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Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits Using SIMULINK by Hadeed Ahmed Sher PDF
Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits Using SIMULINK by Hadeed Ahmed Sher PDF
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Page II
Contents
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers 6
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Single phase half wave rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Without freewheeling diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 With freewheeling diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Single phase full wave center tap rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.1 Without freewheeling diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.2 With freewheeling diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Single phase full wave bridge rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1 Without free wheeling diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 With free wheeling diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Three phase full wave rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5.1 Without freewheeling diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6 Twelve pulse rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.6.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.6.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Controlled Rectifiers/Converters 34
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Single phase half wave controlled converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 Single phase full wave half controlled converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 Single phase full wave full controlled converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.5 Three phase full controlled bridge converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Page III
Contents
3.5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4 DC-AC Inverters 46
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2 Pulse Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3 Single phase half bridge inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3.1 Simulation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 Single phase PWM inverter with bipolar voltage switching . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5 Single phase PWM inverter with Unipolar voltage switching . . . . . . . . 58
4.5.1 Simulation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.6 Quasi square wave single phase Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.6.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.6.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.7 Single phase inverter with hysteresis band current controlled PWM . . . . 64
4.7.1 Simulation Procedure for PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.7.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.8 PWM based DC-AC 3 phase Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.8.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.8.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.9 SPWM based 3 phase inverter with 3 phase Asynchronous motor as load . 72
4.9.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.9.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5 Cycloconverters 80
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2 Single phase to Single phase Step down Cycloconverter . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.3 Three phase to Single phase Step down Cycloconverter . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.3.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6 DC-DC Converters 91
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.2 DC-DC Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.2.1 Simulation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Page IV
Contents
Page V
List of Figures
Page VI
List of Figures
Page VII
List of Figures
Page VIII
List of Figures
Page IX
1 Introduction to Modeling and Simulation
1.1 Importance of Simulation
Circuit performance is a key factor in designing a system in electrical engineering. Each
and every component contributes towards the overall performance of a system. In high
power electronics known as power electronics we need to be very focused towards the
evaluation of system. Not only the components but the junction capacitances and noise
also affect the output waveforms. In this modern world power electronics engineers are
assisted by control engineers that providing them very useful control chips for signal
generation and circuit operation. But these control ICs are also very complex and
therefore it is desired to analyze them using software based tools. Circuit simulation is
fast becoming an alternative to prototyping. Software based simulation is now considered
as an optional aid in learning power electronics. Simulation is an art of converting a
circuit design into a software model and then testing it using input stimuli and output
monitoring. It can be used to evaluate the performance of new circuits for enhancement
of knowledge. The flaws in any circuit can be corrected at early design stage with the
help of simulation. Novel techniques can be tested using simulation based packages that
saves cost, time and any potential hazard that can arise from short circuit across power
components. Apart from its wide use in academia, industrial users gains benefit from
simulation by verifying their process performance. Simulation in the past received critics
as it adds another step in design cycle but with on going work based on simulation it has
been now proved that, as a product progresses through the design cycle, errors become
more and more costly to correct. It is best for conducting studies for destructive nature
of tests of electric machines. Simulation is an excellent way to reveal logic and/or timing
errors in a circuit before continuing for the prototyping. With simulation we can do a
variety of operations including the following [3, 6]
Waveforms at various points of circuit
Circuit performance in transient and steady state condition that may be very
difficult in hardware prototype.
Assessment of performance improvement / degradations
Measurement of noise and distortion at any node / point of circuit without using
expensive network signal analyzers
Voltage and current ratings by examining the waveforms
Calculation of tolerance level for various components that leads to sensitivity anal-
ysis.
Page 1
1.1 Importance of Simulation
Measurement of power losses for various components including the power switches
and diodes.
