {ype cuveisel. The derivative should therelore be ealeuated using the Fw ‘ale superposition ntion to be comect, c0unoxnoremeyoa owes moeve6owou 2 ‘owt 1 v8 ABH 9 i Om #0) FOR BEAL 2 seerov0= 22. tos aun senomowe a o a ZG ee Leet) : Ce ari, ae a brouases enosustowe ZH sez0000~ syd Uys ue 286,018 e0ghoa ym om #10 nina edt noteuseonon eo fig 2, x Rn 7 cantons wo 2 or sab en, sivas assan ssaposs2ug 1. eouroanor eouroanor~The devatve measues the pes vartons produced by the va tow rates. Unrate ato messes is nose cased eee the pressure sa Th is wy he ceva usher ee ae smoothing goin, which shoddatenual the mate ah oa oral whe reser he man aches eae 6.8 DIRECT INTERPRETATION BY MEANS OF THE DERIVATIVE Fuser pemesbiy, welt serge and shin can be deemed deciy using Ie, pe cuve and is denatve povided Mat hs Goce tt derivative has been reached, ° airmen + Reservoir Parmsbity calculated base onthe valve A, 64) coespenig o the stabizaton othe dense EES Ol coment we ay 1 ge J ive oF this derivative expressed incimonsioness terms i known, if equations, ‘The expression oan, n relation to 0.5 i equal o 4 11.2 a8 Ais EZ ABH 9 5 (ir procticalUS units) 46,14) G 6 eounasnor tis used to calculate the reservoirs kh n= 141.2 on x (practical US unis) (6.18) + Weilbore storage: \Wellbre storage can be cslcuated i the coordinates ofa point locsted on the ‘lope sireight ne are known: a0, and At i. 6.4) uring dominating wellbore storage etfect ob, = SB at 619 “P18 24g Sh rence: mn + Skin: ‘The skin can be calcusted if the coordinates of @ point located on the sem log straight ine ae known: ap, A, Fig. 6.4). Le skin est caloué & partir de Fexpression conventionnele donnée parla Ici ‘semilog. Pour une remontde de pression suivant una période & dbl constant: —_*_} eh seitsy log In the case of @ varying fow rate, 3 superposition function must be used 10 caleuste it 6.6 CONCLUSION Uke type curves, the derivative offers the great advantage of aflowing CComplate wot test 1 be Iaken info account ain interpreted using one singe curve. c.00uRoanotEach type of flow exnibits @ characttistic lacies on the derivative which ‘epresents an excelent diagnostic too. By matenaling pressure variations the Gzivalive is similar to 2 200m onto the data, amiiving variations that woul ene ot be raed fauna ot by he logartnc representa. The following onsale fastrate tne cofiouion of the derivative in more complex resenvor-wellconiguations. a © Smathing algonins are required to ‘véicmie the main imitation on ts use ‘due to the noise a he sna The derivative is practicaly impossible to calculate by hand: a computer is necessary. Ithas become one of tne major Ico in well test analysis software, 0 6 eounoanor Reservoir boundariesIntroduction [A the beginning of a well test the compressible zone generated by the fow ate varation moves away trom the wellbore without reaching any boundaries, Te reservoir behaves as iit were infinite \when a boundary is reached i is perceived characteristic change in the pressure a the wel ‘The following chapters indicate the allferent pressure shapes and the Interpretation metiods that can be used wien some characters: boundaries are perceived curing a wel tet: ~ lear seating let learn intersecting near boundaries; = constant pressure boundary: = dosed reserva Fer each ofthese cases, we will examine the characteristic tow coresponding to the elect the boundary, As conventional analyse and the effect tne Bow on the derivative andthe hype cuves, : 6 eouroanot 2Chapter 7 Linear sealing faults 7.1 DESCRIPTION Tne boundary condition coerespanding to a linear fault is the linear no-tlow boundary. Fig. 72 Several field cases produce tis boundary conction: the inear seating faut cot course (Fig. 7.1), bul also disappearing faces (Fig. 72) and a number of 8 9. 7.2) “artFe.23 7.2 THE METHOD OF IMAGES A no-fovs ine ata dstane, dom th wes cianes . 0, Kom he wel ound analy wih method of images by superposing: rica ‘ the pressure cop lhe wetin a ne acting rsenr ~ Ie brashure Gop be toon Henicl wet ih tore tow rate hit {peated at a distance, 20, liom the well and symmetie 1 the ace, Fig. 7.4), — " “ny WK Fi, 74 Ropreseniation a oo boundary ‘bythe methog of images 16 sounoanor tn the presence o 9 nosiow boundery, he press atthe welis expressed by oF Poo: o * 1.8) + Po tte: 2:0) wy T t presse dro ressure crop sma cue me mege we is the distance from the tnear sealing faut to the well in ‘dimensionless variables, where 7.8 CONVENTIONAL INTERPRETATION METHOD Assuring that the wellbore storage elect ends soon enough, the pressure rop at the wat is writen ror pln ye oes o28-of oa oo + Short times: 2g? Unt the compcessbie zone has reached the aut, 2” i arge and the {exmis almost equal 0 zero My “The pressure drop isthe same as that of a well ia an infite reservoir. Once the wetbore storage etfect has ended, the pressure drop can be expressed using the semilog stvaight sn: , oe Eiinig +088 +25) v9 + Long times: \when the compressible zone reaches the faut, the term cortesponding tothe Image wes po oager negigiba, ‘Once the lait has been reached, the pressure drops faster tha ia an init ‘reservoand the measurement points depart from the m-slope semiog straight ine. «6 s0unoanor oae Wen is ong encuahn praca as sonas TEE i less than 96 te term corresponding to the image well can be calculated by its logarithmic approximation (210)? -»[-22) a ‘oma wn fr tn sos (higs 0815) os | the test is long enough, the fault appears a8 a straight line with @ slope ub that ofthe inital one. This property car be saen both in drawdown and in buildup (ig. 7.5) aa sits team ie Le i “a i go i ea eee + Distance from the linear sealing faut: Two methods ae to determine how far away the faults = The fest uses the "oint of the twe sami-g stesight fines. = The second uses the investigation range of the test at the tie when the ‘compressible zone reaches the fal. 86 ‘G.sounnsror + Intersection of the semi-iog straight ines: Lot, be the time whan the straight tings wilh 2 slope of m and 2m intersect. Te distance, d, om the wall to the fault fs detomined based on equations (7.3) and (7 Si font VOOR My wa trom which dis deduced: ors (Stunts a 20012 (inpractical US units) 0014 fr practeal metric units) For this metnod to be applicable, the double slope straight ine must be reached, This is seldom the case + Radius of investigation ‘The distance from the wall fo the feut can be determined by considering the ‘adus of investigation of the test at the time when the measurement points leave the fst semi-iog straight ine, Lett, be this time (Fig. 7.5), The distance Kom the fal is equal to: daa a=2 fn Stunts) 0.092 fin practical US unis) %=0.038 fin practeal matic units, ‘The advantage of this method is that it can help detannne the stance tom the well of any event perceived dug a wel est eee {thas two major drawbacks: isnt very accurate: its har to determine exact when ha measurement points depart rom he semiiog stright ine ona sero gragh @ scunoanot 99Teun ead" Saracen he erent: 8 double slope siragh ine Tat ha eas Presence on aut wih some degre of sete te ent a ane Eat IM SOMA skh Ine goat St alow Fase event lo be determined. a ‘ne * Extrapolated pressure, inital pronsure pelted ene ere SOM Tle Nery, te fs sariog straight ne canbe ccrpolaied pants me Be. p+ aA ton a homer gn eee Caled tne erate 2" I's Ueed w the MEH method eee Oro ee Calculate the average reservoir pressure poate tee 282° Se bg sgh Ine (tha slope of 2m) i fxrapolated to deteine the inl reson sco oir pressure, p, when only one Row Boundary has been peceved by ihe estp ys 7-4 TYPE CURVES: THE DERIVATIVE The presence of 3 {ms character by the ac thatthe spe ofthe som |og straight line doubles. * he Smeg sa ne haan on ne eg pt py wean 215 tii of he dent a an ep 2 09 wr Cy ecemigsgnne rcs eset a 100 .s0unonnor wong of ow ee a ce 2 ease rea smmacaes a ss rf tt ann Spans mea teenie te ire aasoeremncareee 6. BouroanorChapter 8 Channels 8.1 DESCRIPTION OF FLOWS ‘Tne boundary conestion deat with under the tam “charaels" corresponds 10 ‘wo infinite paral no-Row near boundaries (Fig 8.1). WW i. WMI “Channels should be understood in terms of Hid mechanics, It does not necessary correspond to the geological acceplation Te dynamic channel can be due to @ number of causes such as: ~ two parallel sealing faults: (227 ~ a sedimentary depest channel ~ wo paral ateral variations in facies, oe ‘6. eouroenoT 109sig anne is defined by its width, [and by Ihe distance, d, trom the wel to one atts edges, Ourng'a wel est inside a channel, several ows folow one anther: ~ petal flow uni @ no-fow boundary has been reached. The fow eexbite Ie saline reservor Behavior: a semi-iog straight tne and statscatin tthe cevvalve at 0.5 i the welbore storage elect ended son enaven ~ Fest edge o! the channel: aut elect. When the compressible zone reaches {he nearer channel edge, the boundary has exactly the samme eis ae a Seaing feu in an infinite reser: the slope of the sem-log sight ine bles wit the derivaive going rom a sabilzation at 0.5 to sletioaling ay Tis is Sbserved ony ifthe wel is very much off center in the channel ‘otherwise the hwo edges are reached al Ihe same time and mo fa chet observed, ~ The channel Wen the compressible zone reaches the two edges ofthe {Shanoel it expands tnearly paral to the edges ofthe chan ‘The following sections present the properties of near flow, the cor {esponding conventional analysis method and the variations in the pressore erivatve ding the tow. 8.2 LINEAR FLOW she {ime function characteristic of racial fow is the logarithm function SREP 4). uring racial Now the pressure vanes. as’ a tine logueney ‘wPetPositon function with superpostion depencing onthe flow rae hisiens (revise, the characteristic function of linear flow is the square root of tine. RRtng lear ow the pressure varies as a superpostion of scuare meet ol es ‘unctons wih superpostion depencing on the few tate hetoy, Je knction that governs the pressure varaons ding linear fow when the 1wel's putin production ala constant few rat is deserved balou + In dimensionless terms: Pell) = Mati v0 4s an (6. eounoaror ‘wher to isthe cmensoriess tre calevatd by taking the with, (ofthe channel 25 arelefence length (Ret. 10 a ea tue? ly (in Stuite (i practical US units) (ir practical metric unis} ‘a = 0.000264 12 = 0.000355 «characterizes he ecentty of he welin the channe Foe L en) 63 i the eocentrity ofthe wat is the eccentricity. 4 en in practical units: Tit (+8) = pA) =m T+ ee 056 fn Slunits) 28.13 Pnpracical US unis) 25 practical metic unis) ‘mis the sope ofthe semi-log stright ne. 8.3 CONVENTIONAL INTERPRETATION Linear tow is used to determine the wigth of the channel and the eccenticty ‘of the wl Determination is based on the siaight ne oblained by platting the pressure ‘ro versus the square oot of time (Fg. 8.2,© 9.82 ‘The siope, i, ofthe straight ne determines the width ofthe channet en 56 fn Stunts), @=8.13 —— (inpractical US units) @2125 —— frpractioal metic units) ‘The ordinate, pp. of the straight line at the time oxgin determines the eccentricity, 9, ofthe we Po ashas with the slope oft semi-oy stash i: lex | Arcsin lz ota) 28) 8.4 BOUNDED CHANNELS uring a test the compressitie zone may sometimes reach one end of the channel located at a distance, a torn the wal (Fg. 8.3). This case is deat with analyiclly by the method of images nthe same way {28 the case ofa no-fow boundary in an infinite reservoir. 108 6. eouroenar crea oes Fo. 83 ‘The eect produced by the boundary is similar to that of a lau in an inte resenor. 12. 2 cloubing of the ope of tne “Semi-square oo" svaight ine which is characteristic of inear tow (Fig. 8.8) —— aoe par 160 Fig. 84 ‘Ths equation of tne double-slope stsight ne is as follows in dimensionloss tems: | Pot) = 24a sarees 89) wt of == Atty In| 1 ~ exp Ze] =Lin[t = 2 ese 21608 (2) + 804 Any : Ein() = 2 exc 247608 xe + ex Aa 10) — ewhere: en) + Distance to the boundary: ‘The distance fo the boundary can be obtained by using the intersection ofthe {wo straight ines with 3 slope of mand 2m, Lett, be the tine corresponding to te intersection ofthe Iwo straight nes ‘nd let tpg be ts dimensionless expression VERS = Oey + (1 ~ exe 2) ~ $I +2 e101 Aer) 60s (ane) + I Ary) 1 This equation imp in r,s nol simple to solve except when the is at a greal distance compared to the widlh of the channel. In the case te, taal to right-hand terms of equation (8.12) are small compared to the frst orm and: = [2Rioy = 2atoy hence the cistance to the end ofthe channel [Fe fossurasy (8.13) ae, one (St uit @=0.040 ——_finpractical US units) 22004 In practical metic unis) Wen the well is not far enough away trom the end of the chennel, the fist *somi-square root” shiaight tie may not be visible, making inlerpretalion Site. ie ouble-slopestsight the may be misisken lor the fist m-siope straight he. Tis leads to uncerestination of te width of he channel and lature o lake he baundor in the channel into account. The pressure dermalne analels or cling the interpretation with geotog Indetermination 108 (6 sovnpaor om s-cuens 8.5 PRESSURE BUILDUP WITH VARYING FLOW RATES rates is deat Quidup. or more generally speaking a test with varying flow with an teeny ttn ee etn 1) Sire ete evap for tacal Now. + Buildup following constant flow rate: During buildup fofowing a constant How rate period with a duration off the superposition function is ween: = Dg (0) = my (i, BLY) e0 Taking 28a relerence the pressre py) 3 shut tne: Healt ~ Dull) =m (Mi + VOT Fa) + ‘The variations ia pysA versus «/f>+ At - YT tig 8.5) correspond to a staph line wih lope m, with an inate pp at at = 0 (i. Mg Fat - Yat = MB). (ors) 6.15) a ° ‘grater Fo. a5 The slope, m, of the straight line is used to determine the width of the channel / e198 io, 109@=058 —— (aStunits) @ 2819 Gnprsctica! US uns) 1.25 {inpractical metic units) The value of the extrapolated pressure atthe origin pg is used to calcusle ‘and 10 determine the eccentricity ofthe wal 1.381 [Po Padi] -S ean s+} can|gt- ental) + Initial pressure, average pressure The valu ofthe pressure extrapolated at infrite buicup time, TAT - YT = 0 is used to determine an extrapolated pressure p; This pressure is equal the inal feservoir pressure i ial tests (negigibie production compared to the amount of ‘lin place). ‘The average pressure calculated by the MBH method (eee Chapter 11) must however, use the pessure p* extrapolated onthe fst semi-log straight in, 8.6 PRESSURE DERIVATIVE, TYPE CURVES + Characterizing the channel: The flow characteristic of a channel is near flow. Oucing linear fow the Pressure varies ineary versus the square root of time or a square root of time ‘Superposition funcion. When the pressure varies as a power, n,of time, the derivative has the form of {straight ine wis Soper on aloyroy yrait (Chapter 6) [A channel is tnerelore characterized by a straight ing with a slope 1/2 on the pressure derwvatve. 