13.
 ()
C  ���  
[  ]
 18  2020
 
 
� �  �,
� ��,
 
 � 
� ‘
�’.  
� 2014, 
� � 
��� � 
�� �
�.  ��
� �� 2015
  .
��   � �
� �
 �� �� �
��  � 3,600 
�  . �
 � ���
�, �  �. 
�  � �,  
 
�   , 
 , � ��,
� , � ,
 � ,  ,
�   � ��
�� � �� �
 .
� ‘ � 
�’  .  
 � 167 ��  
2020,  22  .
 ��  �� � 
�
�.. � 2,  3, �
� 4, � 5, � 6,
  
� �   � � 
  ��. �
 ��  
‘�’�  �. 
�   � �
 � � � �
. � 74  �.
� 68   
�� �, � � 
� �  �
 �.
�  ��� 8,500 �
�
   
  (.. 261-260): �
�
, �  .
�   (.. 326): �
, �  .
   (.. 641):
�
 , �  .
  (.. 1000): ��
�
�� � �, 
  .
   (.. 1191):
�
� �� ,  � 
.
�    (.. 1192): 
� ��,  � .
�   (.. 1194): 
,  � .
   (.. 1526):
�
��, �  .
  (.. 1527): �
�
� �� , � .
  (.. 1528): 
�
�, �  .
�   (.. 1529): �,
 � �,  �
  .
�   (.. 1539): �
�, �  .
�  ()  (.. 1540):
��, �  .
   (.. 1556):
� �
,   .
 � ‘’  � 
� ��.
 �� ��  
� ��. 2019� � 
� ��.. 3,600  �
 �. � �
1972, �� 1356, ��
 142, � � 150 
�.
� 7, � 8, � 9, 
� 10 ��� �. �
 51 �� �.. 
167 �  �� .
2018� � 41 �� .
� � �� � �
� �.   
 ��   
 � � �
�  � �.
�  ( )  (..
1565):  ��, 
 �� (��, , �
�, ) � �
 .
�  (.. 1576): �� �
 ��  ,
�� �  .
  (.. 1656): 
�
, ���, � 
.
  (.. 1739): ��,
�
  .
�    (.. 1745):
,  �  .
   (.. 1749):
�
,  �   (�
  �� � �
 ).
   (.. 1756):
� �
,  �   (�
�  � �).
�   (.. 1757): �
� ���, �  �
�  �  .
�   (.. 1760): 
�   �,   
�  �  .
  (.. 1764): �
�
�  � �, 
�  .
�    (.. 1761):
 � � �,
��  .
�    (.. 1767):
�, � .
�    (.. 1780):
� �� .
   (.. 1790):
 �, �� .
�  �,  ��
��  .  �  
� ��� 
�, ��� �
  �� �
  �� .
� �  ‘�  ’.
�    60 .
�  � 260 
� .   �
� � 7000 .
  , 
   .
  . 
 ,   .
   .
  
  
. ,  ,
    
 .
�    � . 
 ��,   �
�    (DISASTER)
�.     � 
�.
� DISASTER- DUS  , ASTER
 . � �� �
�  �  �  
� ,  �  �
��. �   �
   .
� :  �  � �
���, �� ��
 �, , � 
  , � ��,
� , ��, �
 � �  
�
,�    �.
:  �
� � � �� ��
, �� ��� �
� �� � � 
  .
�   : � � �
� �  � 
 �� � ��
�� � �� 
   .
�   : � �
� � ���  
��  
� �,  �, �
� � �, �  
  �   .
�   � � �
� �� �   
��  �
� � ��  
� , �,     
�  �� 
 � �� , 
�
 ���   � 
 � �  
�    �,  �
 , �  
� 
   
1. , 2. , 3. �,
4.   �  �.
� /  (Hazard):
�  �� �� � �
, , ��  �
  ?
� � � 
 � (United Nations
International Stratagy for Disaster
Reduection) �� � 
 � (Global Assesment
Report) 2011 � ��
 � ��� 90 �
 ��, � �, 
 �� �. �
��   �
�� �, �  
�   ��.
 ��  ��� 
�.
� � �  
 �� � �� .
�  �, 
�  , �, �
�� ��� 
   ��
�.
� � � (Rashtriya Barh
Ayog) 1980�  ��
� � ��� �
12 � (40  ��) 
 . , �
���  � 
�.
�  1200  
�
� �. � ��
85 � � �  (�
  )  �
.   � �
�   , �
 � .
� , �, �, , �, ��
� � �  �
�, , , �, ,
�,
� �, �, � �
�   � ��
 ��.
, �, �,  
�
 �   
 �  
�
�
 (2010, )�
 (2010, �)
.  �   � 
� �   (2014, �)
  . � � (2019, �)
� �  � 20-50 .�. � �
 , � � (2019, �-)
 ��  �  �  (2019, )
�. �   �  (2019)
��  � . �  (2019, )
� 2004  �  � � (2019, �)
 � �  34 � � ((2018)
�    � �  (2018)
   �. � � (2018)
� � �� � � 
�  �.
� Hazard becomes Disaster 
�   � �.

1.  � (Natural Hazards)
2. �� -  � (Socio
Natural Hazards)
3. �  � (Human
Induced Hazards)
4. � �� .
� �, �,  �,
�� ,  �, � 
��  �
 �  � �.
� , ���, , 
�  � � ,
 �� � �. 
��- � �.
:   �  �
� �  ��  
 � �� �.
� �� ��, , �, �
��, � �, 
��, � � ,
��, �, , �
�    
�.
�    ��
�
�  �,  
 � �, 
�� �  
��  � 
�.
 
� , , �,  � 
   �  ‘
 ���’.
���  
�
�� � �. �
���   � �
.
 � ��� 
�
  �  �
�� .
   � ���
�
  � ,  
� � � .

� �� �� 
� � �� 
� ���   
� �,  �
�  � �
�  � �� 

�  �  
�
,  � 
�  � �.
�,  , �, 
�  � �.
: ��  �� �
  �� � ,
  .  � 
� �.
: 2001� �� � 
� 10 � �.

�   �  �
� �� � �� �
� �� �. � �
�� �  .  
 �.
: 2001� � � �
 � ��� �
 �, ��  , 
 � �,  � 
 � �  � �
�� ���.

 �� � /�
�
��  � �
 �  �.
� � �   �,
  ��.
  
1. � �
2. �� -  �

�,    
�
  ��  ���
�, � �� 
�, �� , , ��  
� �� � �
�  �  �
� �.
 X 
� = ———————
�
 
 1. � , 2. �� 
 �� �.
  
�  ��  � �. �
1.   
� �� ��, � � � �
�  �� � �
 �.
: , � , �, �

2.   
�  �  
� � 
�.  � �
� � .
  
� ��    �
1.  
�  � , �
 �� �, ,
��
 �   
�. �: , , �
�, �, ��

� ���  � 
 �� �
�  �  �  
 �   � �/�
  �  �.
�    
�.
� 1962� �  
  (�) 
� � �� ��
 �  12.5
..   � 
    � 
  � � �
�   �.
   �
�
�  �  
�, � � � �
 � �� �.
 , �  �
�
�   (Flood
Hazard) �.
�   22.5 
��  40  ��
�  � �� .
�   7.5 
�� �� � 
 �.

�  ��  � �
� , ��, ��,
�  �   
 �.
��, � 
�
 .

�  ��  . 
 �,  � 
 .
�   � �� 
��  �, � 
  .
�  �� �  ��
  �� �.

�     
��,  � , 
 , , � �
 � �,  
��  .
� �  �
    � 
� �   � 

 �   �

��
� ��
 
  ,