Simulation in the field of power electronics is somewhat different then other fields of
electrical engineering due to its interdisciplinary nature. Almost every circuit of power
electronics exhibits an extremely non linear behavior that makes it difficult to accurately
model circuit elements. The simulation time is not constant i.e it may be possible that an
inverter with some electrical load at the output may require less time for simulation then
an inverter driving a motor. It is because the inverter has a time constant in microsec-
onds whereas a motor can not respond so quick so it has a response time in seconds. So
for accurate simulation it is mandatory to keep the step size much smaller that has a
side effect of longer simulation time. Further in power electronics we have to essentially
deal with power switches like MOSFETs, IGBTs, SCRs and diodes. Unfortunately no
accurate model is available therefore that makes it difficult to model them. Specific
requirements can be met only with careful objective based simulation. Since, power
electronics needs a controller therefore sophisticated controllers are modeled along with
to verify the exact system response. Inductors and capacitors used in power electronics
circuits may have some initial states that can hamper the swiftness of simulation. There-
fore what we need is to carefully analyze what to achieve from a simulation.Sometimes
we may not need all the responses from a circuit. A good simulation can be defined as
following [6]
“The best simulation is the simplest possible simulation that meets the immediate
objective”
Therefore we need to specify the system objectives before simulation. For a detailed
system design following steps are followed [6]
Usually for initial testing of new system and for choosing the circuit topology controller
is not included in initial level simulation. Predefined signals are given to the system to
observe the response. The observations from such low level simulation is then tested
with analytical calculations. This gives an idea about the component ratings and circuit
topology. Normally we need not to use detailed models for devices used at such low level
simulation. Ideal components are used to get a bird eye view of system performance.
Page 2
1 Introduction to Modeling and Simulation
After deciding the type of circuit the next step is to include the design of controller.
Component values are also specified to create a linear model. Controller design may
include Proportional (P), Proportional Integral (PI) or Proportional Integral Derivative
(PID) control and may be strengthened by use of Fuzzy Logic (FL), or Artificial Neural
Network (ANN). The complete design of controller makes it sure to proceed for the high
level simulation where it is combined with the circuit to verify the performance of the
designed system. At this stage the power losses, heat curves and non linear behavior is
also studied in detail. The details of voltage stress on switching devices, the effect of
stray capacitances and leakage inductances are also incorporated in this stage to get a
response closer to the real world. At this stage ideal models are not used , rather we use
detailed models to show the system nonlinearities explicitly. The bottom line here is
“Simulation makes it easier to find design problems early in the design cycle.”
Linear system
Non-linear system
With the time, SIMULINK has become so mature in its work that now a very large
portion of research work is based on the simulation results of SIMULINK. Since the
main computational engine used is MATLAB therefore SIMULINK allows you to use the
Page 3
1.3 SIMPOWER SYSTEM
MATLAB functions to work in parallel with the SIMULINK model. Even the MATLAB
function can be made as part of the SIMULINK model. Engineers and scientists are
using this to testify their theoretical hypothesis and novel techniques and its outcome is
saving a lot of time and money. SIMULINK is widely used in the following areas [2]
Aerospace and defense
Automotive
Communications
Medical instrumentation
As this book is on the simulation of power electronics therefore we will focus on one of
the functionaries of SIMULINK known as SIMPOWER system.
Page 4
1 Introduction to Modeling and Simulation
of these components therefore, these models are proven and are tested in reputed labo-
ratories including Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Qubec,
a large North American utility located in Canada, and also on the experience of cole de
Technologie Suprieure and Universit Laval [2]. The capabilities of SimPower Systems
software for modeling a power electronics system are presented in this book with a lot
of graphical illustrations.
In this book the topic of rectifiers has been divided into two parts with simulation of
controlled and uncontrolled rectifiers. Different topologies for single and three phase
rectifiers are simulated using free wheeling diode and without using freewheeling diode.