110 6 eourotnor + Infinite channel hen ates peste na chanel tn flowing fos canbe dagnosed nine pessute dave Holed ona dmansaies aah 6) Webs storage eect sagt oe win a ope 1 “Ragot cect Slaolaion a 8. Ts fow canbe mashed bythe ware Strae eto Etat of ft ede ol he chant iatitaten at 1 The st edge of te noma benaves ta sean lao The ea eve on towel ot entered enougn nthe coal (iO) Ohare ha crc ow ihe chard prcved tat Crea fw te San oe wit 9 pe of 05. Ts he Row ‘racers fhe presence of hora + Bounded channel: ‘A o-low boundary al one end of the channels perceived by the doubling of the slope ofthe sami-square root straight ine (ee section 8.4). ‘On the lag:tog lott cortaspands to a pressure derivative going Irom an intial 0.5 slope straight ine to a second 0.5 slope straight ine. The daubing ofthe slope ‘on the conventional plot coresponds to the translation ofthe second straight ne by 2 on the log-log plot. Figure 8.7 shows the dativatve for diferent distances from the wel to the boundary, 6. eouroanot aDOnce -owners Fear When the boundary is close to the well, the st wl, the steep increase of the derivative (ie, slope greater than 0.5) belore teaching ihe 0.5 sioee one gate en ting the 0.5 slope is used to diagnose 3 ne 6 souRosnor Chapter 9 Intersecting faults During a tost two intersecting no-tow boundaries (Fig. 2.1), fauls for exarole, ‘can be peresived SS F.a1 ‘Tha distance from the well to each one of them can be characterized by Conventional methods [Ret. 11] and by using the pressure dervatve. 9.1 CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS The presence of two inlersecting no-ow Boundaries may be ft by the transition rom anita ops semog sight ine toa second one wh 9 slope of 2am (in radians). the wale focaled cose o.one of Ine boundaries than the oer, a straight ino with @ slope of 2m may come belore the transition Lo the fone wih a sone of Dem igi? shows he covresnanding repeenentnn O° ‘Sem-log graph fox buoy 6.s0uroAnor 13per Fe Fi. 92 The angle belween the two boundates i characterized by the ratio of the slopes ofthe two semiiog straight ines: onan ‘The distance from the wol to the closer boundary can be characterized by the adus of investigation ofthe test atthe time wien the Goundary is perce'ved at the wet Most of the time itis necessary to match the pressure and the pressure ervaive data wi a wel ies! analytical model to determine the cistance rom the wel tothe farther boundary more precisely + Extrapolated pressure, inital pressure: Jn buildup tne extrapoiated pressure p* is read on the first semi-log straight line at infinite at. This pressure is used in the MBH method (see Chapier 11) to ‘etermine the average resarvor pressure. During initial tests, the initial pressure can be read on the second semilog Straight ine (he one wath tne slope of ami) at inti at 9.2 TYPE CURVES; PRESSURE DERIVATIVE ‘Tho presence of two fouls wih an angle 0 betwee et fs characterise by tne pressure dervativa going liom an inal stabszation at 0.5 to a second one a¢ 11/8 (8 in radians) en a eémensiolesslog-0g pot (Fig, 9.2). na ‘6.sounpaRor —— ‘The smaller 0, te longer it akes to reac the second stabization, A ctabitzation at + (1 boundary) may come belore the stabilization at n/0 ithe wali located much closer io one o the boundavies than the other (Fg. 9.3), a a a ‘oo Fig. 93 \wihen the angle is very smal, the two fauits can be considered as practcaly Parallel: tney behave tke a channel. The transition between the stabéalion at OS Zand the one al 1/9 corresponds 10 a quasi-inear low wily the derivative increasing £85 8 1/2 slope straight ine ig, 9.4). ——— /2 slope straight ine Fig. 9.4). ~ > «6 bouroanoT 1schapter 10 Constant pressure boundary ’ constant pressure boundary elect can be seen during a wel test in several cases (Fig, 10.1) = ween the compressible zone reaches 3 93s cap lateral “inmen the compressible 20n8 reaches an aquifer wilh the mobiity of the water much greater than that ofthe of — constant pressure boundries - ig 101 ‘A constant pressure boundary is eblained analytical using the method of images. ‘The image wel is symmetrical to the tested wel in relation to the boundary. has a ow rte opposite that ofthe tested wel (Fig, 10.2). .eounowroT “7 | eeerow 19 CONSTANT MESSI BOLNONAY = 6 Fig. 102 ‘Applying the image method, the pressure at the wal is writtan Pp = Potlor’o = 1S) ~ Pally 20) on t T presturovaiaton pressure wanaton ‘Gxtowmewek deta tneimaga wot 10.1 CONVENTIONAL INTERPRETATION METHOD Provided the welbore storage elect has ended soon enough, the pressure ‘variation at the walis waite: t .98\} nty+osi +25 + a(S j] _—— Ay wet image well + Shor times: Uni the compressible zona ceaches the constant pressure boundary, is 2 260 seat and the image welt term is zero. 4 Pressure drop is thal of a wel in an infinite reser. Once the wetbore storage eects over, pressure drop gen by the usal semig straight ire: Pp Finig+ 0.81 628) (103) 18 6. sounoenor Cae 19 CONST PRESSURE BDUNOAAY + Long times: ‘when tis long enough in practice as soon as (2 is smater than 1%, the ay imvage well team can be determines by its logaitvmic approximation: 10.4) ‘The pressure deop atthe welisthen wen: In other wocds, in real variables: 2-0, 2 BE (of + 8) (0.8) {in Stuns) fo practical US units) fn practical matric unis). Pressure is constant atthe wel. ‘The pressure at the boundary is equal 10 the inital pressure, The pressure ceop botween the boundary and the wells due to the sum ofthe pressure op in the skin and the pressure Gue to Darcy's law. + Distance to the boundary: In the same way as forthe fault, wo methods can be used to determine the sistance to the boundary =the intersection of the semi-log straight tine and the constant pressure straight line that was acted atthe end ofthe test «the radius of Invesigalon atthe time whan the compressible zone reaches the boundary. ‘Intersection ofthe two straight lines: Let; be the time when the two straight nes intersect Fig. 10:3) «6 sounoanor ne(mote 10 «CONSTANT PRESURE BOUNCY a LE 1? 0? ot age igh Fa. 103 Based on equations (10:3) and (10.5), the valve oft used to determine the stance rom the well fo the boundary. ‘Te expression of he cstance skdentical to that obtained fora faut } eames rom which dis deduced (07 75 (or St uite) 012 practical US unt) @ 0.014 fn practical metic units), + Radius of investigation: The distance trom the well 10 the boundary can be determined by the time t, when the measurement poinis leave the semiiog straight line (ig, 10.9), ‘The cistance trom the boundary is then equa! to: (108) 120 6 eouroanor (a Stunis) a (impractical US units) > tO (in practical matic unis . a z 10.2 TYPE CURVES; DERIVATIVE ‘The presence of a constant pressure boundary is characterized by a pressure stabization, wo decrose onthe Arosa cevatve going 260 and appeaing 38a sa loge epson covetponds ohare sabaton 1. a a Fig 104 6 bournanor 2Chapter 11 Closed reservoir It the reservoir is linitad by nostow boundaries wo cases can be <éstingushed when the compressible zone reaches the its: = The well is producing: when the no-low boundaries are reached, the flow regina becomes pseudosteady-state. = The wll is shut-in: when the no-low boundaries are reached, he pressure stabizes at a value called average pressure in the whole area defined by the rovllow Bounces, 11.1 PRODUCING WELL, PSEUDOSTEADY-STATE REGIME [As long as the compressible 20ne generated by opening the well to production nas not reacned any boundary, the reservoir behaves as iit were Infante. the usual transient regine. when all the no-Row boundaries have bean reached, the flow regime becomes psaudosiaady-state. F ‘Tne no-low boundaries define the drainage area ofthe we. + Drainage area: The boundaries ofthe drainage atca may be due fo sews tactors ~ physical barriers: sealing lal, disappearing facies, etc. sournanor 123Ove 1 tose ReeROR ~ Broduetion irom neighboring wes: the boundary between two wells i then ‘ctv, The distance om each well is proporional tothe pore volume, Vy, zines by each wal any vq a Y: pore volume crsined by the wells under consideration ae Eo pore volume erained by wali. ‘The position ofthe boundary between the wels depends on the Now rate of the wets, but also on the thickness and the porosiy of he reservoir in each rairage area. + Pseudosteady-state regime: ‘Once the Doundaies ofthe drainage area have been reached, the pressure at the well decreases linear versus time: 22 Proportional to the well tow rate 7 inversely proportional to the compressibe volume of he drainage area, ("6 The decing is exoressod in dimensionless variables in equation (11.2) below Pet. 12, oe ma) log = gHAL dimensiones time over ctainage sea uc, A ‘ Ge Stunts) @= 0.000264 fn practical US units) @= 0.000355 fn practical metic wits), Ais the crainaye sea ofthe wet Ga is shope factor thal depends on the shape of the reservoir and the Psion ofthe wal in, A table with shape factors (Table 11.1) coxtespencing lo dierent resecvoir wel configurations is pesented by Earougher in et 12), 28 6 scunamor i coo 11 -cLoseORESEROR In the case of a well in the center of a cecular deainage ares. equation (11.2 ecomes 1 a2ntgg Lin ota Pom Broa + > salto rads ofthe crarage aes + contetona anaiysis Equation 112) exresc ie ems by A 4 tog 22458 5 0.87 5| m4) Epon be1626 — taproccal US uns Px215) Improves metus) paises (osha Tis equations of he hy bye =m By 9 * ‘sepe mt Pressure drop on a preseure versus time plot shows up a 8 straight fine wath 8 slope of mand intercept Pg al t= 0 (Fig 11.1, 125 6 bounosA0rTable 11.1 (conte | — | rtmrasames | c [vc Jronazca Jem] wane | vere ween | | nc [renenea | sar | use | uae | 282 || EE | saint ! er Le] Sse | atethte | ES | Sager | i | be | Ske oe Soe | a a 3 aa -0ses 0am cat i a on i 7 Ht 19-21 en 30a 308 : 168s a ee a we ow |§ \ f ess ao 3s oa oe 1s } E>) xe tis Fe ia oe a 4 =, veo ons I = ae “12601 ow § ‘ ) ‘The total compressibility of each system is equal to: m as spares . pre van, forthe races: ae) eee etty om Gq. €t Spm ake the compressibility of the voids located respectively in the fractures and’ the matix. Thay are defined in relation to the volume of the voids and no in rlation to the Lota volume ofthe rock sample ‘The capacity ofeach system is equal to: = forthe mate: Gna Yaa 039) 160 «o.sounoanot foc which there is @ corresponding dimensionless wellbore storage: Cys He (13.10) 0 ne avon Gnproctca matic wits ania Sluts) $2009 Impracteal US unt fore acres: 8464 gaan Cy Pee rasa ope, = for he reservoir taken as a whole the global reservoir capacity isthe Sum ot the kacture and the matrix capacity: “an BEL Maas 939) sc (13.14) Bat oH Fracture porosity is usualy negigible compared with matrix porosity, however itis rot uncommon to fd capacities ofthe sare order of mageitude, This is due to the high degree of total compressibilty ol the fractures, cy ‘The compressibility ofthe voids located in the fractures, op. is generally often 10 to 100 times greater than that ofthe veids located inthe Math py + Capacity contrast: the parameter © ‘The parameter @ characterizes the contrast in capacity between the fractures and the whole reservoir: (13.15) 1w.can aso be writen (3.18) @.sounnanor 181(a se naTURLY LONAEORESEALORS {The smaller w the more the fracture eect can be felt on pressure vatations Ih = 1 the reservor behaves tke a homogeneous reservo¥ mace up soley of tractres, The fact that 9 capacity contrast exisls is used to establch thot the matia takes part in ows, but does not prove thal the matrix is impregnated with of, the Imatis's contribution can be due only to the compressilty of the waist hs saturates with, 13.4 PERMEABILITY Fracture permeabily is much higher than mali permeatily, and because of Imi, fuids crculata mainy trough the fractures. tis the Waclure permeabaty fat willbe perceived by wel testing, A test can nol determine the permeabily of a reservoir dec: it determines the product of a permeability by a reservar thiness, I fs necessary to know the thickness thal kh must be dhvided by in order to Selermine reservor permeabiy In the case of a taciured reservoir, it would be necessary to know the umetive tcknoss of athe Facies to Getermine the ininsic permesty othe tractues, This cumuatve thickness i nol easy Io detemine, By convention and also in order to compare the permeabity of a trctured Gqzenoir and that of a homogeneous reservoir with the sama met Gen the Ecuvalent permeabity ofthe tinctures is calculated taking the nat resenvoe roy oe the thickness, Because of ths, the permeablty obtained is of te same order of magnitude 28 the permeabiity usualy found in reservoir (10 mD to afr droye, It does not reach the several tens of darcys that could be expected of the ‘ractures' intrinsic permeebiy. Despite this convention on thickness. he equialen! permeabity ofthe toclues is goneraly higher than whal is altiiuted to the matrix by measurements oy cee samples or Interpretation of RET in the mali several mikSecya) ‘The fact thal the permeabitly obtained trom atest is much higher than tha of {the mati (more than 10 tines) suggests that he reserva is racine i .eounomor Tobe solicabla the matnematicl model by Waren and Root used fo interpret tests in fractured reservoirs requires matrix permeabilly to be smal compared to the equivalent permeabilty ofthe fractures (Ref. 1, 14, 22) 13.5 MATRIX-FRACTURE EXCHANGE: A “The ease with which fuids are exchanged between the matrix and the fractures depends on two factors = the goometty of matix blocks; ~ the ratio between mat (k,) and fracture (k) permeably. ‘The way the exchanges occur is described by the parameter: dag te 3.17) oF = 20+ 2) was defined in section 13.1 (a characterizes the [nfuence of matrix block geometry (size and shape) on wot ceeaaeeh The ger Xe esr he exchange of ts between he matic af the toot Tha ihe te pees “in grate sat 8 ocean the ger he uber th exchange drecton, me ger Tre ost conn range ior values is 10 and 10°. 13.6 ANALYSIS OF FLOWS. Tiree flow periods follow one another wen @ fractured reservoir is putin production: ~ fiw rom the fractures: = a transition period when the matrix starts to produce: | flow rom both mix aid actress i 6. eouronnor‘These thves periods are indicated in Figure 13.2. which represents pressure land derivaive changes that aro typical of what is observed in a fractured reservoir Using tne type eure Tog-10g plot i. 132 13.6.1 Flow from the fractures ecause oftheir high permeabilly, the fractures take part in production fst. During this period, the fractured reservoir behaves lke a homogeneous reserve with a permesbity of ky and a capacity of Type cures: Te pressure variations during this fow can be described by the type cure for rnomogensous reservors coresponding to (Fig. 13.2): Co expl25) = Coy 2x0128) Conventional analysis: 1 the welbore storage has ended belore the transition period begins, the How ‘hom the kactures cowresponds to a semi-log straight Ine wit the folowing equation: a or a 0.87 s) (9.19 = 08 Gage + baa BN Coa +09 651628 © =9.29 in practical US units) ba215 B= 9.10 fer practical metic ut). Derivative A stabilization at 05 of the dimensiontess pressure derivative corresponds {0 Ins frst semi-log straight tine, ‘The fest semiiog straight line and the stabilization ofthe desvaive are almost never observed. The wellbore storage effect, even with a bottomnole shut-in ‘eee. generally 100 great to allow them 10 be observed. 19.6.2 Transition period This pero corresponds to when the matic bapin fo conibute to Production Analysis ofthe depletion of a matrix block in a fractured mem shows that after 8 transient low period, @ pseudosteady-slate regime i established in the ‘matrix block. ‘Two approaches are proposed in technical Iiterature to describe matrix: fracture tow: = The fst is by Warren and Rot [Ret 14, 22| and consist in considering that rmatinciracture interporosity flow is immediately psoudosteady-state, This fmatix-racture flow model is called pseudosteady-state interporasity flow. = The second, by A. de Swann (Rel. 17], does not use iis hypothesis, The matiifractize law models called transient interporosity flow. “The wellbore storage elect can hide the transition perio. However. wien the transition period is visible itis characterized by the dip shown on the derivative (Fig. 13.2), The position and the ampitude of the dip opend respectively on the aase of matri-tacture flow (the 1 parameter) and on the eapacity contrast between matrix and fractures (o parameter) + Influence of matrix-Iracture exchange: A parameter “The mati fracture flow i characterized dilaratly depending on whether the pseudosteady-state or tha Wansient models used to descibe i .sounoaRoTvote 19 naTALLY ME IED RESETS Pseudosteady-state model ‘The matric racture Now is charactezed by the A parameter (see section 13.5) k, agin or by the parameter 2 exp{2S)} when the etfective radius method is used (the wel with a radius f4 and skin Ss replaced by a wel with a reds =, expiS) {and ze0 skin, se Chapter 3} Transient mace: Win this model, the matx-fractore fow depends nol only on 2 but also on the geometry ofthe matrix blocks, ‘Those two effects are taken into account by he parameter Bi pan 205g va9 ‘The parameter @ depands on the geemetry ofthe mati blocks. ‘Two shapes of matrix Blocks are usualy considered = Slab mati blocs: a= 19014 This modolis call 10 vansient (1 ractuce plane), ~ Qubic or spherical matrix blocs: a= 1.0508 ‘This model is cated 30 transient (3 racture panes} For the sme value of A, gure 12.3 shows the pressure derivative with the hree matrxtrecture flow models ipseudosteady-sial, 10 Vansient, 30 Wangien) for the same valve of ‘Ther is almost no dilerence between 1D and 30 transient interporosiy tow, A wide dference exists bole interporosity flow models: ~ The dip ofthe derivative is muuch mova accentuated with the pacudosteady- slate made! the pseudosteady-stale and the transient 155 c.sounpenot ig. 125 Wh he vansiot mode. ding varstion the densioness pressure arval esabed 8025, onenat the va Obsved i Mao fecure ton Sabian coresponds to @serv-log straight Ine with te folowing evan fat 26 = Pyg SQ8H fog t stop Ke = ing A(t =) =B44.748) (1920 ee kh one 913m practical US units) (in practical metric units) b= 1626 28 Bea In buldup the dervative may however ssoiize at a lower lvel fess than 0.25, shoud the global mtrixracture flow not Fave been reached duting the previous Grawdown pero. Figuees 19.4 and 19.5 show the effect 2 a variation in the A parameter, wih the psoudosteady-stae and the tanslent meas! respectively ‘They were plotted with negigible weltzore storage in order to highlight the intyence ofthe X parameter. 2 jening of the In both cases 2 decrease in the 2 carameter delays the beginning tvorsiton poriod. The ahape of the Vanaiion Zoriod doce not dapend on the value oh 6. eouroanot nd modspat cheb pi In eatty he welbore storage elect often hides part ofthe transition. aflects ‘ the way the transition looks on the derivative, + intuence of tne capacity wntvast the m parameter 2 = “Te w parame lkes ito aocount the capacity contrast hat exists between - the ractutes and the reson ~ 6, exs . Oy = 8 oa Eg ce ® rere 5 haa Wy 28), 3 lor Wa Wee During the transtion trom Kacture How to matrixtracture flow, the capacity 107 Woo 10? Wo? oP tale ed 9908 form "10 “Gam Figures 13.6 and 19.7 iustrate the infuence of the capacity contrast a on & Fig, 124 Paaudosteady sate ntrporosity Now Infuenc o el delet tEN type come and its dorvaive with the wo matrxfractureinlerporosty How models ‘The wellbore storage is negligible in oxder to highight the effect of the © parameter, ‘The variation of w has the same effect with the two models: the closer the value of ws to 1, the later the beginning of transition. "withthe transient model Fg. 19.7) the dip inthe derivative stabilizes at 0.26. ‘win the pseudosteady-state mode (Fig. 13.6) the smaller the value of othe mace accentuated the op. 13.6.3 Global matrix-fracture flow ‘Once the transition period has ended, the reservoir behaves ke 2 homogeneous reservoir again: = with a permesbilily of : . 1 2 cap Ban Fae toa Type cures: spo i “te pressue variations curing this Now are described by the ype euve i for an ess eesonrs coreaponsing, 10 Cp SHD128) = Corn 2x29) Fig, 13.5 10 Transient interporosity flow. Influence of i Fig. 13.2). «6.eouroanor «6 eouroanor 159Oto 1 AATURAL MCRD RESERV 7.186 Peeudosteadystateinterporasty ow. Infuonce of 1S IOP aT aaa aE ag gk Fig 117 Transit interpre tow ntvence of w ba 6 sounoenor (han 1 AATURULLY FRACTURED RESERORS Conventional analysis: ‘The global matrix-ractue flow corresponds to @ semi-log straight fine withthe Fotowing equation: = gy = S08 - 13.22) Py = £288 fog + 109 Beosrs) (1 he Goad P=3:23 (impractical US unis) B=3.10 fn practical metric uns). ‘This straight tne is parallel to the first semi-log straight tine that can be observed during ractre fow (Fg, 13.8, Fi 138 ‘The distance Ap , between the two svaight lines depends on the valve ofa: = 100m (13.29) ‘where mis the slope ofthe two semilog straight ines. , Infact, the fst serm-tog straight line Is anost never observed. Thing to draw 2 parallel to the second semi-og straight ine though the fest measurement points Usvaly corresponds to drawing 2 tangent tothe pressure curve during the wellbore Storage effect. Under these conditions, the valve of w estimated from the distance between these {wo paralel sight ines isa value by excess (Fig, 13.8). Derivative: ‘The second semiiog straight ne corresponds to a stabizaion at 0.6 of the LUenensioniess pressure Gervalve (Hg, 13.2, 6. BouRDARor 18119 DATA PERE RESETS 13.6.4 Nota bene ‘The wellbore storage etfect often hides the fist two flows. In this case the test ‘can nol be used ta determina either} or. No characterization of the fractures can bbe done, ‘The only way 10 eakze thatthe reserva is actured using tests isto consider the skin and the reservar permeablly valves. Two observations suagest a reservar is kacturee: when the permesbilly deduced from the testis substantialy higher (factor ‘of 70) than what nas been measured on core samples or by RFT in the + erate ~ a negative skin lower than -2. 13.7 CHOOSING BETWEEN THE PSEUDOSTEADY-STATE AND THE TEANSIENT INTERPOROSITY FLOW MODELS ‘There are two madels to describe th interporosity Row: = the transient model (A. de Swann = the pseudosteady-state model Warren and Root Fram the standpoint of theory alone, the transient model seems to be closer ta realty than the pseucosteady-slate model. It involves no restictve hypotheses ‘on combined marx-tractureinlerporosity flow. In reaity things are quite diferent sinca itis usually much easier to match a lransition using a pseudosteady-state mode! than with a \ansient model ‘An explanation foe this paradox can be found in te fact thatthe mode! used to ceserba the fractured reservoirs very unsophisticated: = tha matrix blocks are al identical and of the same size ~ the matrix blocks are perfectly homogeneous. ‘This description wes considerably improved on by H. Cinco et al (Ret, 20). n their mods: = The blocks ave distributed according o several sizes. = Each block has a skin at its interface with the fractures. The skin lakes ‘minaral Gepost tha tractus into account. ~ The matix-actueintesporesily low i a transient model 162 (6 souroanor “The mode! accounts for behavior observed withthe transient model as wel 25 ‘th the pseudosteady-siate model = behavior corresponcing lo the pseudasteady-slale model can be seen wih 8 damage-type akin around the matrix blocks: = feservore with regular Getnbution of block sizes benave Ina way that cen be ‘accounted for with one single block size ‘The Cinco model also shows that reservoirs where distribution of block size is ineguir and varied behave in a way that manly covespands 10 sinll tacks. (good-quality pressure derivative Is, however, required 10 use this model 10 determine matic block sizes. ‘when this model is not avaiable, he psoudostesdy-state model can be used to interpret most lasts Iractured media. Tis indicates that most mati Blocks produes in tna fractures through a reduced pecmeabily zone. This represenlation corespands to the conventional image of @ fractured = a low-permeabilly matrix = parialy phiggud lractues where there is sla a love channet “figs eieculating from the matrix to the channel through filing uP Ins fractures, Fg, 19.9 from LH. Reiss [Ret 21] shows an example coesponding to tis image. 13.8 TYPE CURVE ANALYSIS ‘The type curves that can be used to analyze a test in 2 fractured reservoir ‘wera developed by A, Gringaren, D. Bourdet etal. [Ret 18, 18] ‘They were described and analyzed in detail by F. Daviau in his Inleroréiaton des essas de puts, Les méthodes nouvelles (Rel. 1]. Ony the maior points in Nis ‘description and analyss will be discussed here + Description of the type curves ‘There are two sorts of type curves, adapted to the two maiix-tracture interporosity Haw models: pacudosteady-staie or transient (Fia, 13.10 and Fig. 13.11), «6. sounoanot 163ZS sez000 = ZZ ¥ Gzo0* i e G a po € 6 j cry por 164in (transient intorporony flow) 2 may bras Toes Fig. 12.11 Type curves fra well with webare storage a =95:509 a 24:10 snsrertsemuonoug c.sounnsnor rae 19 parsley RAC TUED ESEROHS They have several points in common with the type curves for homogeneous = alog-10g scale: Ta eprestaation of 26 versus ty/Spi type cures changing rom one to anoter by the value of Cp &xP25) ‘The curves are identical to the ones used for homogeneous reservoirs (Fig, 6:1), They relec the reservoirs behavior before and after the transition period ‘Type curves {or fractured reserciss havo an extra set of curves (dotted ines) tat show the reservoirs behavior dung the interporosiy Row ~ i exp(-25) curves forthe pseudosteady-siata model (Fig. 19.10 = f° curves forthe transient modal Fig. 13.11, + Steps in ype curve matching ‘Te interpretation method is sinar lo the one ilusrated in section $3 for & homogeneous reservo. It consists in the folowing steps: 1 Plot the measured pressure changes on tracing paper using the Iog-og scale of the type curves. 2 By translation, look forthe type curves that the measurement points Can simultaneously be superposed on Fig. 13.12) = One type curve Cp 2x0125) for the frst points: this one corresponds to the flow from fractures. = One curve 2 exp-25) (0 for he pseudosteady:state made! for the intermaciate points: this one corresponds to the transition period. = One last curve Co exp/2S) fr the last points: tis one coresponds to the ‘combined matrocracture How. Note the values of Cp exp(28) and one value of A expt-25) [Note the coorcinates of a maich point M thet is both inthe type curve axis system (Pg, tg/Cp) nd in the measured feld data point system (€, A. + Interpretation Permeability ‘Te proportionality ratio between the coordinates 1p and ap of point M is sed to catering the reseror's Kt mrs 141.2 gop Oe (19.24) (oy «@.pouroanot 17ete tot esa = syste} in, double porosity behavior i & (pseudostady sate reine ote Fig. 12.12 Type cures fora wel with watbore si 6. 