A little theory has also been given for each circuit assuming that the reader know well
about the working of these circuits. Chapter on cycloconverter has two simulations for
single phase to single phase and single phase to three phase cycloconverter with step
down feature. We have tried to cover inverters with detail especially the single phase,
three phase, quasi square wave and SPWM inverters. Last chapter is about DC -DC
converters. All the basic types are simulated and in addition to them the concept of
unipolar and bipolar output has been elaborated using simulation of full bridge DC-DC
converter.
Page 5
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
2.1 Introduction
Most of the power electronic devices converts the incoming AC voltage of fixed frequency
and fixed voltage into DC of fixed value. The objective here is to obtain useful DC supply
from grid side. Diode based rectifiers are used commonly for such purpose. They are also
known as uncontrolled rectifiers. In these type of rectifiers the power can only flow from
AC side to the DC side hence, we do not have any control on the power flow. The output
is entirely dependent on circuit topology and the biasing condition of diodes. As soon
as the applied voltage exceeds the diode depletion layer potential (typically 1-2 V for a
power diode and 0.7V for ordinary Si diode and 0.3V for ordinary Ge diode) it starts
conducting and keeps on conducting unless and until the voltages becomes less then
the required threshold voltage. Since, everything that happens in this entire process is
automatic and no external parameter can control the power flow therefore such rectifiers
are called uncontrolled rectifiers. These kind of power electronic devices are also known
as linear power supply and suffer from their large size and low efficiency. However, these
type of rectifiers are widely used in single and three phase domestic applications. In this
chapter we are presenting the simulation for both single phase and three phase rectifiers
with various configurations.
Page 6
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
converters have a fixed output and a low efficiency due to the wastage of half the supply
voltage.
Simulation Procedure
We will now simulate this circuit using the following values of circuit components
Resistance = 0.5 Ω
Inductance = 6.5 mH
Open MATLAB and click on the icon for SIMULINK as shown in fig.2.2. Alternatively
you can open SIMULINK by writing SIMULINK in the command window. Another
way is to adopt the way through START icon of MATLAB Start ⇒ Simulink ⇒
Librarybrowser. Click on NEW MODEL or go to F ILE ⇒ N EW ⇒ M ODEL and a
new blank model is created as shown in Fig.2.3. You can also reach this point directly
by adopting this route M AT LAB ⇒ F ile ⇒ N ew ⇒ M odel. However, after creating
a blank model you need to open the SIMULINK component storeroom by going to
V iew ⇒ LibraryBrowser. Select SIMPOWER SYSTEMS then select Power Electronics
library and by right clicking on diode and click on add to untitled will add the diode
in the blank model. Alternatively you can drag the component directly in the model
page as shown in Fig.2.4. Similarly go to ELECTRICAL SOU RCES ⇒ AC Voltage
Source and add it to untitled. Select Elements and select SERIES RLC BRANCH and
add it to untitled. Simulink do not perform simulation unless and until a measurement
block is present in a system. Since we need to measure the instantaneous input and
output voltages and the load current we need to have 3 instruments (2 voltmeters and
1 ammeter). To add them select Measurement in SIMPOWER SYSTEMS and then
Page 7
2.2 Single phase half wave rectifier
Page 8
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
Page 9
2.2 Single phase half wave rectifier
Page 10
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
Now double click the voltage block to set the values of voltage and frequency. A dialog
box will appear as shown in Fig.2.6. Inside it various parameters can be set that are
Measurements
Set it to none because we are not using multi meter (Use of multi meter is
discussed in comming simulations).
Double click on diode and you can set various parameters for DIODE according to the
specific data sheet. Double click on series RLC branch and set the values for R and L
Page 11
2.2 Single phase half wave rectifier
as given in the start of the problem. Select the Branch type as RL as shown in Fig.2.7.
It should be noted that for writing the values of L we have to use e-6 for micro and e-3
for milli etc.
In the Scope menu “>” is shown which can only be connected to the inverse icon “<”
in the measurement blocks. It has only 1 input terminal. When we need to observe the
waveforms we use scope and if the resultant waveforms are more than one then there
are several methods to display all the three waveforms as given below
We will adopt the third method. Double click on SCOPE and then click on parameter
icon as shown in Fig.2.8. Make the number of axes equal to 3. Now you can observe that
we have 3 axes that can be used for the three plots as required in problem statement.
Before simulation also adjust the data history of scope by following the Fig.2.9. By
checking the save data to history we can perform the fourier analysis of the waveforms.
You can also remove the “limit data points....” by unchecking it.
Page 12
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
Page 13
2.2 Single phase half wave rectifier
Page 14
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
ODE45
It is based on Dormand-Prince which is explicit, one step Runge-Kutta rec-
ommended as a first try method.
ODE23
It uses Bogacki-Shampine that is also explicit, one step Runge-Kutta. May be
more efficient than ODE45 when tolerances are wide.
ODE113
It is multi step, variable order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton PECE solver.When
function evaluation is time consuming and tolerances are tight it is recommended
ODE23t
It is used for moderately stiff problems if you need a solution without numerical
damping.
ODE15
Multi step variable order solver based on backward differentiation formula
ODE23s
One step solver based on Rosenbrock formula of order two. It has the A
stability property.
ODE23tb
It is also for stiff problem and can be used for using curde error tolerances to
solve stiff systems
Page 15
2.2 Single phase half wave rectifier
Page 16
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
Results
Double click on scope and observe the three graphs as shown in Fig. 2.12. Left click on
any graph and drag to make a rectangle to get the waveforms for a small period of time.
This actually zoom the waveforms within a specified interval of time. Right click on each
graph and select the axes properties and label each graph. As shown in Fig.2.5 double
click on power GUI and click on FFT analysis. Figure 2.13 shows the FFT window. Set
fundamental frequency as 50 Hz and click on display. The results can also be obtained
in term of tabular form by selecting the display style in FFT window.
Save the file as half wave. It should be noted that simulink do not allow to save files
with spaces therefore usually is included in between two words.
Page 17
2.3 Single phase full wave center tap rectifier
Simulation Procedure
Create a blank page and add the following blocks
Page 20
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
Figure 2.17: Circuit arrangement for single phase full wave center tap rectifier
Arrange the circuit as shown in fig 2.17. The center tapped transformer here is used as
a step down transformer with 12 volts set at the secondary. For having teo secondaries
check the “Three winding transformer” option given in transformer parameter dialog
box. To set the parameters of this transformer double click on it and enter the value of
input voltage and frequency as shown in Fig. 2.18. The rest of the circuit is very simple
and can be completed by following the rules mentioned in the previous topic.
Results
The waveforms for the above circuit are given in Fig.2.19 and it is very visible that both
the positive and the negative half cycles are rectified using this circuit.
Page 21
2.5 Three phase full wave rectifier
Figure 2.28: Simulation setup for three phase full wave rectifier
Page 28
2 Uncontrolled Rectifiers
Results
Run the simulation for 0.5 sec time Fig. 2.31 shows the output where it can be seen
that current and voltage across the load have phase difference.
AC voltage source
Diodes
Page 29
3 Controlled Rectifiers/Converters
3.1 Introduction
Controlled rectifiers are kind of rectifiers that employee thyristors or SCRs. By using
these generic devices the output can be controlled by varying the firing angle. These
type of rectifiers provide us some degree of freedom depending on the circuit topology.
Following are the different types of controlled rectifiers
These type of rectifiers are applicable for both single and three phase applications. They
form the basis for the four quadrant operation. With it we can design flexile power
electronic systems for electric drives and other applications. In the coming sections we
will simulate various types of controlled rectifiers.
Vm
Vo = (1 + cosα) (3.1)
2π
Therefore we need another part to be installed and there comes the concept of free
wheeling.