20urounor ‘The equivalent permeability ofthe fractures kh is obtained by dividing kh by the reservoirs net pay. Wattsore storage: ‘The proportionality tector betwoen the coordinates tg/Cy and At of point Mis Used lo determine the welbore siorager 0.000295 4) (athe (13.25) Hw UyO dhe Capacity contrast a: ‘The value of Cp exp28) of the type curves where the fst and the last measurement points msich corresponds to (Cp &xD(2S) and (Cp ®xP(2S)um respectively ‘The ratio between these two values determines the capacity contrast between the reser and the fractures: a Coe, roa (C, ex0125), Skin ‘The value of Cr exp(2S) from the type curve where the last measurement Points match corresponds to the Cp exp(25) ol the reservoi (Cy & 12S) ‘The capacty hn (equation 13.9) ofthe matix can be determined. the same as in a homogeneous reser, by well logs and core analysis. ‘The global capacity of the reservoir can be deduced from iby using the value cof calculated before and equation (13.15) Fm (13.27) Te (Once the wellbore storage C has been determined (equalion 13.25), Coram can be calutated: Bel (13.28) 6 sonpmorToe vals of Coy 06 OF (Cp ®12Syy 8 USES to cacao the skin of tho wet (Cp eri, 0 on (13.29) Matix-racture flow; 2 parameter The value of 3 ex5{-25) from the type curve were the transition points match {s used to determine tha k parameter, It characterizes how easly exchanges occur between the mati and the fractures: ' = Qerpl-25) axp(25) (13.90) Inthe transient mode! the transition curves are specified in (Cp e108), faa 22m 4330 1 eape35) Ge ‘a depends on the geometry ofthe mark blocks. B's used to calculate 2 2G 20 = Maa 229 99 imitations of using type curves for fractured reservoirs Fist of all, typo curves for tractured reservoirs have the same imitations as those fr homogenous reservoirs: = They can be used divecty only i the Now rate history can be summed up to one sings Now rate = They can be used directly ia buldup provided that, before shutn, there has been a constant flow rate period that is long compared to buildup time (condition for using the MOH method} = vinen drawcown time is shor, he Agarwal method (see section 4.) can be applied with restrictions on its use Similar to those mentioned for homo- ‘geneous reservovs, i. the end ofthe wellbore storage effect and the enc of the transition must have been reached during drawdown before shun. 170 . sourcaror = When one of these conaitons is not vesfed, a well model wilh a Row f Superposition function is the oaly way to take the flow rate history ato sccount. = As for homogeneous reservoirs, the poinis corresponding to the wellbore Sluiaye elfect are superposed on a typo cue provided the wathare stora0e: an be considered constant. I wellbore storage Is highly variable (alot of low-pressure gas lor example), superposiion is otten impossible and itis dificult to determine (Cp exP(2S)) and w. tn adaition to the above-mentioned restictions, there is a further limitation inwoling i expt-28) oF tranaton curves. They were plotted for one single valve fl (= 0). To deal with other values. a set of curves shou have been plotted for ach value of A exp(-25) instead of only one curve. Only one value of w ( = 0) ‘Considored 50 tht the curves are easier tore For high values of w (greater than 0.1), measurement points can be superposed on a tanston curve only ona few points ‘Tne well model isthe only way to overcome ths liitation. 13.9 TYPE CURVES DERIVATIVES “Type cures derivatives were developed by Bourdel et al. (Ref. 19, 27} 0 ‘analyza tests on fractured reservoirs, “Two sors of curves exist depending on the matrifracture intexporosity flow mode! — with psaudesteady-state interporosty flow (Fig. 13.13) = with transient interporosity Row (Fig. 13.14), Pseudosteady-stateinterporosity flow: Figure 19.15 shows an example of amatch using type curves derivatives. Interpretation has sinlaritias with nomogeneous reservoir procedure: = Points corresponding to the perad of wellbore storage alone are matched ‘on the slope straight ine passing through the origin = Points corresponding to the matrixiracture flow are matched on the horizontal 1/2 cate stagnt ine, @.equananor m: — _ nF) | i Wiseegyy” | Wee o4 iy 7 es Sf I ; 2 caus =~ | | : LF sme | i i $ = Sr Z WSS rr" WAS SSS SFY SESS ey eee Gos nnn byt so1 ithe wellbore storage elfect is small enough, racial llow in the fractures i vise and corresponds to a dimensionless pressure derivative equal 10.0.5. coors “Te transition period is interpreted using two curves: 7 = on A Co/ilt ~ w) curves = one AGp/{1 ~ 0) curve ‘The value of these two curves is used to calculate w and A , Transient interporosity Now: Figure 19.16 shows an example of a match using the derivative type curve for the transient model Tree curves are used for interpretation = The derivative of transition curves: these curves stabiize at 0.25 for long g times. Fi = Curves with & Coft - wl: they show the end ofthe transition period. b TFoceea’a orate solgt ie: earesponds fhe tal i: seers wan mati ache apace) fw ie 10:10 TWO EXAMPLES OF INTERPRETATION INA FRACTURED RESERVOIR + eample the esewo i compose of ow pores sis aerating with faced rots CaS rough hich hee ods can ba estes acred Hl ‘The matric blocks are the sits. They can be considered slabs with matric H vo eenety netiegein te wa oncom Fgue 1315 \ figue 12.17 show the mutate ype ene ard daa at best be : arene haces eee semvugaomaieug Sharia ute 1.10 shows convo eptatn othe cond sang Sh Sao ma wo 1 line, the only one visible in this test. vm a soraor a anoant vsResults: ‘The testis interpreted, asin most cases, using the pseudosteady-state model Test resus confi the presence of fractures: k= 5774 m0 whereas the permeability of core samples taken in the ‘reservoir ranges between 0.2 anc 20 m0. ‘Skin=-3. The well skinis lower than -2. Interpretation of the transition gives: 0s Tis means that the fractures contribute to only $% of the total reservoir reduction in terms of capacty. Hh 10" ‘The size of the blacks is determined by logs. The value of A is used to ‘determine the matrix permeabilly ofthe reservow: heats oe aan t ba = 1 (slabs) fz 05mla=tm.o=1) reso Test interpretation: 4 = $700 mo. Based on the data and on the test interpretation, a mathx permeablty of 2m ‘can be deduced which isin agreement with what was measuced on core saries. + Example 2 Geologists describe tis fractured resenoir as being mace up of large slabs wit 9 spacing dictance of ten to several tans of mater Tha large slabs are themselves microtactured, 18 «6. sounoanor Core samples taken Irom the well indicate a matnx permeabitiy ranging between 0.1 ancl 1 m0. Figure 19.19 shows the multirate fractured reservoir type cure and derivative ‘nal Best isthe lest pressure measurements, Raa EE IT Fig. 12.19 Results: ‘Te tests intexpreted using he psoudosteady-stala mcs ‘Te test resulls coal the presence ol fractures: i= 105 mO whereas the matric permeabaty ranges fiom 1 to 10.mD, S=-25 The skin's ower than -2, ‘The derivative exhibits a ip. The test interpretation gies = 0022 ‘This value means that 229% of the compzessible capacty is located in the fractures, due to the high compressbilty ofthe factues: G.ounosnor 179naruRAutv RAC TUREORESERIONS The foal porosity ofthe matte, QV 1 5%. ltal compressby, cp is : 2.105 psi! me Assuming $i is 0.1%, Gy» 0.0003 psi. This valve corresoonds to the ‘r0ers of magitude obseiod in he mest compressie porous med, -he107 Since the matrix permeabilly is known, the value of h can be used 10 ‘elermine the size ofthe mattx blocks Test interpretation: A= 107 105 mo. From the data and the interpretation, a block size ranging between 15 and ‘Soman be deduced, Tis i in egreement withthe geclogica representation ofthe resenoi. 180 c.sounpsnar Chapter 14 Two-layer reservoirs 14.1 INTRODUCTION The interpretation methods that have bean presented in previous chapters ‘assume thal the reservoir is composed of one Sng aye. Reservoirs are usually composed of a superposition o layers with diferent characteristics that may communicate inthe reser. ‘Tis chapter deals withthe simplest case of a multilayer reservoir: the reservar ‘made up of two layers, \X indicates how such a reservoir should be tested. it also justiies the ‘assumotion of homogeneous reservoir behavior thal is adopted in most interpretations. I 14.2 DESCRIPTION OF A TWO-LAYER RESERVOIR, The reservoir with two layers is lusiated by Figure 14.1, Each of the two layers is characterized by is net thickness; = porosity = salraton: = pore comoressiity: ~ horizontal permesbiy 6.eouroanor 81~ vertical permeability = sk, ‘Tha two layers communicate through a screen with a thickness hy, and vertical permeabilly ky [ie No ks Se — Mn hat San oe Fig 144 14.3 THE BOURDET MODEL The model uses hea to descibe the woiayer reservar was developed by ©. Bourde Re. 88's based onthe folowing assumptions: ~ Th ids flow narzonay in each tye. = The vertical flow batwoon the two layers i instantaneously peeudosteady state, ‘This model is similar to the pseucosteady-state double porosily reservoir ‘model used to descibe Fesured reser: two communicating reservor systams with ditferent characterises. The flow from one system to the other Is instantaneousty pseudosteady stale, 1 (Terai, nowever, an inponan erence: the double poo model makes tne Asnnpton ia the peasy of ona ofthe sytems fmt pecs 2 tractured resovot) i low compared to the other (lsure permeabi, Tis ‘yponesi a rot necessan ne ©. Sourdet mode For the reason ean be Ghiod aba dou poraty ond doe perasbaty mol tubes To cere tha worayer rene) 182 6 sourasor ‘Te main parameters hat ae inolved ia the model ae: + Total reservoir transmissivity = hy # Katy oan) = Transmissivity contrast between the two layals described by the parameter hy (142) ok +The skin of each layer 5), Se. + Total reservoir capacity hoe), +thoc) fo ep= PPD Pe 049) heh + Capacity contrast between the two layers, which is described by the: parameter uw the same ae inthe doubde porosiy mode mea oo) ROG ‘The exchange term between the two layers, which is described by the paramatee the same as in the double porosity modal This A parameter can be rlatad to the real resarvow parameters by using the Gao CCheng-Tai model (Ret. 59, used by C.A. Ehig-Economices [Fef, 60] to describe rmultayer reser. (45) ‘The term has a simple meaning in two cases: = The acraen between the two layers severly mits communication between them In is case hye lage Compared to hyyky, and Ryfye 11S Used 10 {dotermine the vertical permeability of the screen, (148) «e.sounpanor 163mete 1 RHO LER REseRO ~ There is no screen between the two layers. 1 Is used to determine the vertcal permeabilly ofthe resent, Assuring thal ky = Ky = ke oan + Dimensionless wellbore storage, which ig described the same as in a "homogenous resenoir by relerence tothe ital servo capacity cp = 2896. ‘4 rege me 14.4 TESTING A TWO-LAYER RESERVOIR ‘Several methods can be considered in testing 2 nvo-layer reservok. They co "otal alow the incvival characteristics of aac aye to be determined, We will ciscuss twee strategies: = testing both ayers simuitaneously: testing each layer separately: = lesting one layer then both together, 14.4.1 Testing both layers simultaneously Tis math cons puting he we zones odeton an eng am ope {is mena gen ies oy oman it cot Te resowor vsiaty Bowes sori ete hanceenea ie eet The Croton ee Spreroesiny,bon inein, 672! = sn at can Po bo etd: depends onthe skin ofeach ler. ne tansmissuty conta! tate he ers (cprsnuel te ea ism betwen yes noe Tris explains that_even though reservoirs are very olten vertically heteroaeneous. they behave asi thay wore homogeneous dori tetng 06 6.eourotnot Cra 14 MOLAR RESERORE In some rare cases. 0 sight double porosity eect can be seen (Fig. 14.2) For this 1 be tre, double poresity-type conditions must be observed: ~Pigh capacity contrast between the two layers (0 cose 10 0 orto 1 sm ivy ty nah varcrnesny estes! cove too ore devon dr Biren sett em mmapgrts gi duet Roky ey ‘9 cose 10 O when xs close to 1 Nooo om Prac 25% is cose 0 when xis dose 100.) lutstVerrricat RON Commun iCa-tio,flabiization ofthe derivative corresponds Io it mage " resowot texnese becoming involved Fig. 42 14.4.2 Testing each layer separately ‘This method consists in producing ony one ofthe two layers ata te in order totestit, ‘This procedure is often dificult 1o apply to each layer in succession, tis however the one thal ges tha most inlet ‘The pressure change, and especialy the derivative, show that three fow periods come one ater the other during testing (Fig. 143) ~ Aa inl radial flow period. Only the zone tested is involved in the flow. A reases(The decrease shows mace time Wen i begs depends on the vertical communication between tha wo layers (parameter), second radi! flow period. Both lavers are vated in flaw én another ‘labilzalion of the derwative covrespands tof transion period when the derivative 6. s0xRoARorFig 143 Defining ensionless pressure wil respect to the thickness of both ayers | 08H PO" meng 1412 Inprocteal US unis) 2186 fnpractcal mat unis) Gs Van faStunis. —_ The derivative is Sabized respective at C8832,.0.5 (n, + hey withthe fst stabilization i the tested zone s zone Th; Fos wath the S800 stabilization ‘The preseuve curves ook vey similar tothe curve observed dung a test on a padi pansirating wel 9. 14.4) 166 0. eouRaHoT Ony the transition period's diferent: Parad Lda Pe E>(~ inpartal petoraton, wansion corresponds to spa! ow. The deatve ooteases with a slope of 0.5 Nagel Nae AG weet tna double-layer reservoir the Iransilion is more sudan, The sukden > Lh See? transition is related to the hypothess thatthe vertical dow between the {90 es Fp IEINS gyor i nstantancously pseucosteady state.) Howe is the information provided by the analysis of each of the three Hows, describes above: “Initial racial flows Cry he tested zon involved during this How Ir the welbore storage elect bs over soon unouyl, ts Rove orrespanas 10 2 stabilzaton o the dedvaive and a seini-log straight ine wth the follow equation: k (ogtstog—"t.