Page 34
3 Controlled Rectifiers/Converters
If the gate pulses are applied at zero degree then this circuit is similar in operation to
a three phase diode bridge rectifier. The output voltage obtained is a difference of the
voltage at positive and negative rail. The supply current is a rectangular waveform with
only non triplen odd harmonics present in them. It should be noted that if we replace
the lower side SCRs i.e T2, T4 and T6 with diodes then the circuit works as a three
phase full wave semi controlled converter. Its simulation is left as an option for the
reader.
Thyristors
Pulse generator
AC voltage source
Current measurement
Voltage measurement
Scope
Here three phase input is created by making a subsystem and the output of the subsystem
is connected with the bridge. Three pulse generators are used for firing of all six SCRs.
They are fired at 45◦ with an additional phase delay of 120◦ and 240◦ for phase B and
C respectively. The load is taken as highly inductive with R=50Ω and L=650mH.
3.5.2 Results
For this circuit the waveforms for output voltage, the line current for phase A and the
FFT of the input current are drawn. Figure 3.14 shows the output voltage at α = 45◦ .
Whereas Fig.3.15 shows the line current for phase A and its FFT. It can be seen that
only non triplen odd harmonics are present here.
Page 43
4 DC-AC Inverters
4.1 Introduction
DC-AC inverters are used mostly in applications where we need to have a variable
frequency with either DC or AC input voltage. Typical examples of inverter use are
motor drive applications, Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), Renewable energy systems
(Solar PV and Wind) and HVDC link, where the desired task is to generate the frequency
of user choice. Inverters are available in a variety of topologies for three phase and single
phase applications. Figure 4.1 shows the general schematic of a 3 phase inverter1 .
It is fed by a DC source that can either be supplied by rectifying the offline power supply
of utility or by other means like using a DC battery as in case of hybrid vehicles or the
output of a solar array in case of a solar system. For single phase inverters there are
four switches for a full bridge inverter and six switches in a 3 phase inverter. The output
voltage waveform for a voltage source inverter and output current waveform of current
source inverter are stepped waveforms and their quality depends on the switching scheme
of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Generally sinusoidal PWM is used for periodic
switching of the inverter switches. For analysis in almost every text book the DC link
is divided into two capacitors each holding half of the DC link voltage such that their
mid point becomes at zero potential as shown in Fig 4.1. The power flow in each phase
is controlled by the ON/OFF ratio or duty cycle of the respective switches. In the
operation of inverter some important relations are
1
Vno = (Vao + Vbo + Vco ) (4.6)
3
1
PROJECT SPACE VECTOR PWM INVERTER by JIN-WOO JUNG Ohio State University, USA
Page 46
4 DC-AC Inverters
Page 47
4 DC-AC Inverters
Page 49
4.2 Pulse Width Modulation
Constant
Integrator
Scope
MUX
We have to first generate the triangular waveform. To generate this following setup is
required as shown in Fig. 4.4. In Fig. 4.4 we have to write an M file and write the value
of “ωe” or alternatively we can enter its value equal to the desired value. The MUX can
have many inputs. In SIMULINK each input is designated as U1, U2, U3 up to Un. So
in our case the input from integrator is U1 and that of constant1 block is U2. In order
to produce a triangular waveform we have to take reminder in order to compare the ever
going ramp as shown in Fig. 4.5 .One more interesting block in this simple model is the
user defined function Fcn. Open Fcn block and write the following function
Rem(u(1),u(2))
It is evident from the Fig. 4.5 that using this function we can generate triangular
waveform. Next step is to compare this triangle waveform with a DC wave to generate
variable widths PWM pulses. Figure 4.6 shows the complete structure of simulation
setup for this simple PWM scheme. Comparing the triangular waveform with an AC
waveform gives us what is called Sinusoidal PWM.
Page 50
4.4 Single phase PWM inverter with bipolar voltage switching
Multimeter
Mosfet
Trignometric function
Gain
Rational Operator
It should be noted that a small resistance Rs is connected in series with the voltage source
Vdc . This is to take care of a simulink error that arises when we connect a capacitor in
shunt with the dc voltage source. For switching the power MOSFETs sinusoidal PWM
is used. It has two reference sine waves with 180◦ phase difference. Figure 4.11 shows
the subsystem for PWM generation. The resultant PWM are feeded to the gates of
corresponding MOSFETs
4.3.2 Results
Figure 4.12 shows the output voltage and the FFT of the waveform for resistive load and
Fig.4.13 shows the output voltage and FFT of the waveform for highly inductive load.
It should be noted that 21 Vdc is available at the output and since it is an odd symmetry
therefore the even harmonics are clearly negligible in fourier spectrum.
Page 54
4 DC-AC Inverters
Figure 4.11: Subsystem for PWM generation of single phase half bridge inverter
Page 55
4.4 Single phase PWM inverter with bipolar voltage switching
DC voltage source
MOSFETs
Demux
Page 56
4.5 Single phase PWM inverter with Unipolar voltage switching
Figure 4.14: Simulation setup of single phase inverter with bipolar switching
It is chosen to work here as a bandpass filter with cutoff frequency of 52Hz and damping
factor and the sample time are left as default. The output of the filter is merged with
the output voltage of inverter using a MUX and is fed to the scope. The motor used
here is an asynchronous motor with 14 hp,110V and 60Hz ratings. Figure 4.15 shows the
parameter adjustment window of an asynchronous motor. Note that for power the value
entered is 0.25*746 that is the desired value.
4.4.2 Results
Figure 4.16 shows the waveforms for output voltage, the fundamental component of
output voltage, the motor armature current and the DC link current.
Page 58
4 DC-AC Inverters
DC voltage source
MOSFETs
Voltmeter
Goto
From
Scope
Demux
Page 59
4.8 PWM based DC-AC 3 phase Inverter
also known as tripplen harmonics. However, the fundamental components are summed
to zero provided that the operation is symmetric i.e.
where 1 stands for the fundamental component There are topologies that do not have
neutral to get rid of tripplen harmonics. We have to plot the waveforms for eq.4.7, 4.8
and 4.9 for Fig.4.1. A good model is presented in B.K.Bose and we are using that model
with little bit modification in this experiment. Furthermore it is desired to perform the
Fourier analysis of these waveforms. It is also required to plot the current waveform in
each phase for Inductive load of 6.5 mH.
Switch
Scope
Gain
DEMUX
Integrator
Sum
In section4.2 we have successfully generated the three phase SPWM (also known as Sub
oscillation method) . Place it in the new model for this experiment. In order to model
the three legs of inverter we use the switch. For example consider leg A of Figure 4.1
with S1 and S4. We have to turn them ON in such a way that S1 and S4 can not turn on
simultaneously (What’s the reason?). Therefore it is evident that leg A can have only
one state at a time. Either it can provide positive Vdc to output or it can pass negative
Vdc to output. The switch we are using has three ports. It gives the output based on
the information given at the center input port. Figure 4.27 shows the model for three
legs of inverter with +500 Vdc and a -500 Vdc [1]. In this figure Pulse A , Pulse B and
Pulse C are the waveforms we generated in section4.2. In each phase leg top input is
connected to +500 Vdc and bottom input with -500 Vdc . The output of each phase leg
is Vao , Vbo and Vco for phase A, B and C respectively. Next we have to implement the
equations for Van , Vbn and Vcn . For this we need gain blocks and a sum block. For an
instance consider the following equation reproduced here for clarity
2 1 1
Van = Vao − Vbo − Vco (4.15)
3 3 3
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4 DC-AC Inverters
We have to multiply Vao with 23 and Vbo and Vco with 13 . Then using sum block (double
click and then you can adjust the shape and list of signs which in our case is +–) we
add them by giving 23 Vao to +ve and rest two to negative terminal. The output will be
the Van as desired in the problem statement. Since the load is inductive as stated in the
simulation procedure so we know that the relationship for current though the inductor
is given by
1
iL = V dt (4.16)
L
Page 69
4.8 PWM based DC-AC 3 phase Inverter
Page 70
4.9 SPWM based 3 phase inverter with 3 phase Asynchronous motor as load
4.8.2 Results
Figure 4.30 shows the voltage and current waveforms for all the three phases respectively.