-peoarsy 49 wane 29 fnpracteal US unis) $0. proces! mar nts) 035 fa Stuns) ‘The analysis of his ow is used to determine the kh and the skin ofthe tested zone (here zane 1) (Fig, 14.5 lor a pressure bul) 9s «6 aouroenot vr eeere 4 wo LarEn ese ORS + Second radial flow: Both layers are involved in this flow. It corresponds to a stabifzation of the \eeivalve and to 8 semitog straight ine with the folowing equation: The analysis ofthis tow is used lo determine the kn of both layers and one shin Fig. 14.6, Ii ficult to analyze the skin. ls a function ofthe skin of each layer but also of the transmissivity contrast (e parameter) between the layers fed of too ‘communication beveen the two layers (h parometer), ‘The testis olfen too short or the vertical communication too poor for the ‘second racial flow to be visible during he test + Teansiton period: ‘The lime when the transition from one radial flow 10 the other begins depends on how Ihe vertical ow from one layer to the other occurs, ie ihe 2X parameter. ‘The better he flow. i. the higher A, the eater the transition Fig. 14.7), 14.4.3 Testing one zone then both together ‘This method consists in putting the frst zone in production, testing t then Pulting he Second zone n production and testing lt logether wih ne st ore * Testing the fist zone: The testis interpreted and provides inforrtion simiar to what was mentioned above: ~ hh and skin ofthe ested zone: = communication between the two layers (k parameter ss ~ equivalent skin and ih of both layers: his information is cblained ony i the communication between the wo layers is good and the lest lasts long ‘enough, 188 6. eounounor ‘6.eouroenor 195, ham re MO LanENAESERORS tyrant i 109" + Simultaneous testing of the two zones: together. + Summary ofthe resuite: ‘The test on the fest zone is used to dete ‘ofthe 2000, ‘2nd skin) of bon zones. The characteristics of tne second zone can be obtained: = by dlference between the two tests forthe kh ~ by anaiysis with a well moe lor the si. ‘one withthe smalier kh must be tested fst, particular case: = testing the worse 2008 fest testing the beter 2one fest Fig. 148 190 Tis test provides information identical to information that may be obtained at {he end of the test on the frst zone: equivalont skin and Ki lor both ie les the characteristics kn and skin) “Testing te two together serves to determine the equivalent characteristics fh 'n order to determine the characteristics ofthe second zone easily, there must be a substantial co wrast between the results of the two tests. Accord, the Figure 14.8 lustates the intuence of the two possible test strategies in a 6 sounaasor Well aspects RS emerchapter 15 Partial penetration wells 18.1 INTRODUCTION There is partial penetration whenever a well produces through a thickness thet is smallor than tne reserves net thickness, Partial penetration may have been deliberate inorder to: = Avoid production of undesirable fluids. The wel is perforated near the bottom of the pay zone wan there is a gas-ol conlact and near the top ‘when thereis an underving equiler ig. 15.1), = Produce tough the zones withthe best characristcs when the toil pay zone of 8 thick, heterogeneous reservoir can not be perforated due to ‘economic or technical reasons (Fig, 15.2). ; Part penetration may eceur unexpectedly when: = A limited smal portion of perforations is active, Production logs canbe used to assess the effective perforated thickness. ~The net thickness is: delimited by zones that are. considered to be impemeable. mpemeabilty is usualy estimated from measurements in the ‘wel, wel logging for example, but impermeable zones may be discontinuous in the reservoir (Fig. 15.3). In this case the effective net thickness i cfu {o determine. It may be considerably greater than what was originally estimated (when a regional aqui is involved for example)Y L Th a WY na 18:4 Yul“ DY (areneceeay Wea rig 123 6 e0unosnor Testing a porta! penetration wall is one of the best ways of measuring the vesical pereabiiy of the reserva. ‘This information is cen of great importance and the well may be perforated in two elages in order 1 9st = pantal perforation ofthe reser followed by a test = perforation ofthe relevant remaining tices, 15.2. FLOW AROUND A PARTIAL PENETRATION WELL ‘The pressuce change due to the beginning of production, or mace generaly ue to each flow rate change, Ivtaly ewoles only the open inte, Just alter the reservoir stats producing, a fal low devaops around the wet ‘over thickness equal to the opan inter (g, 15:t). Ths How ean bs Iden by the watoore stvage atlact Z s ‘ he ee Fig 154 The same as it develops radially. the compressible zone generated by perturbing Ihe fow rate develops vatically to the shoulder bads, elvigen the time ashen vertical development becomes sigcant and when the compressible zone has reached the shoviders, the fkid flow in the ‘ompressibie zone is spherical ig, 15.4). 6 eounoaror 195,‘The time when spherical How begins depends on the reservor's permeabity anisotiny tk) = In an isotopic reserva, begins immediately fer the perturbation ~Htimay not be visible belore the end of the test ina highly anisotiopic reser ‘Onee the shoulder beds have bean reached, the flaw in the compressible ‘zone become racial again and involves ao! the net pay thickness (Fig, 15.4). 15.3 RADIAL FLOW AT THE PERFORATIONS Let us consider thal the well produces at @ constant fow rate and thet the wembore slorage effect oes not hide any flow, ‘The radia flow atthe perforations is characterized by a logarithmic variation of the bottomhole pressure change versus ime (Fig. 15.5) Buy® SSH fo9 t+ 09 Kp 087) 05.1) hy onc, fo siunits) fn practical US units) (in practical metic unis a a a a (yeast Fi. 155 195 (6. sourawor i 1 + Interpretation: This fo is used to determine: = The kv of the perforated zone, Le Kg Note bane: it e dificult to extrapolate kh to tha sihole pay zone, since ‘permeabily above and below the open interval may be dtlerant ~The skin of the wel. 15.4 SPHERICAL FLOW ‘when the vertical development of the compressible zone is significant. fuid flow becomes spherical I is characterized in drawdown by a linear variation of bottombole pressure versus the inverse ofthe square root of te: aoey _698u “eng, eee = 132) PPR aT asin Beis fo Stonits) a2708 — B=2453———_fnpracical US unis) = 2799 fmprateal metic us) with (1s) kg = 02),)"® spherical permeability 4 eauivalent radius of the source of the spherical Now: dunng this fow iis asiltha wall were a source witha radius ofr In bulup this equation becomes (Fig. 15.6) us eee he 54) Fnat Expressed in erms of the pressure al shut (BD = By) = BOE = megs (59) ae Tova ist 6.eouronror 17 (oera-ver) Fa. 186 + Interpretation: ‘The variations in bottomole pressure versus: = AL incravctown, tar ~ A - 1 invuieve, ext = a spherical tow superposition function in more general terme, ara characterized by a straight ine wth a slope ot ee eentia (56) vic suse to cata the spherical pareatily en Sens) Pear? 057) This information along withthe horizontal permeabilly slows the reservi's permeabity anisotropy lo be determined: sb vs 198 6. sounpasor ‘Tne value of ne pressure ; extrapolated onthe straight Hine a infinite can be used o determine ine radi r he equvalant spherical source: 298 in drondoun (159 =P), f= Hina (15.10) lls Determining the radius may have a theoretical uso but ao practical application has ever been mentioned. + Etfect of shoulder beds: ‘en the comprassivle zone reaches th shouAder beds tung spherical How there are two possible cases: = The perforations are centered in the net thickness and the two shoulder ‘baos are raachad atthe same time. The Hlow goes fom spherical 10 adil at ‘over the net pay thickness. = The perforations are greatly off center in the pay zone and one of the shoulders is aacheo bpfoe the othe. Te list shoulder bed tna is reached is perceived ice a aul in an tate reserva oF @ boundary in a channel... the slope ofthe saignt line corresponding to spherical Now doubles. When the well is highly eccentric, the double-slope straight line is seen immediately. This fow is termed hemispherical by several authors, These phenomena are har Io see on the conventions graph, they are clearty visble on the derwvatve (Fg. 15.10) 15.5 RADIAL FLOW OVER THE WHOLE NET THICKNESS When tne compressible zone has ceached all of the net thickness of the reservoir the flow becomes radial and is like the flow existing around well perforated over al the reservoir thickness. During this flow, the drawdown pressure follows the usual logarithmic variations versus tne Fig. 15.7) a ke BL (og t +1og B+o87S) 05.11) ¥ .G.souroanot 199Oe 15 AL PENeTRATON ELS a= (Vtn)In iO B=-025 Stunts) 1626 Beazs ( practical US units) a=2fs Beato ( practical metric units), 2 181090808 aoe (yeaa This ow is used to determine = the reservoir ~ an overall sin, The skins the resul of two elects: = The skin Sof the well ~ TP etlect of paral periration it causes restricted tow entry in the vicinity Of he wel resting ina postive shin See Sesiesh ‘The partial perforation skin. Spe, depends on several actors: ~ the faction ofthe reservoir thickness tha s open ~ the reservoi’s permesbitly arsotropy. =the rato between the nel thickness and the wel racks; = the postion ofthe peroration, The charts in Figures 15.8 and 15.9 cate how the parts! pertocaon shin ates versus these dilerent faciors fora well perforated in the cool ein eserves and atthe fo9 or botiom ol he resenci renee, 200 1G s0uroarot (mow Panna PoveRAnO WELLS PARTIAL PENETRATION SK 6. souraanor Eee = = 2 03 G4 08 G6 OF Us tm WELL PERFORATED AT THE 109 (On THE BOTTOM OF THE RESERVOIR 20115.6 EXTRAPOLATED PRESSURE, AVERAGE PRESSURE | : Comentns metods of cleting the rsenc’s average pressure MEH "| i Dietz, See Chapler 11) can be used. ; “expats restr rst be ead onthe second see site, \ \ ia | tha one rat cmastond to low over the whole ofthe net Innes. Ts posable to determine the exvapoatd presse ont he ul was “AL song sncogn ota soso sa og sagt ine ' ‘men tha second soning sight ne has rot bee ache, oy seuaton sath wo mel ean detonate avrage resent presse. A \ 15.7 PRESSURE DERIVATIVE \ ‘The pressure detvative (Fig. 15.10) is of great help in diagnosing the Hes lows deserides inthe preceding sections. ee a Ee ' Us Or 02 03 Of 05 06 07 08 O8 : vee renons'Za arn Yo7 Ls th et ices ofthe ee880F 8 th rlrence cress cating nil SPS Re nese cimeriness pressure pp 2803p, the ire fows are characterized inthe Jolowing way: eu ri t89 ‘Ths radial Now at the partoraions: by 2 stabilization of the derivative at : 15 = 05 hp, Ths stabization can be hidden by the wellbore slorage effect. (c-eourokeot 6 pouRoanot 20~ Spherical low: bya decrease in the pressure derwalve as a straight fine wilh 2 slope of ~1/2 I may aso be hidden by the welbore storage elect, ‘The test may have been too short and spherical fow may appear caly as a Pressure derivative begining lo decine: the straight ina withthe slope of $172 has not yet been reached. The only way of dalermining the resents permeabaty ansottopy s (0 match he beginning ofthe praseure derivatve's decrease using a well mode! = Racial fow over af the net thickness: by a stabilzation of the Gervative st py =O. + Etfect of shoulder beds: ‘The postion of the perforations in relation to the shoulder beds has an influence ‘on the transiion, ie. spherical fow. Fique 16.11 istrates the phenomenon = When the peroratons are locate inthe mide ofthe net thickness, the two shoulder beds are reached al the same time, The transition between the two ‘radial ows coresponds tothe spherical ow which i seen by a drop the pressure derivative with a slope of -1/2. = Winen the perforations are much closer to one of the shoulder beds the ‘other, transition occurs in two stages: ‘An intial period of spherical flow with @ slope of -1/2 unit one of the ‘shoulder beds is reaches. (Once the fist shoulder bed is reached theres @ traneation of the pressure derivative by a fector of 2 unlit stan its ~1/2 slope decline again = When the perforations are immediately nex to one of the shoulder beds the \dovbing occurs immediately. Sohercalfow tanstion starts four times tater than with perforations centered inthe pay zone, ig. 15.18 zo ‘6 ounonnot 15.8 AMBIGUOUS INTERPRETATION In practice the sequence of fowe described in the preceding sections is seldom observed in one let, Two situations are commonty (ound! ‘+ tne test was too short to go an atter tne beginning of spherical flow (Fg. 18.12), ig 15.12 The test allows the following to be determined: ~The permeabilty over the perforated thickness. = The skin ofthe wel = The permeabilly anisotropy using the beginning of spherical tow. When only the transtion between racial flow at the perforations anc spherical ow is \isbie, a well model isthe only way to determine the permesbilly anisotropy by matching the tansiion ‘This type of test can not be used to determine the permeability ofthe resereir ‘beyond the perovated zone. Fi + Only one stabilization appears ‘This tuation is found in two cases that ara not always easy to discriminate between: = The test was too short for the spherical low to begin, only racial fw atthe perforations is vise. ~The welbore storage elect hides the racial flow atthe perforations and the spherical Now, only radial tow ove the whole net thickness s visible, «c pouroanar 208aon 1S parm ANTRAL ‘The value ofthe skin can help dotermine which radial fow the end ofthe test ‘covresp0nds 1! = Nogative skin usualy corresponds to the racial fow atthe parfarations. “High kia (greale than 10) is usually doe to parial perforation, although severe plugging in the vin ofthe wallbore cannot aways be excluded. Comparison of permeabilly, calculated on the basis of the two thickness hypotheses, withthe permeablly measured cn cores can also be used Io salle the wuncertanty, Test simulation with a well model can usually sete the issue: one of the two hypotheses corresponds fo an uncealstc permeabily anisotropy, 15.9 COMPARISON WITH CORE SAMPLES Interpetation of paral perforation wel tests is @ good way to determine the gre of vertical co nmunicaion in reserva, Vertical permeabity vals are aso obtained by interpreting RFT pretests or by core analysis. Verical permeabilies obianed in ths way are often higher than vertical permeabiity determined by tests. This ciference can be explained by the dimensions of the zones involved in the two types of measurements: RFT pretests and core samples involve small areas that are usually homogeneous. The measured vertical permeabiity is that of these