It should be noted that current comes to steady state after some time and all the three
waveforms are 120◦ displaced with each other. In the first 60◦ Vbo andVco are opposite so
they cancel each other. Only 32 Vao is available at the output. It should also be noted
that there is a change every 60◦ so it is also known as six step inverter. There are
5th , 7th and11th harmonics but no tripplen harmonic component is present. Figure 4.31
shows the FFT of the said system
Page 72
5 Cycloconverters
5.1 Introduction
A cycloconverter is a type of power electronic converter that converts the input frequency
at different frequencies without using a dual stage (AC-DC-AC) conversion process. It
is widely used in high power industrial applications. SCRs as well as IGBT can be
used in the implementation of cycloconverter. Today multi-megawatt, thyristors based
cycloconverter are widely used for driving asynchronous motors (up to 15,000kW) at
low speed typically from 0Hz to 20Hz [3]. They have been successfully utilized for
the operation of industrial drives specially in cement industry. They are also used in
aircraft for producing variable speed and constant frequency power generation. They
can be used to replace AC-DC-AC systems where the operation is a variable speed at
fixed frequency. Here the input AC is converted into high frequency using a step up
cycloconverter and before feeding it to the load that high frequency link is connected
to a step down cycloconverter that convert it according to the load requirements. In
case of a DC input the step up cycloconverter, which is responsible for high frequency
generation, is replaced with an inverter that is designed to generate high frequency.
The load side part however, remains same [1]. Contrary to the dual stage conversion
process (AC-DC-AC) this works without a DC link thus nullifying the requirement of
bulky DC link capacitors. Cycloconverter can be designed using a bridge topology or
by using center tapped transformer. Two full wave fully controlled single phase bridge
circuits are connected in anti parallel direction. One act as a positive converter and
one as a negative converter so that we can control the voltage and current of both
polarities in the load. It should be noted that both of the converters are fed by the
same source. Figure 5.1 shows a single phase cycloconverter in bridge configuration and
Fig. 5.2 in center tapped configuration. Whereas Fig. 5.3 shows the waveforms of the
cycloconverter. Cycloconverter can control output voltage and frequency up to a certain
extent. So it can be used as an electric drive with constant V/f ratio in a small range. By
controlling the switching of the P and N converter (Fig.5.1) we can change the output
frequency and by changing the firing angle we can control the output voltages. Hence
it can somehow make the torque constant in a specified degree of freedom. However
the firing pulses in both the P and N converter should be at the same angle to produce
symmetric output. There must be a delay in switching the P and N converters, switching
them simultaneously will create a dead short circuit. Therefore when one converter is
switching the other must be inhabited. In literature such kind of operation is referred
as circulating current free mode. In this chapter our main aim is to describe some
brief methods of simulating the basic cycloconverters. We will stick to the basic type
of cycloconverters such that on those basis the advance type of cycloconverters can be
Page 80
5 Cycloconverters
Ideal switches
Thyristors
Multimeter
Pulse generator
NOT gate
Scope
Page 83
5.2 Single phase to Single phase Step down Cycloconverter
Figure 5.4: Simulation setup of a single phase to single phase step down cycloconverter
There are two bridges that are connected to load through 4 ideal switches (IGBTs in
practical scenario). The two clock sources are used in firing the thyristors. In order to
get the same output voltage we have to switch all the thyristors at 0 degree i.e all the
thyristors will act as diode. The change in frequency is generated by the switching of
ideal switches. The clock feeding the pulses to ideal switches is set at 1 V, frequency of
5.15 Hz and duty cycle of 50% (S1 and S3). The output is 180 degree phase shifted (S2