homogeneous zones, In action to tis, wal tests measure the alt of average-size heterogeneitios bypassed by fows and communication through discontinuous permeabilly streane as wel. Measured verial permeabilly i he resutant of permeabity ansotropy and o truosiy elects produced by the heterogeneities. Wel tests lead to estimates o veical permeabity that ao siar to hose obtained trom the anghysis of water or gas breaktrough during a coning oct. 15.10 PARTIAL PERFORATION AND FRACTURED RESERVOIRS ‘The effects of koctores in reaerara were described in Chepter 19. They can ‘oveay tho partial perforation effect 208 c.soRDMOT ‘Tey correspond to a minimum on te pressure derivative, which can appear sooner of lator depending on how easy the flow Irom the mati to the Iractuces is (vai of ‘The etfect of ractuing usualy shows up dung the fest radia How petod. + Permeability anisotropy: ‘Tne permeabilly measured in a tractured reservoir is that of the tractues, which are usually vertical. Their development is not always continuous over the whole esarvoi thicknass, They can be Wansmittad trom one subievel to another by fracture relays (Fg, 15.19) \vedical thud convnurication depends on the seservor permeabilly thvough these eacture lays. | | ae "ts important to understand this communication when a coring effect may peru wel production. Local measurements such as core analysis or AFT interpretation are unable to determine this type of vertical communicalon. Vertical permeability, evaluated fom the partial perforation, 's generayssilar fo whats calciated tom the analysis ofa coning effect, «2 nounaanar zorchapter 16 Slanted wells 16.1 INTRODUCTION Most wells go through the reser at an angle relative tothe normal to the i. The aim of this chapter isto study the modticaions to interpretation caused by the sant ofthe wel, ‘Three parameters exert an infuence: the inctination of the well relative to the normal to the dip: angle @ in Figure 16.1 6 s0uRaAROT 20 ‘he 20= parmeabilty ansolopy: ky = th ratio between ine thickness and the well rachis: Ny. 16.2 FLOWS ANO SKIN FACTOR FOR SLANTED WELLS Two tows van ineortically ba seen one alter the ather around an incined ~ aaa tow around the wel ~ ahonzonia psausoradal flow after a transition period ‘The wellbore storage elfect usually hides the first radial How and the subsequent ranstion The fst raul vs vise only or very large angles of slant farge tn 75°), ‘when the Slane wel owns tke a honzontal wel |Wen the pseudorauisl How alone can be seen, the tes is interpreted as the wet were vera, Incnation improves flow in the vicinity of the wellbore, This is seen by a negative skin of lan + Skin of slant H. Cinco et a. Rel. $7] gve an expression that can be used to caleuiate the oa ee 9. wesc Tat mere 5K rene This expression vai for 0 < 8 < 75% Figure 16.2 snows te lions Of S, versus No for difreat values of 0 210 6.eounoaor Fig 02 16.3 INFLUENCE OF PERMEABILITY ANISOTROPY Equation 16.1 shows that permeabily anisotropy serious reduces the effect ofthe slant ‘The following example ilysrates the influence of permestity anisotropy on the sti of sant For 0 = 75% and Wry = 100: @=75 S135 inanisovopic reseror W507 S215 fark = 0.1 w=20 52-08 lorkyky= 001 ‘The highes the permesbily anisotropy, the mora reduced the efectve angle of slam, 0°, of he we. Since the permeabilly anisotropy of a resercicis usualy lower than 0.1, the slant ofthe wellnormally has 2 negagible eflact on the wel's product, 6. sounnarot aunchapter 17 Artificially fractured wells 17.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FRACTURE Natural fractures as discussed in Chapter 19 are considered to be distribu} homogeneousty throughout the reservoir. Artificial fractures are, however, locate, the vicinity of the wellbore. They are caused by operations carried out on the wo Fracturing can be intentional, it isthe aim of hydraulic fracturing operations. It can be accidentally induced on injection wells or on wells during acici \when the injection pressure is greater than the reservoir fracture pressure, + Horizontal, vertical tractures ‘An artiicial fracture can develop along horizontal or vertical plan| 'nterpretation methods have been developed for both cases (Ret. 28, 33), ‘At depths of less than 1000 m it is possible to achieve horizontal ractures Greater depths, the overburden weight makes fractures develop only along vert Planes. This s the only case that will be dealt with here + Description of the fracture: |e description normaly used in well testing is presented in figure 17.1: = The fracture is vertical, = Itextends over all the reservoir's net thickness, h. G.B0uRDAROT=1t extends symmetncally from one side to the other of the well up 10 a datance x, rom the wel = Iehas var wat, w 17.2 FLOWS AROUND AN AATIFICIALLY FRACTURED WELL. CONVENTIONAL INTERPRETATION METHODS | “The presence of an artificial fracture modifies the fows near the wellbore cconsideraby H.Cinco-Ley (Ref, 92] describes the flows that can develop around an anticialy tractured wel, Figure 17.2 gives a representation of the streamines Corresponding to each of them. 17.2.1 Linear flow in the fracture (Fig, 17.20) “Tis flow exists tneoreticaty atthe very beginning of the test. During this Now most of the fuids produced at the well oma from expansion in the fracture Tag tow ear. Tm same ashing ayo, presi aes Keay This variation can be expressed in dimensionless variables as fotiows: 992 Lie any ‘The folowing dimensioniess terms ae involved. + Tine: tot = 07 Oo” Gua Dimensionless time calculated wih x a6 ference length. B-1 fa Stunts) B-o.c0028¢ impractical US unis) 00038 (a practical mete unis. . aa .6-eourosnort Fig. 17.1 Representing tne (acture tu Wid | \by areal ™~ Z1N Fig, 17.2 Saquancs of ows around the actre 6. souRosnor an+ bitusivty \ ney 073) lacy, dug, Relationship between dit, oa Waly inside the fracture and ditfusivity in the + Relative conductivity: ** Giz) tea condtt Cen he one beeen “The more pees GOW the tacure(w and ki: the wider 0) and ‘ore permeable) thn hin ~ and the factors fracture (x) and the beler hide erat Fe mone HY 10 the trace (and Wi: the longer the ese the formation, the better supped ts. The greater the reste conn renter IPS a= Condy hectare, the more eftectve hs A tactre wit 2 clave conduetiy, The concept of relative conn ayy Permeabilly, the more etlectve thos Sorbettily of over 100 behaves as i it had infite ly expisins why the smaller the formation Mi fracturing tn reservois wih permeaby 4 y reatve condctity and ter etlectnnanarg pore | TIME NactUes have 2 ow ‘neal terms, ex018580n 17.1 ben capgs Pi-P, a0 1 a 075) " oT a= 8.128 (practic U8 wag) 209918 fin Stuntsy ‘The Slope ofthe stesight line aa cepends on Geup a sovear ee! oting ssi variations ves laracterstes ofthe fracture: hy ec, 216 6 pounpwor Caco [et 32 cates tat is tow ends tor ore . wi ‘Tis flow ie shvays heen by the weibor storage elect. (75) fou 17.2.2 Bilinear flow ig. 17.20) This flow was described for the fst time by Cinco [Ret. 32} and has since ‘been seen several nes in fled eases (el, 24] {tis called bilinear becatse i corresponds to two simultaneous linear flows: ~ an incompressibe near tow inthe facture: a compressible near ow in the formation, Bnear flow lasts as long 2s the ends ofthe fracture do no tet the Hows Itis characterized by near pressure variations versus the fourth root of im. ‘The variations sre expeessed in dimensionless variables a follows: 28 gy ten In eal terms the expression becomes: ab AYE mney 073) (or practical US units) 23697 fnSlunte) ‘The straight line thats obtained by plating ap versus tM thraugh the origin of ‘ne coordinates. is slope depends on bath internal facture characterises (C7) and (on formation characteris, Cinco (Ret. 22, 33] points out that in some cases the straight ne core ‘sponcing to bilinear flow does nat pass trough the origin of the coordinates internal damage ofthe fracture: = Aavation trom Darey's law in tha tractre (908 wel c.sonpsror arIn ot. 22] ho ges a sot of expressions that can be used to evaluate the end ofthe bilinear foe foraCeod we tog #00208 (KGr= 1.5)" FOF Benched 739) 55 ag! L825 tor rCre W749 188 -2sy ret 8 wry) Biinear fow is seldom seen during testing ite usualy hden by the velbore storage afiect 17.2.8 Linear flow in the formation (Fig. 17.2¢) This tow is very often visible during testing of aticaly acted wells t's an letegeal panto tne conventional analysis methods ofthese ests. Te ends ofthe kactre have been reached. The dimension ofthe fracture has aninfuence on flows “This tow corresponds, tke any nase Hw, 1 a near variation othe pressure versus vt Its charactenees by the folowing variation in cimensioniess pressu 092SiTe wns tn real ters, ths expression boca: 0, yg= 8 wn PS 22001 fmpracicalUS unt crave insu) ‘Te slope of tne staigt line obiined by slotting bottomhole pressure change versus Vican be Used 9 determine x ie fractures halen gt 28 6, aouroOr LUnear flow occurs only around high conductivity fractures (Cr over 100). start at: ‘oa 2 79 nce and ends at tog #0016 (715) 17.2.4 Pseudoradial flow Fig. 1728) ‘The presence of an artical kacture modlies the streams near dhe webore conser Equipotentwis recover radial syenutry ony 2 a oxttain distance Wom the well when the compressible zone reaches this aea, low becomes radial: pressure vases logechically versus time, The presence of the lacture near the welbore Coesponds to a geometical skin, ‘This flow is characterized by te following imensionless pressure variations: Pos bin ty +0.81+2S) (17.16) 2 neal terms the exeression becomes: = Pq = 28H Gog t + og —L-p +0875, nan Be O88 Ce y a= 1626 © 8-323 Iapractical US units) e225 B=310 ——fapractes! metre units) @=01e3 © f=0352 (a Stunt. + Geometrical skin The geomet ski, 5), depends on the lengit of the facture and on its conductivity: §,-0K9-n% a) G.sounaot a0‘SICH is decreasing function ofthe tracture conduct (Fig. 173). 2 i aT vo cer! ca Fi. 173 Grey Ris ure shows that for tlave conductivty values over 4 conductivity values over 100, Gi is rowohly constant and is equal to. 0.69. Above. 160, an inveace'®) an Senauetty has no et on faws. The Fectre Geheves as ht hed ane cc i expt the Nis thal ted wh 2 rege tenet ore “Compared to those involved in the reservoir, aan vee + Effective radius: The geometrical skin veto ie hactue ean be expressed in terms of elec real geil ‘exrressed in terms of elective ‘The elective racius due to the skin Si equal to i 04-5) and since §, » G{CH) fw EXDL-GICH (07.19) + Infinite conductivity racture: In anintinte conductivity fracture, CC 0.69, thereore: 220 G.souncanar ‘itn respect to productivity the fractured wall behaves tke 2 vertical well with 2 diameter equal to the haliength of the tecture, A fracture usualy extends lor ‘several tens of meters on each side of the wel. The elective radius gives an Kea of the fracture efciency. ‘The value of the geometrical skin, S, can be used to determine the hal-ength (ofthe infite conductivity equivalent tractive: 32 Dy @0I-S) (1720) ‘This value must be compared to the one obtained withthe tear flow if i visible. Comparison helps very the vafty of the assumptions put forward about the racture’s condvetivty. + Low-conductivity racture: \Wnen the tracture's conductivity is tow, the linear flow ts not visible, The biinear tow alone, itt exists, can be used to calcuate the fracture’s conductity and determine its eal hall-lngth y= Fy &0(-S) exp(-GICA) (ran ‘when the binear flow is aot visible, only inlerpretation with type cues can ‘ive the correct determination of x and Ci + Beginning of pseudoradial fo Cinco [95] stuates the begining of pseudoracal ow a 20 [-05 29) 72a ' le. tg 5 for an infinite conductnty racture, ‘Thetelore considerable time elapses between the end of linear Row (toy 0.016) and the baginring of pseudoractal ow, ‘The transition between the tho lows is of no use with conventional methods. Tests are trequently 100 short to reach pseudoradial flow and otten neither bilinear nor linear flow is visible during testing, Only lype curves can be used to interpret these test, with the analysis of anstion periods ‘c sourcwor17.3 TYPE CURVES, THE DERIVATIVE 17.3.1 Representation used ‘The most sel ype curves represent dimensionless pressure pp versus dimensionless te toy 09 8169-09 ph. ‘This representation i derived trom the one proposed by Agarwal Re. 26), is ‘lero rom Gengarten's (2p versus tg/C usin the majonty of other cases) 17.3.2 Parameters required to describe a type curve Five parameters are required to describe a ype curve lor a actured wal in an intete reserva = the formation .ermeabity, = the fracture halsength, x, the wellbore storage, C: he racture’s relative conductivity, C ~ the skin arcund the racture S, + Formation pemeabiity: Formation permesbilty is obtained, tke in a vertical wel, ater matching real data on @ type curve by using the relationship of the real peessure ap and he dimensionless pressure pp ofa match poi ‘When psaudoradial flow is reached during the test, a stabization of the erivative corresponds to it. Matching this stabilization at 0.5 ean determine toemation permeabaty unambiguously. Otherwise, determination is more dificult: several gcUpS of 3. Ci) can give silarcesuts, + Fracture hal-ength: “Tho hovzontal malch between real ie and toy determines the facture halt- feng: Vee (729) HE oat «0.000264 in practical US units) 4 0,000355 in practical metic units) at {in Stunt It may be cilcut to match the time when low data are available at smal log values oe winen the walbere storage allet is to0 great. Then several x, Cr pais ‘may give simiar resus + Relative conductivity ofthe fracture, Cr: hs intuence on pressure variations is indicated in Figure 17.4 + Wollbore storage: ‘The cmensionles variable celated to ware storages Coy oa ® (724) Reo? ¢=0.89 ——Gnpractical US unis) a= 12k (practical metre unis) wa ten (in Stunts) 1s influence on pressure variations is indicated in Figure 17.5 Luke in a vertical wal, the peclad when tha wellbore storage dominates corresponds 10 a variation of dimensionless pressure and its dervatve along a "slope straight ine which does not go through the orga of the coordinates. I is (ff by Gogg 09 te tg 35 +The skin around the fracture: ‘The skin, S, around the fracture corresponds to the additional pressure drops ‘generated by the fact thal the immediate vicinity of the fracture often hs a Permeability different from the:permeabilly farther away in the reservor, This ditference may be due to hycrauic facturing operations, lor example, that modity saturations near the fracture, Considering that the skin involves an area with a width of ws around the fracture (Fig. 17-8) and that this area has a permeability of ks, Ihe additional pressure drop in the area is expeessed by: ‘aps - SHS [i 5 Ta xy lig (1728) (6-sounoxnor 22324 ‘ow es == the ee 3 {ier epee 9 ag ee Fig. 17.4 Intuence ofthe relative conductivity of he ractore ages | ‘ ! 102] “ wl | Fig. 175 tnnvoncoof the riatve conduct ofthe acture and of welbore storage 6. 20urcanor ature i ite conduc The skin dotnd by hence: s=a%s (17.26) 5 ‘This expression should be compared to the one obtained with a eylncical vertical wll (see Chapter 3 s (t - } ns hs ‘When permeailly is reduced by a factor of 10 over a distance (,, w,) of one ‘eter around the well and the facture, the folowing valves are obtained: S #20. fora vetical well witha radius of0.1 m; S=0.7 fora fracture extending 20 m on each side othe wel ‘The effect of reduced permeabisy is therefore much less severe, in terms of ‘kin, around a tracture than around a vertical wel, ‘The valve of the skin around a fracture is usually between 0.1 an 1. [Aciiing the reservoir around the tactue ig of no use in terms of skin, Te ‘only gan i he improvement in internal racture conductivity that may eccur, Tho elect of 2 hycroute lacture is partioutrly beneficial for ges wel. Here the surface ofthe fracture is much larger than in vertical wel, Because of this, the 6. s0unoanot 225velocity of the gas at the enivance 10 the fracture and tha coefcient of deviation {rom Oarey’s law are much smaller than in a vertical well 2 mall ter of cuistion fom Oaen/'s ow nals to be inttacuced inde the tracture, however The intuence of the skin around the kaciure was studied and dascsibed by Cinco [fe 31, 33) is nftuance on pressute i ncicated in Figure 17.7 lor an inte Conductiviy racture 17.3.3 Type curves and flows Fur flow periods can be identiied during a lest ona fractured wel In order of ‘appearance they are: = tha weltbore storage atest: = blnear flow tinea fo: ~ pseudorecia tow. LUnear ow in the Keacture 18 not mentioned ere since iti always hidden by the weibore storage eect. Each one of these ows has & comesponcing characteistc patter on the pressure dovative (ig. 17 8) = watbore storage sitet: straight ine wit a slope of 1; = blinear flow saght ine wnt a slope of 0.25: naar Rowe straight fon wah a sone of 05: pseudoracial flow: stabilized derivative 28 .scuroanor F178 ‘linear and linear iow ean be hidden by the skin effect around ine Kactre Influence of the skin: “The skin around the fracture corresponds to a lattening ofthe type curve at smal oy ‘iis fattening may corespond 10 a Gip in the detivaive simar 10 what is served for a fractured reservor Fig. 17.9). Fo. 179 ‘Tis shenomenca miay sometimes make it ciffcut to discriminate between 2 naturally Waclured resenow and an induced lracture of the reser at the well «@.pounos#oT zatComparison between test and core permeabiliy can help make the eilerence Detween the two, A ractuxe wih intermediate conductity (Cr ranging between 1 and 0) can bbe contused with a an infite conductivity Fracture witha sn, ‘The existence ofa skin around the fracture can be detected at smal ig by 8 type curve slope lower than 0.25. A tracure without any skin always gies & soos rater than 0.25 at short time periods. 17.4 TYPE CURVES ‘There are three sots of type curves for ractured wells: ~ he Gringarten type curves with 2 uniform fiuxin the fracture Fig. 17.10) = the Gringarten type curves with an infte cenductlytactute Fg. 17.11) ~the Cinco type curves: rite conduct tracture and welbore storage elect 9.1735), ‘These diferent type curves were analyzed and ciilicized by F. Daviau 17.4.1 The Gringarten type curves (Figs 17.10 and 17.11) The {wo Gringarten type curves finite conductivity and unitoem tix) ‘represent the lraclure in an ine resersoi by a hype curve, They take the reservoir boundary ellect into account. This advantage is of Inited uty since the fractures are perlonned in reservors with low permeabity, ‘The bouncaties are Seldom reached during 3 tes Besides the habitual imitations of type cures because they can not include Previous flow rates, the Gringarten type cuves also sullr ftom Several speci Teatons, ‘Tey do not take the folowing into account: ~ facture conductivity: = the weltbexe storage elect: the skin around the tracture, ‘These important inilations severely rest tne tea of apeicaton. 28 6. sounoanor 3 oa ie § ir i : 2g i z i # H i ® o wee = 04 ainsseid ssowoseung, (6.s0unoanor : : 3 g i : i Fig. 17.10 Fracture wth uniform ae z0eat iy Cimenstnias ine t= 0.00264 Fig, 17.11 lninte conductivity acre | $ 298 anesad sanonuauia 17.4.2 The Cinco curves (Fa. 17.5) ‘The Cinco type curves take fractuxe condvetwily Into account and wellbore storage, but ela ant tla th en aera Ih neta ato account ‘Thay are used 2s described in section 17.3 and are the best for analyzing a test ina fractured wal, Thay are, however, dificult to use because of the large ‘umber of parameters that have to be determined. ‘The same a¢ fora the athar curves, itis impossible to include the production history, 17.8 CONCLUSION In this chapter we have dete: = the paramaters requied to descrive a hydeaule fracture: the Conventional nterpretaion methods; = the advantages, but als the severe crawbacks, of type cues. COten neither conventional methods nor ype cues allow interpretation to be ‘made, There may be several causes: = The wellbore storage effet or the skin around tne fracture hide bilinear ang linear flow. = The test 100 shot, the pseudoradial ow has not been reached, =A skin around the fracture makes conventional methods and type cues tunusable, ~The flow rate history doos not alow cures to be used Under such conditions, a well modalis the only recourse. It can hancie a larger number of parameters than type curves and it can also be used to: = exploit the transitions ram one low to another = account forthe skin around the Fracture: = account forthe tow rate history (6 sounoanor 231chapter 18 Horizontal wells 18.1 DESCRIPTION OF A HORIZONTAL WELL Figure 18.1 gives a schematic stration of a horizontal we. Fig. 18.1 Deserption of horizontal well ‘The well witha aus. ry. goes horzentally tough the inte reser over @ lengn L. Reservoir thickness" i and iis Bounded by impermeable shovicer bods ‘The wel is located at a stance, ,, rom the bottom wal of the reservoir, 18.2 FLOWS AROUND A HORIZONTAL WELL. CONVENTIONAL INTERPRETATION METHODS, Assuming thet the wellbore storage elfect oF the draina elect donot hide them, two characterise Now periods can be distinguished during test ona poronal wet Fe. 3 6. eourasior .9¢ area boundary= Verical radia tow (Fg. 18.2) The compressible zone generated by the How tale change develops fis in a venical plane perpendicdar Io the we. The corresponging flow is radial. t ends when the shoulder beds are eaehedt or ien tt wl et ele sft 6 tha fos tae ~ Pseudoraca ow (Fig, 1.2): Once the verical acl fow is aver, a ransion periog begins Alter a cenain tine, the equipotentials become vertical cylinders similar to these around a vertical wall. From then on the flow becomes racial circular in a enaontal plane, Ths tow is caled pseudoraca. pour wee (yeaa ig. 183 204 .e.souroanor 18.2.1 Radial vertical flow Uke at radial flows, racial vertical tow covresponds to a tinea variation of presaica vers tha logit of tina Ei. 183). During this period the horizontal wat belkwes Ike a wocal wali a FESO witha duekness equa! othe length Lof the Poon Wok Ho Tne compressible zone develops along vertical planes. so the pressure {depends on both the horizontal andthe venial permeaabily ol the reser {he guneral equation showing pressu vartons in 8 pocucng wo versus tines a8 fous, 43.0) (in practical US unis) (in practical metre units) (in Stuns, The slope of the semi-og straight line is used to determine Ligh. lnforma tion on the horizontal permeabilly, gwen by tests on vertical wels oF by inferretaion of pseudorscal ow. s used to detenrine the esenci's permeabilly anisovopy yy). The value ofthe pressure measured at one how on the semiog siaight ne is uses to dtermine ashi (182) ‘Te skin isthe sum of the well skin (plugging, deviation rom Darcy's law. Sy. ‘and a negative ski, ,, due to the permeabity anesottopy: wit (183) 6 sourbanot 238Croin ononzeura nes + Beginning and end of radial vertiea ow: Radial vertical ow is visible between the end of the wellbore ‘nd the time when the boundary fnemation wal and sect tat ‘The boundary formation elletis perceived (Ret. 37] om: fn practical US unis) (i practical mete units) fo Stunt) ‘The wol end etlect fl rom: 18.2.2 Pseudoradial flow Wien the pseudoracial flow begins, he compressible zone storage ettect (3.4 085) hhas reached regions where the well geometry no longer aoc ine lows, From these areas the Wwelis perceived ikea vertical wel, ‘The general pressure equation isthe same as for a vertical wel 3yt+osrs) © and i have the same values as in formula 18.2 correspon vertical Bow (18.5) Wing to radial The same as for 9 verical wo, the slope ofthe sem-og straight ine atows the reservor's ky 1 be determined (Fg. 18.8) 238 6. s0unonnor re a nomaaNTA HeLS =F 3| 2B 3 a a (ye ant Fig 104 ‘The valve of the pressure at one hour measured on the semiiog straight ne used to determine a skin S* which depends on both the well skin, S. geometial skin, ‘The skin, S. isthe sum ofthe wel skin, Sy. and he anisottop “skin, Sy + Geometrical skin ‘The geometrical skin measures the improvement to production due to the wel ‘geometry, when @ horizontal and 8 verical wel are compared. Gp ‘The geometrical skin can be calculated using the falowing expression [Ret. 37 and 28} 88) ‘This expression does not take nto account the well end elect. The real vale ‘ofthe geometrical skin is sightly smaller than the one calculated trom formula 18.8 ‘6.e0unomor zr: and depends heaviy on the reseni’s permeabilty anisotropy, The geometrical Skin is negative, 2, a hodzontal wel improves flow near the weibore, a5 long as gins gretar than by Example Length ofthe horzonta walt Wel radius Not pay "Centered we ‘The lable below shows the diminishing interest of a horizontal wel rom a ‘geometrical standpoint when the reserv'sverical permeability decrease. wm | 1 | ot | 001 | ooore | ooo so | 3 | -as | 0 | 204 «Start ofthe pseudoradial flow: ‘According to F. Oavau [Re 97] psoudoracial flow begins at: St02 1189) This is 100 tes later than the begining of the well end ettect. ‘The late Beginong ofthis low means that it can be hidden by the resencir boundary effect (Re. 37] or by the drainage area etlect and that i is cbsened only in reservoirs with high rydrause dusty + Extrapolated pressure: The extrapolated pressure, pis read on the second semiog straight ne, the cone that eorregponda to pecudoreaial How. The cama i tuo for determining the Inal pressure Guring inal testing, as long as no reservar boundary has been reached. 18.3 TYPE CURVES, THE DERIVATIVE = The woltove storage effet: characterized by knear vation in the pressure versus time. During this lw, the pressure and its derivative folow a straight ne wat a slope of I on a log-log plot. ~ Racial vertical tow. = Pseusoracial tow. i Nowa ean be 2een during tha tect ol 9 hovzontal wt ‘The sequence of avs is incicated in Figue 18.5. + laial vertical fow: Radial vertical tow corresponds to a stabilization of the derivative, The limensionless pressure dervatve stabizes at + Pseudoracial flow: Psoudoracal flow corresponds to a stabilization at 0.5 of the dimensionless pressure derivative, + Transition between radial vertical and pseudoradial ow: ‘The shape of the transition between racial vertical and pseucoradial ow depends on the calo between kyh and L Vik «6 eouroanor 29‘Two main cases can be found: First case: (Jim > Kh In his case the reservoir boundary formtians have been ceeched belie the wet ends alt the racial vertical how noticeably, The shoulder beds channel he fows. A near flow develops characterized by 2 near increase of the derivalive wilh a siope of 0.5. This how can be soon ih Foes 18.5 and 186. i lass as long asthe well ends do nat notiseaby erties the flows. Second case: LVR, < ih In this ease the etfect of the wel ends is felt belore the shoulder beds have been reached, je flow becomes spherical and is characerzed by a linear decrease of the Germaive wit @ dope of -0.8. This fw, vistle in Figure 18.6, lasts a5 ange the ‘Shouier beds have nat bean reached 20 ‘6 pounoanor chapter 19 Injection wells 19.1 DESCRIPTION OF AN INJECTION WELL Injecting a fc into a homogeneous reservoir determines two zones around the wel wih citferent characteristics, ‘The interpretation methods presented in this chapter assume that the two zones ae concent (Fig. 19), ete ‘This hypothesis is vrited when the injected Puls mobilly k,/u,)s lower than {hat ofthe fd placa (k/u,), When the opposites tue, ngering ca lake place ‘The methods presented assume a piston-tke displacement of the tic in place by te injected ta, .counosnor aaInjection cetermnes two concentric zones: +The nection zone near the well is charaetenses are te Foor = Tha vcotcaty ofthe fc hat cf the injected Hid and is expressed 35 The permeity at ol the injected Hid in the presence of resicual ut aturation after displacement by the injected fi. lis genstaly affoent {rom the permeabity 10 the hid in placa, = The total compressibily inthe zone near the wellbore is expcessed 25 Cy, th ition racius the radius of the zone that extends near the wll fo 2 distance expressed a ¢, The vale of can be calcula from ine nected ole Vp [—— mee Su) an Spite nega water saturation, |The zone farther from the well: Beyond tne inaction radius «the reservoir has tne usual properties of a reservoir with 8 one-phase ol ow: = The wscosiy tna of tha ol andi fs noted Hy = The permeability s the ol permestilty at reducible water saturation S,, 9nd is rated ky ‘The total Compressibily i 19.2 DESCRIPTION OF FLOWS + Conventional interpretation methods: ‘when the welnore sioraye elfect does not hide them, two flow periods can be seen suceussivly dung ine test ofan injection wl = An mal racial crear flow which corresponds lo the compressible zone passing through the near-walt zone where tie injected Nid has displaced tne olin pce, = A second racal cular flow whicn corresponds to penaraton of the zone fanner tren the wll corresponds to the same as the Now normally found uring atest cn a erical wel in an od reservoir. 