and S4) to avoid short circuit. The clock for T1, T4, T5 and T8 have an amplitude of 1
V and a frequency of 50 Hz. With pulse width 5%. Same clock properties are provided
to thyristors designated as T2,T3, T6 and T7. Using the Goto and From blocks we
can get rid of the nasty routing. Select the Goto block and connect it with the signal
generator. Double click the“Goto” and tag it as you like .e.g. let it be A1. Now in order
to route its signals we will use the block From . Attach the From blocks to the gates of
switching devices (T1, T4, T5 and T8) and tag it with the same name as A1. In this
way all the signals are sent to their destinations. It should be noted that if there is a
subsystem in the model then you have to modify the GOTO and FROM properties. In
that case we have to select global visibility. Connect all the clock signals to respected
switching devices using these blocks. For measurement we are using Multimeter. Place
a Multimeter and connect it with scope. Now in order to measure the branch voltage
and current of load double click on load (RLC series branch in this case). A dialogue
box will appear as shown in Fig. 5.5. Since we want to measure the branch voltage and
current so we will select it. Now we will double click the Multimeter and you will see the
available measurements . Select all the desired measurements and add them. In order
to view the plot of measurements we have to check the “Plot selected Measurement” as
shown in figure 5.6. The input voltage is set at 100 V 50 Hz.
Page 84
5 Cycloconverters
5.2.2 Results
Figure 5.7 shows the branch voltages and Fig. 5.8 shows the branch current. It can be
viewed that the output frequency is 5 Hz.
Page 85
5.2 Single phase to Single phase Step down Cycloconverter
Page 86
5 Cycloconverters
Ideal switches
Thyristors
Multimeter
Pulse generator
NOT gate
Goto
From
2nd order filter(Sim power System ⇒ Extra Library ⇒ Control blocks ⇒ 2nd order
filter)
Page 87
5 Cycloconverters
Page 89
5.3 Three phase to Single phase Step down Cycloconverter
Page 90
6 DC-DC Converters
6.1 Introduction
DC DC converters are also known as switch mode power supplies and are widely used in
power electronics based systems due to their superior performance in term of efficiency,
as compared to the linear power supplies. They are capable of step up/down the input
DC voltages. They are also capable of generating multiple output dc voltages. Moreover
the output can be isolated from input. Power transistors used in SMPS are operated in
the most efficient mode that is in saturation and cut off region. Switching frequency is
very high as compared to the linear supplies (power frequencies) thus, decreasing the size
of the output filter capacitor. The magnetic and capacitive elements are much smaller
then linear power supplies. However they are complex in designing and considerable
high attention in required to get rid of the high frequency noise. Basic topologies are of
three types.
One that ca step up and step down the DC voltages ( Buck/Boost Converter)
The ingredients of designing the most basic circuit for the three kinds of converter are
Power Transistor
Diode
Inductor
Capacitor
The output can either be stepped up or down by different combinations of the above
components.
Page 91
6 DC-DC Converters
Page 93
6 DC-DC Converters
6.3.2 Results
Figure 6.6 shows the output current while Fig. 6.7 shows the input and output voltages.
It is visible that the output voltage is greater than the input voltage
Theoretically at 1 the output must be infinity, but in practical it is limited by the losses
due to switching and circuit components. At a duty cycle of 50 % theoretically, the
output is equal to input.
Page 95
6.4 DC-DC Buck / Boost Converter
Mosfet
Voltmeter
Pulse generator
Scope
Adjust the values of L as 500 mH and C as 2500 μF. Load resistance is taken as 100Ω.
Switching time can be set through the pulse generator and it is set as 0.009sec.
Page 96
6.4 DC-DC Buck / Boost Converter
Page 98
6.6 Full Bridge DC DC Converter
Page 108
Bibliography
[1] B.K.Bose. Modern Power Electronics and AC drives. Pearson Education, 2006.
[3] H.Rashid. Power Electronics Circutis Devices and Applications. Prentice Hall Int.
Ed., 1993.
Page 109
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