202 . souroanor + Radial circular tlow in the near-well zone: ‘Curing tis tow the bottornhole pressure folows a loparthmic variation versus 192) tog t tog -— oe, (i practical US units) (i practical metne unis) (in Stunts) ‘The injection Now rales counted negatively. ‘The list seritog straight Sne corresponding lo ths variation (Fig. 19.2)'s uses to uaternine 093) wih my. slope of ths rst semi-og straight ine: Pn 5 =1.151 [22m tog Sw 4 09.4 le Sis he real skin ofthe wo. Figue 19:2 indicates this sigh! ine ona fall ipressire drop) a tprsmt 249 «e eouroanor‘The same as for production wes, injcton wels ae many tested sing shut in In the same way as a production well has a pressure buildup during shut-in, ‘anirjection wel has 3 lot, wien the wel is shut in, ‘The skin ofan injection wal can be Very lows than -2). When the injection Dressure is greater than the reservoir fracluve pressure, injection may cause {accidental Kacturing ofthe eesercieat the wel When there is extensive fracturing, @ pressure variation typical of a hrydausicalyractured well may be seen (see Chapte 16), + Radial circular low farther from the well: Pressure also varies logarithmically for this Now and is described by the fotowing equation: 0,8, k, SF oe llog t+ 109 om PP -p+0878' (95) 10 yeanat Fo. 199 The second semislog straight Ene covrespending 10 iis variation is used to determine Fig, 19.3), 29,8, v= Be 096) 2a 6. sounoxnot hee aemugerowets with ma, the slope ofthis second semi sirsight ne P= in gh gr0 1.151 [PPM yg Yo 5 09.7 Peace + Skin ‘The skin, Sis composite, due tothe well skin $ and the injection effet (198) sie Kotws,(Kolw-a}in A Bo ky We hy ‘The second teen §; corresponds tothe addtional pressure drop in the vciny ofthe wellbore due tothe fact thatthe injected fluid has a ciferent mobiity trom the fluid in place, This ‘second term fs calculated ina similar way as described in section 3.3. ‘This second term expiains the substanlal pressure drops that can be caused by injecting water thet f less mobile than the on an of reser. Table 19.1 shows the vaive of the term S, fortwo mobilly ratio valves, Ry {Ra = mobiiy ofthe waler/modty ofthe of in'@ wel witha rads of 10 om and {or eiterent injection recius values, Example of jection shin 4 im 10m 50m 3, 23 46 62 7 7 iam som 8 207 aa 558 c-eouraanor 25Inversely, il the water i¢ more mobile than tne oil the skin is negative, ‘Tis type of configuration is also associated with water tngering. ‘The Ineiprotation methods preeanled can not be applied when fingering becomes sigalicant + Determining the injection rad ‘when § and S* are known, the injection racius can be calcuiated using equation 19.8: [Kaa fate 99) ‘Tis value can be compared to the one obiained trom the mater balance (equation 19.1) ‘Avie cifeence between the two can have several causes: = inaccurate evaation othe skins, Sand S “mistaken evalsatio othe saturation in injected Mid, Sy ection of part othe fui autsce the target level + Extrapolated pressure: ‘The extrapolated pressure must be read on the semi-log straight line corresponding to the radial circular flow in the zone farther from the wetbore (a, 19.3) 19.3 TYPE CURVES AND DERIVATIVE “Three characteristic Rows are seen one atte the other during an irjaction wel test = The wellbore storage effect, characterized a6 usual by an increase in the pressure and ts derive coresponding to @ straight ne with a siope of 1 fn a logeog eat. = Racal cul tow in the injection zone near the wel, Raial evevlar flow in th 2one fate rom the wel ‘The sequence ofthese Hows is indicated in Figure 19.4 28 6. gounDs0r we "We Fig 194 + Racial circular tow in the near-well zone Radia! cicular How in the qear-well zone shows as a stabilization of the pressure derivative. The level of stabilization ofthe ciensioness pressure derivative comesponds to: omy os x2he Bo Ky when mensioniss pressures dined by: pp oat 0 Tn (practical US units) (i practical metric units) (in Stunts + Racial circular flow in the farther zone: FRadial circular flow in the farther zone Is characterized by @ second stabilzation of the derivative (Fig. 19.4 “The lve of stabilization af the cimensionless pressure desvalive corresponds 005. «@.eouroanor 2+ Transition between the two flows: ‘The change in mobility corresponding to the ranston trom the near-wel zone to the farther zone corresponds to a change inthe level of stabitzation of the erative. The change in zone is also associated with a change in the mediums hyarauic tushy (going trom k/tiiyy 1 K/h 6). The ellect of the change in difusivty is noticeable during the transition between the two fows. lis iustraled in Figure 19.5 where ihe moblty i sesumed tobe enicaln the wo zones. Only hella comoressbliy changes Increasing dtlshily comesponds to 9 dip in the derivative. The same henomenen is observed in a fractured reservoir when racture How (urs into matix-racture tow (see Chapter 15) ~ Decreasing oitusity corresponds to a maximum ofthe derivate, 19.4 THE OBJECTIVES OF TESTING AN INJECTION WELL Five parameters can be determined by interpreting an injection wel test = the welbore storage, C; = the permeabity in the njction zon. the permeability in he of zone, ky the,we skin, §, = the'ection radius 208 .s.eounosnor rae ecrON EUS Interpreting one single test can give these parameters when the sequence of ‘tows described inthe preceding sections is visible. “There are two cases when the sequence is not visible: + The tests 100 short to reach the oil zone: Interpreting the test gives nelther the permeability in the oll zone nor the Injection rads. + The wellbore storage effect hides the flow inthe injection zone: This can occur when the wel is tested ater injecting a very small volume, Interpreting one single test gives nether the permeabily in the near-well zone nor the wel kin, ‘These parameters con, however, be obiained by testing the wel ater injecting ‘urther volumes. Each of these tess can be used to determine an overt wal skin, S', which is epencent on the injection radi: g=S4(1-i\in an la, i (19.10) Inthis expression R, is the mobility rato: A= fe ko Be Be ‘This expression can be writen in another form versus the jected volume ( equation 19.71 : ; S.+1.151(4--1}1og 1 __ conn Ry Pa) mere SS) By ploting S* versus the logariti of V/Ie3.Mp (Sy ~ Sy) @ straight tne is ‘blained (Fig. 19.6 1 wih spe of 1.151 (1=1 wha sop fr ) with the ona atthe eign 6. s0uroaror 200‘Te slope is used to determine the mobity ratio R, between the injected fuid ‘and tne thd ia place. ‘Te excinnta atthe erg serves to determine the wal skin, Fig. 126 Determining he skin 300 the mobity rato Dp tests ar njacting cert volumes. 250 6. sounosAot Fluid aspectschapter 20 1 Gas wells 20.1 PSEUDOPRESSURE ‘The difusivty equation was established for an oll wel (Chapter 1), by making several hypotheses which are not usualy acceptable in a gas wel low, constant comoressiilty; ~ constant viscosity low pressure gradients, ‘na gas wal viscosiy and compressbiy vary with pressurs, 1 - tas, tet nen ane psnceaaanedataeest + Compressibity: ‘The variation in density of @ real gas can be expressed using the (glowing 1 i equation of state: eM 20.1) zat ‘Me molar mass ofthe gas i as constant 2: compressibility factor of the gas. Z shows the deviation of areal gas in ! telation io te ileal gos 6 souRoAror 253‘The compressitily of the gas fe axnracct hy | “8 wa [eee eee | 2), 09 + Diffusion equation: The same as for ci, the difusion equation that governs the behavior of flowing (86 estabished using - Darcy's law: Kana p 20.4) i ‘A noninear term must be introduced into Darcy's law to take into account tha etfect of tha high flow velociies that exist near the well. This aon-inear term is taken ino account by a skin of daviaion from Darcy's law (see 1 section 20.2) Material balance: 1 = 398, av gi) «2 08) = The equation of Sate which defines the equivalent compressiity ofthe gas ! eget (2 6 | 2, wa | | 20989 (43,22 98, 28 +04 8} 2 i (e398 ip el ' but we ' ap 9 2 4c bp tr 1 ase (6. souroaror wa (6y 86) CBF Sy =V/Vp 2s) hence: 2 6 Gy replacing p and Vy thelr expression in (20.1) (20.4) and (20.6), the matefal Balance becomes: eon + Pseudopressure: Dilerentia equation (20.7) does not have sinple form whan itis expressed eocty in pressure terms, However, takes on the form ofa conventional citusion ‘equation when itis expressed using he pseudopressure function datined by: v= Zo oa) in fact grad y= 22 grad gedy=2 5 aedp Equation (20.7) becomes a pseudopressure dfusion equation: 209) with K = _ hydraulic diffusivity of the reservoir ee, Pseudopressure is calculated directly based on the variation of wand Z with pressure 1 scuRoARoT 255takes on a simple expression in two exteme cases ~ Allow pressure: p < 2000 psi(140 bar) At low pressure the product u2 is roughly constan, Under these conditions: pea? \ ve (20.10) ‘The itlusion equation is veriied by the square of pressure 1 3p? ico on) ~ Athigh pressure: p> 9000p 210 bar AX high pressure gases have a behave that fe sir fo os. The pseudo Bressuce varies tneary wih pressure. Tha cuson eqvaton is wares Oy the presse 4p-1 20 -0 0.12) 12 eo.) To find out the domain of vakfty of te extreme forms it is tecomnmended Io {itkulate several values of y in tne pressure domain corresponding 10 he |Merpretation domain and to pot versus p and p2. The domain where y varies sneerly with p and p? is where p or p2 can be used ‘Wuty for intepretaion fg. 20.1. st * ~ 2 Bain meres? Camain wine rip t04 oa 6. pourouor oe a0-axs es 20.2 DEVIATION FROM DARCY'S LAW The high flow rates that are usually found in gas wels generate high flow velaclog inthe wolbore vcinty, At high velocities Darcy's law can no langer be spplied. In ovdet to describe flows pxopery inthe vicinity of the welbore, a quadratic term needs to be added 0 Darcy's taw: sored p Big eaMy (20.19) ‘This deviation term in Darcy's law generates an adciiona pressice op inthe cin ofthe wellbore thal is a linear function of the flow rate, Since tis pressure .6r0p fs particular to the welbore vicinity, tis Included inthe sien, + Skin with constant flow rate production: \wmen the wells opened to production at a constant flow rate, the overall skin 's expressed by S'=S4q0 0.14 ‘Th term aD isthe skin component due to the deviation tom Darcy's law. Oi ‘alex the deviation coaticient from Darcy's law. To find out this coefcient and determina the real skin, Sof the wel its necessary fo measure the overall skin, Sa several Row rates, + Skin witha low rate history: ‘The equation governing psaudopressure change with a flow rale Fistor is of the fotowing form: vow =a{> @-a)pgt-4,) +98 +40} eo.ts) uring interpretation of a wel test, the pressure variations due to 3 change in flow rate are measured relative to the pressure at the tine when the How rate changes ‘nerpreaton deats win yt,)~ wi eather than y,~ yf) Fig 20.2). (6. eounnor 27yt Woe hod ig. 202 Likewise, interpretation deals with the variation in ve rate (aq = dy) eather than the fow rala iat qq, Under these condlions, the equation use lo erp a testis ve wa [5-99 foot ta) Pea Sal #19, = 1) Bolt =f) (y= Ay NFS #14, = 44.4) o) Te shin tobe considered i 8 S4(q,4q 10 (20.16) To fing out S an O this overall skin must be measured at several low rates. when the overal skin is plotted versus (dq + Gy) (FQ. 20.9, a straight ine 's obtained = wih asoge of = an ordinate at the origin S. 288 «e.sourcsnor tn La \ seo Fig. 203 Two important special eases should be consxtaed ~ Pressure buildup: y= 0. y+ Gy 18 reduced tothe lat flow rate Belore Shula = Oniy one ow rat: dy dq Ons iS reduced 16 ow rato, alone 20.3 INTERPRETATION OF A GAS WELL TEST ‘Chapters 1 10 19 presented solutions to the alusion equation expressed in dimensionless variables for diferent ceservoi-wel configurations. Several interpretation methads were developed. ‘These solutions and methods wore designed or one-phase Hlow of wets, Al the golutions and methods are applicable det 10 9as walls by repacing pressure by pseudopressure. Tables 20.1 and 20.2 indicate now lo go from dimensionless pressure to pseudopressure along withthe expression ofthe sope ofthe sem-og siraght Soe in pseudopressure, Table 20.1 isn practical US units whie Table 202i in practical matric unis, Tre tables propose two sors of standard condiions for measuring the gas flow oa the surface: conditions to be defined bythe user = usual standard conditions: T = §20°R; p = 14.7 psa (6 courant 259251 wt 1 96210. a = Reso (Pha) EL BBEED og weeeens 1 Pua ovo S roe 29020 og |e mainte ize a (8-98 a exzt sr000 ni00=w wy OP ag | Ee Pe" 200 0 -'a): ao a) ‘D cy eo *bizeuc La (tani o7BHRE HE og | i agipersw Che 3 ah tren) ABH AEH a . : yaw -9— gE, " j SIZ FO BO a m,n vemos 2¥ 900 meTt spew nt EESO Loy | Srey ta ie thane a at SSE ag © SS 3 é ia*0100) 8 “bi zhi _o Pate | koopa i “bi ztzert a ° t a (ta fa PAEE Nog Jus weve *oizt gatg AEE 0g | 0 (0-95 ‘6 3 1 wo 24 0 4 0060S 2 wy qpois us=w (AA) a pea | a x, 2g H Low ‘ba ZH oocos é 4 + aja P2000 Loy | #9 j Me Tee OLS a- 2a ra) “guy an *a™bizHos sz os |e yeep oe a pie a as ato PEM 0g 0 uy ube Boy 19s 64 Jo 960s ounssavd ssojorsuewig (omos 0 pga 8) sun sn 02 9 200Table 20.2 51 un 22 ale fle Ale Ale elt | lf al? ols gle é€ € € i + g a i 2 ale], Je 1? le ie 4 ‘ é 3 2] & | Ak ae fol ig EB] & |glQ ale fe fale alg Sy ae) sie “IS fe] Is IE

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